The document outlines plans for a field trip to Montecristi, Ecuador to study a Zika virus outbreak. A 12-member team from Australia and Ecuador will work to establish the existence and size of the outbreak, and implement mosquito control measures to prevent further spread. Logistical considerations include accommodations, transportation, safety protocols, collaborating institutions, and obtaining necessary approvals. The objectives are to stop the virus' spread through mosquito control and improve sanitation.
Every organ present inside our body performs specific functions, which are useful for balancing our health. The kidneys are paired organs of the excretory system that assist in the elimination of waste materials in the form of urine. Regulation of metabolites and secretion of specific hormones are other important functions performed by the kidneys.
Every organ present inside our body performs specific functions, which are useful for balancing our health. The kidneys are paired organs of the excretory system that assist in the elimination of waste materials in the form of urine. Regulation of metabolites and secretion of specific hormones are other important functions performed by the kidneys.
When responding to your peers, discuss how the organizations selecte.docxeubanksnefen
When responding to your peers, discuss how the organizations selected responded to the disasters. How do you think they could have improved their responses? For example, what organizations should have responded but did not, and how do you think the United States would have handled the disasters?
Post # 1
"Hurricane Matthew struck Haiti on October 4, 2016, as a Category 4 hurricane. The combined effects of wind, coastal flooding and rain caused heavy flooding, landslides, and the destruction of a great deal of infrastructure, agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. In all, 546 people were killed, more than 175,500 people sought refuge in shelters, and about 1.4 million people required immediate humanitarian assistance.(n.d.)." Outside of the devastating destruction of the hurricane, the aftermath exacerbated the spread of cholera. Polluted water, sewage over flow, and the population relocated to living in close proximity contributed to the rapid spread of cholera. If left untreated cholera can be deadly. Proper sewage disposal and clean water is the best method to prevent the spread of this disease.
Roughly, 14,000 cases of cholera were reported after hurricane Matthew. The International Medical Corps provided aid in the treatment of cholera. "We also supported Haiti’s Ministry of Public Health and Population’s (MSPP) oral cholera vaccination campaign, through which approximately 729,000 people were vaccinated. We provided operational support for the campaign, including payment and logistics for vaccinators, monitoring and evaluation capacity. In addition, we are operating seven mobile medical units focused on reaching remote and isolated communities, traveling by foot, canoe, and any means necessary to deliver health care and vital relief supplies.In addition to our Emergency Response Team’s Hurricane Matthew activities, our Haiti Country Team continues to implement ongoing health, nutrition, and WASH programs in Nord, Nord-este, Artibonite, and Ouest departments.(IMC, 2017)."
Other organization such as the Red Cross, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Military, the PanAmerican Health Organization, and the Center for Disease Control, sent medical supplies, clear water, and monetary funds to contributed to rebuilding the country. The United European Nations sent similar resources. All of the above organizations responses were appropriate. Sending medical supplies and medical professionals to aid in protecting the population of Haiti was effective in slowing the infection rates. The loss of hospitals were offset by the monetary and military support deployed. Four years later Haiti is still rebuilding from this devastating disaster.
Rapidly Assessing the Impact of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2020, from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/10/20/rapidly-assessing-the-impact-of-hurricane-matthew-in-haiti
Hurricane Matthew Haiti. (2017, July 27). Retrieved June 30, 2020, from
https://internationa.
The Learner is introduced to the following terms in this unit.
Hazard * Vulnerability *Risk * Disasters *Disaster management
* Early Warning System * Preparedness * Response * Relief
* Recovery * Mitigation & DRR * Coping & Resilience
Covid resource india 20th april 2020 reportAkshay Kokala
A quick look at how other countries have tackled it and what we can learn from them.
Do read and share. If you would like to collaborate please write to us at contact@covidresource.in
Assessing Criminology Students Knowledge on Disaster and Risk Managementijtsrd
The purpose of this research study is to examine the current level of knowledge among Criminology students in order to explore strengths and weaknesses to be used in the future disaster preparedness and response plans. Armed with the knowledge and capabilities, Criminology students will be able to develop and implement procedures in order to move forward in an efficient manner to preserve lives and properties in the event of disaster in our municipality. Results revealed that sixty five percent 65 of the respondents were very aware on actions that will contribute in polluting our air environment. Also, 46 are aware on actions that will contribute to the destruction of our land resources. 49 were very aware on the actions that will contribute to the destruction of our marine coastal resources. 33 were aware that serious threats to water resources is the degradation of ecosystems which often takes place through changes to landscapes. Majority or seventy nine percent 79 of the respondents had knowledge on disaster. Ninety eight percent 98 are very aware that natural disaster is a disaster caused by nature. Eighty percent 80 are very aware that human actions contribute to the occurrence of disaster. Also, Sixty six percent 66 are very aware on the effects of natural disaster. Forty six percent 46 of the respondents are aware as to their role on disaster risk management. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Assessing Criminology Students Knowledge on Disaster and Risk Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45181.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/45181/assessing-criminology-students-knowledge-on-disaster-and-risk-management/girlie-n-cañete
Nepal's readiness and response to pandemic covid 19Ndrc Nepal
Nepal's Readiness and Response to COVID-19:
Key Initiatives, Emerging Challenges and the Way Forward
By Dhruba Gautam, PhD*
This occasional paper highlights the key initiatives on COVID 19 response in Nepal and readiness.
National Disaster Risk reduction Centre Nepal is supporting the agencies through Knowledge Management on COVID 19 in Nepal.
Despite that disasters are usually named after the causing phenomenon or event; a disaster by itself is not the phenomenon or event. Unless an earthquake strikes a populated area of weak physical constructions, it is not described as a disaster. Also, the definition of a ‘disaster’ depends to a great extent on who is defining. (1) On another hand, man-made disasters can be divided into four categories: armed conflict and civil strife, technological disasters, disasters that occur in human settlements and severe accidents. (2)
Here, with the fact that deaths following disasters are preventable, and also, most subjects affected by them do not die. A standardized and feasible incident management system along with Standard Operating Procedures are essential for linking site operations to health-facility based care during an occurring disaster. (3)Not to mention the important rule of multi-disciplinary efforts in the planning, organization, coordination and implementation of all measures to mitigate/prevent, prepare for, respond to and recover from disaster events.(4)
Comment 1Foodborne illnesses related to water contamination can .docxdivinapavey
Comment 1
Foodborne illnesses related to water contamination can be prevented by 30% according to the CDC. One of the most common foodborne illnesses is Travelers’s diarrhea, which is usually transmitted via fecal-oral route. Contaminated food and water, and improper hand hygiene after using the restroom are directly related to the transmission of TD. Bacteria are most commonly the cause of TD, specifically enterotoxigenic escherdchia coli and enteroaggregative E. coli. ETEC is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis on cruise ships “Over 68 million Americans traveled abroad in 2014, and the annual number of international tourist arrival worldwide has reached more than 1 billion.” (Giddings, Stevens, & Leung, 2016) Of those travelers, approximately 25% report being affected by TD. The impact is global, and is responsible for millions in health care costs. All traveler’s should be ‘stakeholders’ in preventing TD, whether you are traveling for business or pleasure. Since the cases are highest on cruise ships, these companies are employing additional hand washing stations throughout the ships, and more concentrated in common dining areas, and often there is an attendant standing and waiting by the sink to insure people use the hand washing station, as well as stock any supplies when they run out. With these added elements, foodborne illness decreased from 27.2 to 22.3 per 100,000 travel days from 2008-8014. ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention," 2017)
Comment 2
Zika virus is one of the major health issues that has raised concern in many countries globally (Besnard et al., 2014). Zika is a type of virus that is spread by Aedes species of mosquito. Aedes mosquito bite people both during the night and day. Zika virus can pass through the placenta of pregnant mothers and can substantially cause birth deformities. The virus can also be transmitted sexually from an infected person. The lack of vaccination for the virus has posed a great challenge in its control (Besnard et al., 2014). The symptoms of Zika virus include muscle pains, joint pains, rash, fever, headache, and red eyes. The virus does not cause death or serious hospitalization of the infected patients since most of the patients built immunity against the virus once infected.
Zika virus has been widely reported in most of the parts of the world with exception of Europe and Antarctica (Besnard et al., 2014). It is however commonly reported in Miami community in Florida in the United States. In 2026, The World Health Organization issued travel notices for areas affected by the Zika virus including the Asian countries of Singapore and Maldives, multiple countries and areas in the Caribbean, The Pacific Islands, and African countries of Guinea-Bissau and Morocco.
Through educating the communities on prevention of the Zika virus transmission from the travelers (Musso et al., 2015). This initiative can be achieved through health care systems working collectively and c ...
Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Trend of the COVID-19 Pandemic in SenegalAI Publications
Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the reporting of one case in Senegal, the number of regions with confirmed cases of infection increased considerably, with the disease now being reported throughout the country after 3 months of evolution. It is therefore necessary to assess the evolution of the disease in the country as the situation evolves in order to rapidly identify best practices for adoption. The objective of this paper is to make a preliminary spatial and temporal assessment and comparison of the results of the COVID-19 pandemic in the regions of Senegal. Data on the evolution of COVID-19 (confirmed cases of infection, deaths, recoveries), population, density and area of each region were analysed using a set of statistical tools. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has spread stubbornly in Senegal. In the space of 112 days (from March 2 to June 21), Senegal reached a number of 5888 infected cases for 3919 cured, 1885 active and 84 deaths for a total of 67855 tests performed. About 40 people out of 10,000 have been tested so far and 4 out of 10,000 have tested positive. The Mann-Kendall test indicates that the number of confirmed daily cases is slowly increasing, with the slope of Sen estimated at about 1.2 person/day across the country. In addition, the Pettitt test indicates a sharp change in the upward trend across the country on April 26, 2020. Among the main affected regions, Dakar, Thies and Touba are noted with an extremely high rate of increase. Principal component analysis and hierarchical ascending classification have made it possible to divide Senegal's 14 regions into 3 groups in terms of the number of confirmed cases, active cases, recovered cases and reported deaths, and the population, area and density of the region. The 1st group concerns the Dakar region, the 2nd Diourbel and Thies and the 3rd the other regions. Furthermore, statistics related to COVID-19 in the regions of Senegal are highly correlated with population size and density. This study revealed convincing spatial differences in the evolution of the pandemic between the regions of Senegal. The study recommends that the approaches adopted by regions that have achieved very low levels of COVID-19 be incorporated into health care management plans for the pandemic throughout the country, even as the situation evolves.
More Related Content
Similar to 7708MED Assignment 1 Going to the Field_ Andrea Trubody_s5048151 FINAL
When responding to your peers, discuss how the organizations selecte.docxeubanksnefen
When responding to your peers, discuss how the organizations selected responded to the disasters. How do you think they could have improved their responses? For example, what organizations should have responded but did not, and how do you think the United States would have handled the disasters?
Post # 1
"Hurricane Matthew struck Haiti on October 4, 2016, as a Category 4 hurricane. The combined effects of wind, coastal flooding and rain caused heavy flooding, landslides, and the destruction of a great deal of infrastructure, agricultural crops and natural ecosystems. In all, 546 people were killed, more than 175,500 people sought refuge in shelters, and about 1.4 million people required immediate humanitarian assistance.(n.d.)." Outside of the devastating destruction of the hurricane, the aftermath exacerbated the spread of cholera. Polluted water, sewage over flow, and the population relocated to living in close proximity contributed to the rapid spread of cholera. If left untreated cholera can be deadly. Proper sewage disposal and clean water is the best method to prevent the spread of this disease.
Roughly, 14,000 cases of cholera were reported after hurricane Matthew. The International Medical Corps provided aid in the treatment of cholera. "We also supported Haiti’s Ministry of Public Health and Population’s (MSPP) oral cholera vaccination campaign, through which approximately 729,000 people were vaccinated. We provided operational support for the campaign, including payment and logistics for vaccinators, monitoring and evaluation capacity. In addition, we are operating seven mobile medical units focused on reaching remote and isolated communities, traveling by foot, canoe, and any means necessary to deliver health care and vital relief supplies.In addition to our Emergency Response Team’s Hurricane Matthew activities, our Haiti Country Team continues to implement ongoing health, nutrition, and WASH programs in Nord, Nord-este, Artibonite, and Ouest departments.(IMC, 2017)."
Other organization such as the Red Cross, the World Health Organization, the U.S. Military, the PanAmerican Health Organization, and the Center for Disease Control, sent medical supplies, clear water, and monetary funds to contributed to rebuilding the country. The United European Nations sent similar resources. All of the above organizations responses were appropriate. Sending medical supplies and medical professionals to aid in protecting the population of Haiti was effective in slowing the infection rates. The loss of hospitals were offset by the monetary and military support deployed. Four years later Haiti is still rebuilding from this devastating disaster.
Rapidly Assessing the Impact of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved June 30, 2020, from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/10/20/rapidly-assessing-the-impact-of-hurricane-matthew-in-haiti
Hurricane Matthew Haiti. (2017, July 27). Retrieved June 30, 2020, from
https://internationa.
The Learner is introduced to the following terms in this unit.
Hazard * Vulnerability *Risk * Disasters *Disaster management
* Early Warning System * Preparedness * Response * Relief
* Recovery * Mitigation & DRR * Coping & Resilience
Covid resource india 20th april 2020 reportAkshay Kokala
A quick look at how other countries have tackled it and what we can learn from them.
Do read and share. If you would like to collaborate please write to us at contact@covidresource.in
Assessing Criminology Students Knowledge on Disaster and Risk Managementijtsrd
The purpose of this research study is to examine the current level of knowledge among Criminology students in order to explore strengths and weaknesses to be used in the future disaster preparedness and response plans. Armed with the knowledge and capabilities, Criminology students will be able to develop and implement procedures in order to move forward in an efficient manner to preserve lives and properties in the event of disaster in our municipality. Results revealed that sixty five percent 65 of the respondents were very aware on actions that will contribute in polluting our air environment. Also, 46 are aware on actions that will contribute to the destruction of our land resources. 49 were very aware on the actions that will contribute to the destruction of our marine coastal resources. 33 were aware that serious threats to water resources is the degradation of ecosystems which often takes place through changes to landscapes. Majority or seventy nine percent 79 of the respondents had knowledge on disaster. Ninety eight percent 98 are very aware that natural disaster is a disaster caused by nature. Eighty percent 80 are very aware that human actions contribute to the occurrence of disaster. Also, Sixty six percent 66 are very aware on the effects of natural disaster. Forty six percent 46 of the respondents are aware as to their role on disaster risk management. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Assessing Criminology Students Knowledge on Disaster and Risk Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45181.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/45181/assessing-criminology-students-knowledge-on-disaster-and-risk-management/girlie-n-cañete
Nepal's readiness and response to pandemic covid 19Ndrc Nepal
Nepal's Readiness and Response to COVID-19:
Key Initiatives, Emerging Challenges and the Way Forward
By Dhruba Gautam, PhD*
This occasional paper highlights the key initiatives on COVID 19 response in Nepal and readiness.
National Disaster Risk reduction Centre Nepal is supporting the agencies through Knowledge Management on COVID 19 in Nepal.
Despite that disasters are usually named after the causing phenomenon or event; a disaster by itself is not the phenomenon or event. Unless an earthquake strikes a populated area of weak physical constructions, it is not described as a disaster. Also, the definition of a ‘disaster’ depends to a great extent on who is defining. (1) On another hand, man-made disasters can be divided into four categories: armed conflict and civil strife, technological disasters, disasters that occur in human settlements and severe accidents. (2)
Here, with the fact that deaths following disasters are preventable, and also, most subjects affected by them do not die. A standardized and feasible incident management system along with Standard Operating Procedures are essential for linking site operations to health-facility based care during an occurring disaster. (3)Not to mention the important rule of multi-disciplinary efforts in the planning, organization, coordination and implementation of all measures to mitigate/prevent, prepare for, respond to and recover from disaster events.(4)
Comment 1Foodborne illnesses related to water contamination can .docxdivinapavey
Comment 1
Foodborne illnesses related to water contamination can be prevented by 30% according to the CDC. One of the most common foodborne illnesses is Travelers’s diarrhea, which is usually transmitted via fecal-oral route. Contaminated food and water, and improper hand hygiene after using the restroom are directly related to the transmission of TD. Bacteria are most commonly the cause of TD, specifically enterotoxigenic escherdchia coli and enteroaggregative E. coli. ETEC is the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis on cruise ships “Over 68 million Americans traveled abroad in 2014, and the annual number of international tourist arrival worldwide has reached more than 1 billion.” (Giddings, Stevens, & Leung, 2016) Of those travelers, approximately 25% report being affected by TD. The impact is global, and is responsible for millions in health care costs. All traveler’s should be ‘stakeholders’ in preventing TD, whether you are traveling for business or pleasure. Since the cases are highest on cruise ships, these companies are employing additional hand washing stations throughout the ships, and more concentrated in common dining areas, and often there is an attendant standing and waiting by the sink to insure people use the hand washing station, as well as stock any supplies when they run out. With these added elements, foodborne illness decreased from 27.2 to 22.3 per 100,000 travel days from 2008-8014. ("Centers for Disease Control and Prevention," 2017)
Comment 2
Zika virus is one of the major health issues that has raised concern in many countries globally (Besnard et al., 2014). Zika is a type of virus that is spread by Aedes species of mosquito. Aedes mosquito bite people both during the night and day. Zika virus can pass through the placenta of pregnant mothers and can substantially cause birth deformities. The virus can also be transmitted sexually from an infected person. The lack of vaccination for the virus has posed a great challenge in its control (Besnard et al., 2014). The symptoms of Zika virus include muscle pains, joint pains, rash, fever, headache, and red eyes. The virus does not cause death or serious hospitalization of the infected patients since most of the patients built immunity against the virus once infected.
Zika virus has been widely reported in most of the parts of the world with exception of Europe and Antarctica (Besnard et al., 2014). It is however commonly reported in Miami community in Florida in the United States. In 2026, The World Health Organization issued travel notices for areas affected by the Zika virus including the Asian countries of Singapore and Maldives, multiple countries and areas in the Caribbean, The Pacific Islands, and African countries of Guinea-Bissau and Morocco.
Through educating the communities on prevention of the Zika virus transmission from the travelers (Musso et al., 2015). This initiative can be achieved through health care systems working collectively and c ...
Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Trend of the COVID-19 Pandemic in SenegalAI Publications
Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and the reporting of one case in Senegal, the number of regions with confirmed cases of infection increased considerably, with the disease now being reported throughout the country after 3 months of evolution. It is therefore necessary to assess the evolution of the disease in the country as the situation evolves in order to rapidly identify best practices for adoption. The objective of this paper is to make a preliminary spatial and temporal assessment and comparison of the results of the COVID-19 pandemic in the regions of Senegal. Data on the evolution of COVID-19 (confirmed cases of infection, deaths, recoveries), population, density and area of each region were analysed using a set of statistical tools. The results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has spread stubbornly in Senegal. In the space of 112 days (from March 2 to June 21), Senegal reached a number of 5888 infected cases for 3919 cured, 1885 active and 84 deaths for a total of 67855 tests performed. About 40 people out of 10,000 have been tested so far and 4 out of 10,000 have tested positive. The Mann-Kendall test indicates that the number of confirmed daily cases is slowly increasing, with the slope of Sen estimated at about 1.2 person/day across the country. In addition, the Pettitt test indicates a sharp change in the upward trend across the country on April 26, 2020. Among the main affected regions, Dakar, Thies and Touba are noted with an extremely high rate of increase. Principal component analysis and hierarchical ascending classification have made it possible to divide Senegal's 14 regions into 3 groups in terms of the number of confirmed cases, active cases, recovered cases and reported deaths, and the population, area and density of the region. The 1st group concerns the Dakar region, the 2nd Diourbel and Thies and the 3rd the other regions. Furthermore, statistics related to COVID-19 in the regions of Senegal are highly correlated with population size and density. This study revealed convincing spatial differences in the evolution of the pandemic between the regions of Senegal. The study recommends that the approaches adopted by regions that have achieved very low levels of COVID-19 be incorporated into health care management plans for the pandemic throughout the country, even as the situation evolves.
Similar to 7708MED Assignment 1 Going to the Field_ Andrea Trubody_s5048151 FINAL (20)
Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Trend of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Senegal
7708MED Assignment 1 Going to the Field_ Andrea Trubody_s5048151 FINAL
1. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
1
Student: Andrea Trubody s5048151
Assignment Topic: Going to the field.
Word Count: 1495
2. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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Background to the field setting and Introduction.
The purpose of the operation is to study the recent outbreak of Zika virus in
Montecristi, Ecuador. Planning a field trip to conduct research in unfamiliar cultural
conditions raises challenges of a socioeconomic and logistical nature. In order to
derive a thorough understanding of the health system and the problems it faces in
realms such as service delivery (Diefenbach-Elstob et al n.d.) the daily challenges
faced by the inhabitants need to be observed.
Key Objectives
(1) Stop the spread of Zika in the temporary villages by introducing mosquito
control (see appendix) providing personal insect repellants, disposing of
containers around dwellings that hold water which provide mosquito breeding
grounds, wearing of clothing with long sleeves and pants to prevent mosquito
bites, supervise provision and distribution of mosquito nets and ensuring any
mosquito screens in damaged and non-damaged buildings seal properly
(IAMAT 2016).
(2) Improve sanitation, water supply and mosquito proofing of houses
(3) Establish that there is an outbreak of Zika Virus in Montecristi.
(4) Identify areas in the province which are ‘hot spots’ for populations of
mosquitoes infected with Zika Virus.
3. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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(b) The team will consist of 12 members from both Australia and Ecuador. Skills will
be required in areas of pathology testing to screen for cases of Zika as well as in
mosquito collection and analysis and vector control. Community engagement is
essential to the success of the project to ensure that the wishes and needs of the
community are observed so local health workers especially as translators, research
staff and community nurses should be included in the team. In order to recruit these
individuals community leaders should first be approached. Local community
members should be involved to foster a feeling of trust. (Tulsi Ram Pandey 2008).
The Entomology Research Leader from CIREV should be approached. His experience
in identification of vectors, their ecology/biology and effectiveness of pesticides
would be invaluable. Field assistants from CIREV who have experience in ecological
research would be used to collect and identify mosquito samples to pinpoint breeding
grounds (see appendix 2 for team structure).
4. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
4
(c)
Setting
Source: Maps of the World 2016
Ecuador is situated in Western South America between Columbia and Peru. It borders
the Pacific Ocean. Manabi province is on the coast near Bahia de Manta (see map). Its
climate is tropical. It has an area of 283,560.0 km2. The 2011 census puts
Montecristi’s population at 70,292 inhabitants (IT1ME 2015). Montecristi
experienced a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 17 April 2016. The Manabi Province was
hardest hit with over 200 people killed (Ellis et al 2016). According to Smart
5. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
5
Traveller there is still a state of emergency in six provinces (DFAT 2016). Ecuador
has been classified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention as an area with
active Zika Virus transmission (2016). Immediately following the quake shelters
housing over 25000 displaced person sprang up. Infrastructure including roads,
healthcare facilities and water supply has been severely impacted. Twenty-four
medical facilities were effected with many ceasing operations due to damage and
personnel shortages. Cases of Zika have increased from 92-1106 since the earthquake
with 80% of cases being recorded in the Manabi Province (UNICEF 2016). Due to the
deteriorating environmental and housing conditions the risk of vector-borne disease
has increased. Politically, the first presidential elections were held in 1979 after years
of military rule. The current President has been in power since 2007 and has spent
heavily in the areas of infrastructure, education and welfare. Funding for these
projects has been backed by oil. Ninety-five percent of the population lists
Catholicism as its religion.
Local Laws and Customs
Casual clothing is acceptable but revealing clothing should not be worn in towns.
When taking photographs it is advisable to first seek permission. Due to drug
problems within the country any drug-related activity is regarded as a serious crime. It
is also a legal requirement for ID to be kept on the person at all times. US currency as
well as Ecuadorian minted coins are the only legal currency, with credit cards and
travellers cheques accepted in the cities.
6. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
6
Collaborating Institutions
The National institute for Public Health Research (INSPI) (National Institute
for Public Health Research 2016).
- the body has the resources of their network laboratory network
which will be utilized to carry out analysis of biological samples.
(contact: Dr Leopoldo Perez Izquieta)
The INSPI center for research and reference in Vectors (CIREV)(Global
registry of biodiversity repositories (GRbio) 2016).
Required Approvals
Griffith University Ethics Committee
Sponsors providing funding
Stake holders such as the Ministry of Health, Ministry of the Interior, Minister
of Roads and Transport
National police
Local Authorities – province, canton and parish government bodies
Montecristi officials such as the Mayor.
Resources in the field
UNICEF is working with the Ecuadorian government to reestablish sanitation ,water
supplies and also vector control in shelters and temporary villages. IsraAID was
operating a field hospital since late April (Times of Israel 2016). Contact with the
group has revealed that they are keeping on office in Manabi province but have
ceased operating the field hospital (see appendix 3 for full list).
7. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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Operational Plan
The project focusing on the Zika outbreak in areas of both establishing the the
existence and size of the outbreak as well as in prevention. A preliminary timeline
outlining the tasks to be conducted to implement this regime is found in Appendix 7.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Weather
Temperatures in September range between 21-27 C. Rainfall is approximate 5mm for
the month with an average of 1 day with rainfall. The climate is best categorized as
wet equatorial.
Clothing
This should be made from lightweight natural fabrics. Manabi province is not in the
area where warmer clothes are required for cooler climates. Consideration should be
made for rainwear. Boots should be comfortable, swell fitted and should be suited for
trekking and walking on uneven terrain. They should be well broken in and provide
plenty of ankle support.
8. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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Safety & Security
Smart Traveller has a warning of ‘high degree of caution’ for the whole of Ecuador
due to the threat of violent crime including armed robberies and kidnapping (DFAT
2016). There are no warnings in place specifically for the Manabi province. Besides
physical security emergency procedures should also be addressed (OSU 2012)
Protective equipment
The following need to provided
A mobile phone which has global roaming activated/satellite phone
PPE such as protective clothing, mosquito repellent, gloves and protective
equipment, first aid kit, extra water.
Funding/Budget
Funding is be sought from programs such as NHMRC TRIP fellowship or through
organizations such as WTA. (see appendix 6 for a preliminary budget).
Family
The contact details of all team members’ family/emergency contacts and directions to
the closest medical facilities need to be recorded.
Instructions to family members regarding the location of team members wills and last
wishes should also be chronicled.
Insurances
When planning any field research activities insurance is required. The following
needs to be arranged before departure.
Travel insurance – covering flights, accommodation, hire vehicles as well as
medical cover. Insurance has been arranged through 1cover Travel insurance
(for details see Appendix 3).
9. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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Accommodation
The team will be staying at a manta property which is in a ‘quiet and safe’
neighbourhood. It has kitchen, BBQ, and laundry facilities as well as security cameras
for added security. No suitable accommodation within Montecristi was available for
the specified period. Due to the earthquake many houses are still damaged or
destroyed.
Flights/Transport to Montecristi
Six team members will be travelling from Australia. Flights from Brisbane to
Guayaquil airport (Ecuador) have been booked for 6 people. The team will be
travelling American Airlines with two stopovers. Transportation from the airport to
can be done by road (Ministry of Transport and Public Works 2016 ).For the itinery
see Appendix 5.
Entry Requirements/Process
These have to be given great attention as any team members not in possession of the
correct paperwork will be denied entrance. This would have a direct impact upon the
efficiency and efficacy of the team. The requirements are
A passport which is valid for at least an extra six months and must be carried
at all times
A visa is not required as the project is for 30 days and is under the 90 day
exclusion requirement.
A return airline ticket
Upon entry an international embarkation/disembarkation form needs to be
completed. This will be stamped and must be kept with your passport. Both
10. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
10
need to be presented upon exit from Ecuador. Australian nationals are not
required to obtain transit visas whilst in Ecuador.
Travel Medicine
Vaccinations are required
Diptheria
Hepatitis A
Tetanus
Typhoid
Malaria is required sometimes. It is advisable as there is a moderate to high
transmission risk in the Manubi province.
Proof of Yellow Fever vaccination is sometimes required for anyone over the
age of 12 months who is travelling from infected areas.
Medical facilities are located in urban areas. Drinking bottled water and avoiding
unpasteurized foods is recommended (World Travel Guide 2016). Personal
medications and aids such as Asthma puffers should also be carried.
11. 7708MED Assignment 1 s5048151 Andrea Trubody
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REFERENCES
Center for Disease Control and Prevention A (CDC) (2016).
All Countries & Territories with Active Zika Virus Transmission. Retrieved from
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Appendix 1
Program of Mosquito control
Conduct surveillance
Remove places where mosquitoes lay eggs
Control young and adult mosquitos by the use of chemical fogging
Monitor and evaluate control programs.
Complied from information from the CDC (2016)
Appendix 2
Team Format
Phlebotomist – taking of blood tests
Epidemiologist x 2 – data analysis and observational studies.
Entomologist x 2 – identification of species, confirmation of virus and vector
control
Translator
Research assistants x 2 – collation of data
Nurses x 2 – helping with blood collection and patient relations
2-3 persons to collect mosquito specimens.
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Appendix 3
Travel Insurance Details
The policy provides unlimited coverage for medical expenses including
medical evacuation (as advised by Smart Traveller) (DFAT 2016).
It provides coverage for loss of luggage and personal items.
It also covers the loss/fraud of credit cards and travel documents.
Zika is an exclusion on this and all travel policies due to the travel warnings
issued concerning the transmission status of Ecuador.
Appendix 4
Agencies already in the field.
The following is a list of agencies who have been operating in the field and could be
approached to pool resources.
ldeas Infantiles SOS
CISP
Danielle Children's Fund
DNVIG
Education for development
Habitat Internacional
HIAS
OCHA
OIM
OPS/OMS
Oxfam
Plan Internacional
PMA
PNUD
Refugee Education Trust
UNFPA
World Vision
Source: Office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs (OCHA) 2016.
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Appendix 5
Travel Itinery/Arrangements
Departing 1 September. Leaving 29 September.
First Section:10:00am to 6:00am 13h
Brisbane (BNE) to Los Angeles (LAX)
American Airlines 7380 operated by Qantas Airways
Economy / Coach (M)
layover 2h 40m
Second Section: 8:40am to 4:54pm 5h 14m
Los Angeles (LAX) to Miami (MIA)
American Airlines 1088
Economy / Coach (M)
layover 4h 35m stop
Third Section : 9:29pm to 12:57am 4h 28m
Miami (MIA) to Guayaquil (GYE)
American Airlines 933
Economy / Coach (M)
Flights have been booked to Guayaquil due to no flights to closer Airports being
available due to runway and buildings maintenance.
Two mid-size all terrain vehicles will be hired until no longer needed to provide
transport to and from sites for staff, luggage and equipment at a total of $2029 per
vehicle (Expedia 2016)
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Appendix 6
Accommodation $10153
Hire vehicles $4058.
Airfares $26449 (return, 6 team members)
Travel Insurance $1000.45
Other* $ 8000
* supplies, incentives, scientific needs.
Appendix 7
Timeline/Activities
Daily
Gathering of mosquito samples from three types of terrain. This will be done daily at
18:00 -21:00 hrs.
Forest/savannah
Agricultural
Village
Week 1-4 (in the field)
Establishment of responsibilities
Prioritizing order of areas to be screened and allocation of personnel to specific areas.
Screening ‘at risk’ populations in these areas
Coordinating of cleaning up temporary settlements and fixing mosquito screening
Distribution of personal repellents and mosquito netting in quadrants 1-4.
Attending to daily mosquito sampling (as above). Taking samples (both pathology
and entomology) to respective processing facilities.