Women in Ethiopia are disadvantageous in all aspects of life despite the efforts made by government. Gender-based inequalities constrain women’s leadership ability to participate in agricultural cooperatives. To study the status of women, this research designed with the objectives to assess the current status of women membership in specific agricultural cooperatives. To address the objective of the study, quantitative method was used. Quantitative data collected from primary sources through questionnaires. Gog was selected purposively due to inadequate studies conducted on women’s status in the agricultural cooperatives. To select the sample size, 12 cooperatives with both men and women members were selected purposively and 127 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling techniques based on the probability proportionate to size. To analyze the data, simple descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. Concerning the status of women members in agricultural cooperatives established in Gog district, the results show up and down in their growth for the last twelve years. Women represent only 21.3% in both management and control committees of all agricultural cooperatives which is below the number stated in article 34(7) of cooperative societies’ proclamation no.985/2016. Except for the year 2009, 2013 and 2017, the numbers of women joined agricultural cooperatives every year since 2006 were less than ten. Women represent 31.7%, 16.7% and 25% in the management committees, control committees and chairpersons respectively. The women elected as chairpersons were from cooperative whose members were only women. Therefore, over findings of the study can be concluded that the status of women is very less compared to men in all agricultural cooperatives organized in the district.
This document analyzes the results of Nepal's 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, in which the former Maoist insurgent party CPN/Maoist unexpectedly won the most votes. Key points:
1) CPN/Maoist received 38% of votes, becoming the largest party, while NC received 19% and UML 18%. This surprised observers who expected the Maoists to lose.
2) The Maoists attracted votes through empowering people during the insurgency, running inclusive candidates, and prioritizing issues like republic and autonomy.
3) Representation of women, Janajatis, Madhesis, and Dalits was better than past elections but still
The document summarizes a study on the livelihood and traditional profession of sweeper communities in Bangladesh. Some key findings:
1. The sweeper community faces socioeconomic deprivation and is treated as "untouchable". Most households have excess expenditures over income and rely on loans to get by.
2. Traditional occupations have not changed for generations due to lack of access to education, health services, and discrimination. Government initiatives are needed to ensure equal rights and opportunities.
3. A survey of 60 sweeper households in Chittagong found high illiteracy, child labor, and that over 90% still work as sweepers. Most have household incomes lower than expenditures and rely on informal loans.
As far as entrepreneurs are concerned, it is likely we think about the women, tribal, dalit and in general. But is it is often ridiculed and there is a lot of social stigma concerning transgenders as they are labelled as sex workers. They have engrossed and excelled the ordinary masses.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
This document summarizes a community health assessment conducted in Butajira, Ethiopia from July 1-29, 2022. The assessment aimed to identify, prioritize, and intervene on health issues affecting the local community. A total of 1,397 individuals across 310 households participated in the study. Key findings included the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, vital statistics on births and deaths, environmental conditions, water and sanitation access, and maternal and child health indicators. The results will be used to inform local health planning and identify areas for further research and intervention.
The study examined constraints faced by 150 respondents in adopting recommended agricultural practices through Agricultural Polyclinics in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The top two constraints reported were lack of financial support from the polyclinics and lack of training or demonstrations on high-tech agriculture methods. Over half of respondents also reported constraints like unavailability of vermicompost/vermiculture, scarcity of irrigation, and inadequate soil/water testing by polyclinics. The study provides insight into challenges faced by farmers in adopting new technologies promoted by agricultural extension programs.
This document summarizes a study on the social and emotional health of voluntary and involuntary single women in Mumbai, India. It begins with an abstract describing the study's objectives and methodology. 150 single women from Mumbai suburbs were surveyed using questionnaires to evaluate differences in social and emotional health between voluntary and involuntary singlehood.
The introduction provides background on the increasing numbers of single women in India and the social discrimination they face. It describes how society views single women negatively and the psychological stresses this can cause.
The results section details the data analysis. Reliability testing found the survey instruments to be highly consistent. Factor analysis identified the key underlying dimensions measured. For voluntary single women, factors related to self-esteem, loneliness
Women in Ethiopia are disadvantageous in all aspects of life despite the efforts made by government. Gender-based inequalities constrain women’s leadership ability to participate in agricultural cooperatives. To study the status of women, this research designed with the objectives to assess the current status of women membership in specific agricultural cooperatives. To address the objective of the study, quantitative method was used. Quantitative data collected from primary sources through questionnaires. Gog was selected purposively due to inadequate studies conducted on women’s status in the agricultural cooperatives. To select the sample size, 12 cooperatives with both men and women members were selected purposively and 127 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling techniques based on the probability proportionate to size. To analyze the data, simple descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. Concerning the status of women members in agricultural cooperatives established in Gog district, the results show up and down in their growth for the last twelve years. Women represent only 21.3% in both management and control committees of all agricultural cooperatives which is below the number stated in article 34(7) of cooperative societies’ proclamation no.985/2016. Except for the year 2009, 2013 and 2017, the numbers of women joined agricultural cooperatives every year since 2006 were less than ten. Women represent 31.7%, 16.7% and 25% in the management committees, control committees and chairpersons respectively. The women elected as chairpersons were from cooperative whose members were only women. Therefore, over findings of the study can be concluded that the status of women is very less compared to men in all agricultural cooperatives organized in the district.
This document analyzes the results of Nepal's 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, in which the former Maoist insurgent party CPN/Maoist unexpectedly won the most votes. Key points:
1) CPN/Maoist received 38% of votes, becoming the largest party, while NC received 19% and UML 18%. This surprised observers who expected the Maoists to lose.
2) The Maoists attracted votes through empowering people during the insurgency, running inclusive candidates, and prioritizing issues like republic and autonomy.
3) Representation of women, Janajatis, Madhesis, and Dalits was better than past elections but still
The document summarizes a study on the livelihood and traditional profession of sweeper communities in Bangladesh. Some key findings:
1. The sweeper community faces socioeconomic deprivation and is treated as "untouchable". Most households have excess expenditures over income and rely on loans to get by.
2. Traditional occupations have not changed for generations due to lack of access to education, health services, and discrimination. Government initiatives are needed to ensure equal rights and opportunities.
3. A survey of 60 sweeper households in Chittagong found high illiteracy, child labor, and that over 90% still work as sweepers. Most have household incomes lower than expenditures and rely on informal loans.
As far as entrepreneurs are concerned, it is likely we think about the women, tribal, dalit and in general. But is it is often ridiculed and there is a lot of social stigma concerning transgenders as they are labelled as sex workers. They have engrossed and excelled the ordinary masses.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
This document summarizes a community health assessment conducted in Butajira, Ethiopia from July 1-29, 2022. The assessment aimed to identify, prioritize, and intervene on health issues affecting the local community. A total of 1,397 individuals across 310 households participated in the study. Key findings included the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, vital statistics on births and deaths, environmental conditions, water and sanitation access, and maternal and child health indicators. The results will be used to inform local health planning and identify areas for further research and intervention.
The study examined constraints faced by 150 respondents in adopting recommended agricultural practices through Agricultural Polyclinics in Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The top two constraints reported were lack of financial support from the polyclinics and lack of training or demonstrations on high-tech agriculture methods. Over half of respondents also reported constraints like unavailability of vermicompost/vermiculture, scarcity of irrigation, and inadequate soil/water testing by polyclinics. The study provides insight into challenges faced by farmers in adopting new technologies promoted by agricultural extension programs.
This document summarizes a study on the social and emotional health of voluntary and involuntary single women in Mumbai, India. It begins with an abstract describing the study's objectives and methodology. 150 single women from Mumbai suburbs were surveyed using questionnaires to evaluate differences in social and emotional health between voluntary and involuntary singlehood.
The introduction provides background on the increasing numbers of single women in India and the social discrimination they face. It describes how society views single women negatively and the psychological stresses this can cause.
The results section details the data analysis. Reliability testing found the survey instruments to be highly consistent. Factor analysis identified the key underlying dimensions measured. For voluntary single women, factors related to self-esteem, loneliness
—Organ donation is very important action by which a life can be saved, so it is advisable to determine fill the formalities for organ donation at least at the time of death. But due to lack of awareness along with myths and misconceptions add to the low percentage of organ donation in India. So this descriptive study was carried out on 815 more than 18 year aged participants with the aim to assess the willingness for organ donation in participants with reasons for willingness as well as for unwillingness. It was found willingness for donate their organ were only in 50.4% of participants whereas 20.9% did not want to donate and 28.7% did not decide. The most common reason found for willingness in this study was 'I could save many life from donating my body' i.e. in 80.8% followed by 'After death I will be alive' response (51.5%), 'It's saintly work' response (50.6%), 'Society will be benefited' response in 42.2% and 'On being motivated by media and people ' response in 35.8% of participants. And when reasons for not willing to donate their organ was discovered in this study, it was found that majority (55.9%) could not explain any reason for that while 17.1% were feared that family and doctors will not save them, 14% said that family members will sell their organ (14.0%) and few (12.9%) said that it's against my religion. It can be observed that a quantifiable (35.8%) of participants were motivated for willingness for organ donation through media and people are having myths regarding organ donation. So to promote organ donation, awareness for organ donation and its related issues should be encouraged through various medias.
11.quality of life of slum women a case study of mangalore cityAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the quality of life of slum women in Mangalore City, India. 200 slum women aged 18-45 were assessed using the WHOQOL scale. Results showed scores were below average across all domains, particularly environmental and social relationships. This reveals a very poor quality of life for slum women due to neglect, hardships, and poor living conditions. Improving conditions and support from government and non-profits is recommended to enhance their quality of life.
Quality of life of slum women a case study of mangalore cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the quality of life of women living in slums in Mangalore City, India. 200 women between the ages of 18-45 from 4 slums were surveyed using the WHOQOL quality of life scale. The scale measures 24 facets across 6 domains: physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, environment, and spiritual. Results found that women scored below average on all domains, with particularly low scores on the environmental and social relationships domains. This reveals a very poor quality of life for slum women due to neglect, suffering, and social alienation. Improving conditions and quality of life for these women should be a priority for governmental and non-governmental organizations.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE USING CAGsGift Mkhala
This dissertation evaluates the impact of a community mobilization and behavior change project using community action groups on the uptake of key malaria interventions in Machinga District, Malawi. The study utilized a cross-sectional analytical design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Data was collected from 192 women in intervention and control groups, as well as from community action groups, health workers, and traditional leaders. Key findings included increased treatment seeking within 24 hours, correct use of malaria medicines, and regular sleeping under bed nets in the intervention group compared to baseline and the control group. Significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality among children and adults were also observed. The study demonstrated the positive impact of community mobilization approaches in improving malaria-related behaviors and health
Livestock plays an important role in livelihood of small and marginal farmers with 5.47 per cent of state GDP
(Gross domestic product) and one of the primary sources of employment to marginalized section(s) of rural Tamil
Nadu. This study was undertaken to identify the factors driving participation of marginalized section(s) in livestock
extension programs in Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu from February 2020 to September 2021
at Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India. Primary data was collected from the selected
sample of 23 extension centres using structured questionnaire in google form and secondary data was collected
from the Directorate of Extension Education, TANUVAS for the period of 2017 to 2019. Descriptive statistics
(frequency, percentage, chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test) were used to analyze the data. The results revealed
that better staff availability in the centre and higher proportion of off-campus programs significantly influenced the
inclusiveness of marginalised sections in overall extension programmes. Furthermore, improving transport facilities
through mobility innovations such as pooling of transport and hiring models during on-campus programmes may
facilitate better participation / inclusion level of marginalised sections.
Impact assessment of nomadic education extension programme on welfare of noma...Premier Publishers
The ultimate benefit of any intervention is the improvement on welfare of beneficiaries. The ownership of assets, improved health meeting social obligations and change in nutrition are indicators of improved welfare. A total of 360 respondents were randomly selected through purposive and multi-stage sampling procedures. Statistical analysis using percentages and two sample t-test were employed. The result of the study indicated that 58% and 56% of the treatment and control group were below the average age respectively. The overwhelming majority of the respondents were married with large family size and mostly polygamist. On education, 36.7% and 55.6% of the respondents in the two communities had never been to any school respectively. The two sample t-test indicated that there were positive and significant statistical mean differences in the ownership of assets between the two groups. All the p-value for assets were less than the critical p-value of 0.05 and all the t-cal were greater than the t-critical value of 1.96 signifying the impact of the intervention on beneficiaries. The treatment group were better in meeting social obligation, feeding and health than the control group. The study recommended that government of Nigeria should pay attention to the welfare of the nomads.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-economic status of families affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy over a 30-year period. The study assessed differences in income, housing, education, health facilities, and asset possession between 1985 and 2015. A sample of 400 respondents from severely and moderately affected areas was surveyed. The results showed significant improvements in monthly income, home ownership, and access to education and healthcare over the 30 years since the disaster. However, some families remained in the same socio-economic position. The study concluded that while relief efforts had improved conditions for many victims, differences remained in socio-economic status even after 30 years.
This document summarizes a study on rural health care in Thoubal District, Manipur, India. It finds that while India's constitution recognizes health as a primary duty, rural populations still lack adequate access to health care due to factors like poverty, lack of infrastructure, and social/psychological barriers. The study aims to evaluate health care facilities and services in Thoubal District, examine factors influencing access to primary health care, and assess the quality of services provided by health care workers to rural communities. It analyzes key health indicators for Manipur from the National Family Health Survey and finds that while material well-being is low, Manipur has relatively good public health outcomes, such as low infant mortality.
Empowering rural women all the way through self help groupsiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on self-help groups (SHGs) and their role in economically empowering rural women in South Tamil Nadu, India. The study analyzed data from 134 women across 20 SHGs. It found that after joining SHGs, women's monthly incomes increased as did their household expenditures and savings. SHGs also effectively provided access to credit for rural economic activities. Most women repaid loans on time. The study concluded that SHGs in South Tamil Nadu have been very successful in promoting women's economic empowerment and development in rural areas.
Timeliness of Malaria Treatment in Children Under Five Years of Age in sub-Sa...MEASURE Evaluation
This study analyzed national survey data from 12 sub-Saharan African countries to assess the timeliness of malaria treatment for children under 5. It found that overall, 63% of children received prompt antimalarial treatment within 24 hours of fever onset. Maternal education level, household wealth, and country of residence were key predictors of timely treatment access. Children with higher-educated and wealthier mothers and those living in Mozambique, Zanzibar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal and Tanzania were most likely to receive prompt and effective malaria treatment.
The present paper makes an attempt to study the Financial Literacy lead to
Empowering the Socio-economic condition of Tribals through informationa
technology and its impact on the day to day life of the rural people. For this purpose
the questionnaire is developed and distributed . In our study we found that the
Information Technology ( IT) have made significant contribution in the life of the
tribal people in some areas and still long way to go . It changed the life style of the
people and a the rural people able to find new markets for their products .
Effect of grameen bank micro credit program on change inAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impact of microcredit programs from the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh on rural women. It surveyed 100 women involved with the Grameen Bank across nine villages. The study found that the microcredit program had a positive impact on the socioeconomic conditions and empowerment of the women. Their household incomes, food consumption, sanitation, mobility, and decision-making abilities improved after joining the program. However, high interest rates on loans were a major challenge faced by the women beneficiaries. Overall, the Grameen Bank microcredit program enhanced the livelihoods and empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh.
Health, education and employment in a forward backward dichotomy based on sta...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined differences in health, education, employment, and standard of living among 9 tribal communities in Kerala, India. The study collected data from 500 households across 3 districts to analyze these socioeconomic indicators for each tribe. It found that tribes like Malayarayan had higher education levels, while tribes such as Paniya and Adiya had lower education. In health as well, tribes like Urali and Kattunaika had lower status compared to others. Based on these variables, the study categorized tribes like Malayarayan, Kuruma and Kurichya as "forward tribes" with better living standards, while tribes such as Paniya, Adiya, Urali
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
Poverty Assessment in Urban Area of Jodhpur District in Western Arid Region o...IJAEMSJORNAL
An attempt has been made to assess the poverty status in rural area of Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan. Two villages were randomly selected fall in the radius of 20 km from the Jodhpur city whereas another two villages were selected 60 km far from Jodhpur city with poor infrastructure facility and poor non-farm employment. 30 respondents were randomly selected from each selected village.A total of 120 respondents were selected from four village for the study. Simple tabulation method was used. For determining the poverty status, income method was used. From the study, it is revealed that agriculture, livestock, non-farm-labor activities are the main factor for poverty assessment. Size of land holding is a crucial factor. Marginal and small land holding couple with low income, are the main reason for poverty. The percentage of earners in the family size groups and percentage of dependents is inversely proportionate.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of rural labor use in Chau Thanh A
District, Hau Giang Province. The data were collected from 160 households in rural areas. The descriptive
statistics are used to analyze the situation, actual use and effective use of agricultural labor resources
1) The document discusses a study on women's perceptions of empowerment among those involved in onion value chain development activities in northern Tanzania.
2) The study used qualitative research methods like focus groups, interviews, and case studies to understand how women define and experience empowerment in social and economic contexts through their participation in the onion industry.
3) The study found that women associate empowerment with increases in income, confidence, awareness of rights, and participation in decision making, though cultural attitudes can still present barriers.
60 micro finance and its impacts on empowerment of dalit women in cuddalore d...chelliah paramasivan
This document summarizes a research paper on microfinance and its impact on empowering Dalit women in Cuddalore District, India. The paper includes the following key points:
- The study uses a sample of 500 Dalit women involved in self-help groups (SHGs) to understand the impact of microfinance.
- The results found that most respondents were not aware of SHG activities and that microfinance has positively impacted saving regularly, socioeconomic development, and micro-entrepreneurial development.
- Through factor analysis, the main problems facing microfinance were identified as lack of knowledge, poor awareness and confidence, and insufficient banking systems.
- Regression analysis showed a low correlation between
Micro finance and its impacts on empowerment of dalit women in cuddalore dist...RAVICHANDIRANG
Micro finance is the model of empowerment of the local people. Micro finance means providing very small loan to poor families rural, urban and semi urban areas. It is the major provision of financial services such as like savings, insurance, marketing, credit, thrift, production, investment, fund transferred and disadvantaged segment of society. Micro finance is one of the major tools for women empowerment and also it provides develop the society. This paper mainly focused on micro finance and its impact on empowerment of Dalit women in Cuddalore district.
S. martínez restrepo - j. c. mejía - e. enríquez extreme poverty, displacemen...UNDP Policy Centre
The document summarizes an impact evaluation of the Red UNIDOS program in Colombia, which aims to alleviate extreme poverty through psychosocial support, improved social services, and institutional capacity building. The evaluation found:
1) The program did not significantly impact most measures of empowerment, except reducing job informality in urban areas for both men and women.
2) Qualitative work revealed challenges providing income generation strategies for rural women as opportunities and education are barriers to finding jobs.
3) Issues with program implementation like caseloads and quality of local operators as well as lack of rural social services and jobs may have limited the program's effectiveness.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
—Organ donation is very important action by which a life can be saved, so it is advisable to determine fill the formalities for organ donation at least at the time of death. But due to lack of awareness along with myths and misconceptions add to the low percentage of organ donation in India. So this descriptive study was carried out on 815 more than 18 year aged participants with the aim to assess the willingness for organ donation in participants with reasons for willingness as well as for unwillingness. It was found willingness for donate their organ were only in 50.4% of participants whereas 20.9% did not want to donate and 28.7% did not decide. The most common reason found for willingness in this study was 'I could save many life from donating my body' i.e. in 80.8% followed by 'After death I will be alive' response (51.5%), 'It's saintly work' response (50.6%), 'Society will be benefited' response in 42.2% and 'On being motivated by media and people ' response in 35.8% of participants. And when reasons for not willing to donate their organ was discovered in this study, it was found that majority (55.9%) could not explain any reason for that while 17.1% were feared that family and doctors will not save them, 14% said that family members will sell their organ (14.0%) and few (12.9%) said that it's against my religion. It can be observed that a quantifiable (35.8%) of participants were motivated for willingness for organ donation through media and people are having myths regarding organ donation. So to promote organ donation, awareness for organ donation and its related issues should be encouraged through various medias.
11.quality of life of slum women a case study of mangalore cityAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on the quality of life of slum women in Mangalore City, India. 200 slum women aged 18-45 were assessed using the WHOQOL scale. Results showed scores were below average across all domains, particularly environmental and social relationships. This reveals a very poor quality of life for slum women due to neglect, hardships, and poor living conditions. Improving conditions and support from government and non-profits is recommended to enhance their quality of life.
Quality of life of slum women a case study of mangalore cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the quality of life of women living in slums in Mangalore City, India. 200 women between the ages of 18-45 from 4 slums were surveyed using the WHOQOL quality of life scale. The scale measures 24 facets across 6 domains: physical, psychological, independence, social relationships, environment, and spiritual. Results found that women scored below average on all domains, with particularly low scores on the environmental and social relationships domains. This reveals a very poor quality of life for slum women due to neglect, suffering, and social alienation. Improving conditions and quality of life for these women should be a priority for governmental and non-governmental organizations.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE USING CAGsGift Mkhala
This dissertation evaluates the impact of a community mobilization and behavior change project using community action groups on the uptake of key malaria interventions in Machinga District, Malawi. The study utilized a cross-sectional analytical design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Data was collected from 192 women in intervention and control groups, as well as from community action groups, health workers, and traditional leaders. Key findings included increased treatment seeking within 24 hours, correct use of malaria medicines, and regular sleeping under bed nets in the intervention group compared to baseline and the control group. Significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality among children and adults were also observed. The study demonstrated the positive impact of community mobilization approaches in improving malaria-related behaviors and health
Livestock plays an important role in livelihood of small and marginal farmers with 5.47 per cent of state GDP
(Gross domestic product) and one of the primary sources of employment to marginalized section(s) of rural Tamil
Nadu. This study was undertaken to identify the factors driving participation of marginalized section(s) in livestock
extension programs in Tamil Nadu. The study was conducted in Tamil Nadu from February 2020 to September 2021
at Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India. Primary data was collected from the selected
sample of 23 extension centres using structured questionnaire in google form and secondary data was collected
from the Directorate of Extension Education, TANUVAS for the period of 2017 to 2019. Descriptive statistics
(frequency, percentage, chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test) were used to analyze the data. The results revealed
that better staff availability in the centre and higher proportion of off-campus programs significantly influenced the
inclusiveness of marginalised sections in overall extension programmes. Furthermore, improving transport facilities
through mobility innovations such as pooling of transport and hiring models during on-campus programmes may
facilitate better participation / inclusion level of marginalised sections.
Impact assessment of nomadic education extension programme on welfare of noma...Premier Publishers
The ultimate benefit of any intervention is the improvement on welfare of beneficiaries. The ownership of assets, improved health meeting social obligations and change in nutrition are indicators of improved welfare. A total of 360 respondents were randomly selected through purposive and multi-stage sampling procedures. Statistical analysis using percentages and two sample t-test were employed. The result of the study indicated that 58% and 56% of the treatment and control group were below the average age respectively. The overwhelming majority of the respondents were married with large family size and mostly polygamist. On education, 36.7% and 55.6% of the respondents in the two communities had never been to any school respectively. The two sample t-test indicated that there were positive and significant statistical mean differences in the ownership of assets between the two groups. All the p-value for assets were less than the critical p-value of 0.05 and all the t-cal were greater than the t-critical value of 1.96 signifying the impact of the intervention on beneficiaries. The treatment group were better in meeting social obligation, feeding and health than the control group. The study recommended that government of Nigeria should pay attention to the welfare of the nomads.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-economic status of families affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy over a 30-year period. The study assessed differences in income, housing, education, health facilities, and asset possession between 1985 and 2015. A sample of 400 respondents from severely and moderately affected areas was surveyed. The results showed significant improvements in monthly income, home ownership, and access to education and healthcare over the 30 years since the disaster. However, some families remained in the same socio-economic position. The study concluded that while relief efforts had improved conditions for many victims, differences remained in socio-economic status even after 30 years.
This document summarizes a study on rural health care in Thoubal District, Manipur, India. It finds that while India's constitution recognizes health as a primary duty, rural populations still lack adequate access to health care due to factors like poverty, lack of infrastructure, and social/psychological barriers. The study aims to evaluate health care facilities and services in Thoubal District, examine factors influencing access to primary health care, and assess the quality of services provided by health care workers to rural communities. It analyzes key health indicators for Manipur from the National Family Health Survey and finds that while material well-being is low, Manipur has relatively good public health outcomes, such as low infant mortality.
Empowering rural women all the way through self help groupsiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on self-help groups (SHGs) and their role in economically empowering rural women in South Tamil Nadu, India. The study analyzed data from 134 women across 20 SHGs. It found that after joining SHGs, women's monthly incomes increased as did their household expenditures and savings. SHGs also effectively provided access to credit for rural economic activities. Most women repaid loans on time. The study concluded that SHGs in South Tamil Nadu have been very successful in promoting women's economic empowerment and development in rural areas.
Timeliness of Malaria Treatment in Children Under Five Years of Age in sub-Sa...MEASURE Evaluation
This study analyzed national survey data from 12 sub-Saharan African countries to assess the timeliness of malaria treatment for children under 5. It found that overall, 63% of children received prompt antimalarial treatment within 24 hours of fever onset. Maternal education level, household wealth, and country of residence were key predictors of timely treatment access. Children with higher-educated and wealthier mothers and those living in Mozambique, Zanzibar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal and Tanzania were most likely to receive prompt and effective malaria treatment.
The present paper makes an attempt to study the Financial Literacy lead to
Empowering the Socio-economic condition of Tribals through informationa
technology and its impact on the day to day life of the rural people. For this purpose
the questionnaire is developed and distributed . In our study we found that the
Information Technology ( IT) have made significant contribution in the life of the
tribal people in some areas and still long way to go . It changed the life style of the
people and a the rural people able to find new markets for their products .
Effect of grameen bank micro credit program on change inAlexander Decker
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7. 89 94
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
Socio-Economic Impact through Self Help Groups
D.Amutha
Asst.Professor of Economics, St.Mary’s College (Autonomous), Tuticorin
Email: amuthajoe@gmail.com
Received: October 14th, 2011
Accepted: October 19th, 2011
Published: October 30th, 2011
Abstract
The overall objective of the present study is to analysis the economic empowerment of women though
SHGs in three villages of Tuticorin District of Tamilnadu. This study is compiled with the help of the
primary data covered only in a six month period (2011). Totally 238 respondents were selected from 18
SHGs of three villages by using simple random sampling method. Empowerment signifies increased
participation in decision-making and it is this process through which people feel themselves to be capable
of making decisions and the right to do so. Women’s participation in decision-making in family is important
indicator for measuring their empowerment. The analysis shows that 66 percent beneficiaries reported
decisions are being taken by their husbands, yet, more than 34 percent respondents accepted that they do
participate in decision-making process. Thus, the socio-economic conditions of women have demonstrated
that their status has improved since the joining of SHG’s and availing microfinance. The result of
chi-square- test revealed that there is significant difference between participation in decision-making in
family and SHG women members in Tuticorin District.
Keywords: Self-Help Groups, women empowerment, percentage analysis, averages, chi-square tests
1. Introduction
Empowerment can serve as a powerful instrument for women to achieve upward social and economic
mobility and power and status in society. Women’s empowerment would be able to develop self-esteem,
confidence, realize their potential and enhance their collective bargaining power. A SHG is a small
economically homogeneous affinity group of the rural poor voluntarily coming together to save small
amount regularly, which are deposited in a common fund to meet members emergency needs and to provide
collateral free loans decided by the group. (Abhaskumar Jha 2000). They have been recognized as useful
tool to help the poor and as an alternative mechanism to meet the urgent credit needs of poor through thrift
(V. M. Rao 2003) SHG is a media for the development of saving habit among the women (S. Rajamohan
2003). SHGs enhance the equality of status of women as participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in
the democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life. (Ritu Jain 2003). The basic principles of the
SHGs are group approach, mutual trust, organization of small and manageable groups, group cohesiveness,
sprit of thrift, demand based lending, collateral free, women friendly loan, peer group pressure in
repayment, skill training capacity building and empowerment (N.Lalitha). Some estimates put these at
currently 2.5 million SHGs in India. (Economic Survey of India, p.67). In Tamil Nadu the SHGs were
started in 1989 at Dharmapuri District. At present 1.40 lakh groups is a function with 23.83 lakh
members. Many men also eager to form SHGs, at present. Tuticorin District having 19 town panchayats
formed 1230 SHGs, and their achievement is 259%. In the process, it aims to commission women with
multiform forms of power; hence a study was conducted on empowerment of women by SHGs in Tuticorin
District, Tamil Nadu.
1.1 Objectives
The main objectives of the study are mentioned below:
• To study the socio economic background of the members of Self Help Groups of Tuticorin District
• To know the reasons for joining SHGs.
• To examine the activities of Self Help Groups in the study area.
• To evaluate the political and entrepreneurial empowerment of SHG members.
89
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
1.2 Methodology
The present study has covered three villages from Tuticorin District viz, Meelavittan, Mullakkadu and
Korampallam. These three villages were selected for this because of the SHGs in these villages is
functioning in a very successful manner. This study is compiled with the help of the primary data covered
in only six month period (2011). The primary data collected with the help of specially prepared interview
schedule. Totally 238 respondents were selected from 18 SHGs of three villages by using simple random
sampling method. The sample size was 1/3 of the total members of the SHGs. This is purely a
descriptive study. Percentage analysis, averages, standard deviation, variance, chi-square tests, Cramer’s
V and probability analysis were used for the analysis.
2. Discussion and analysis
2.1 Age
Age is an important factor in determining the empowerment of SHG members. In the present study an effort
has been made to know the age group of the respondents. In the study area, 238 respondents in three villages
from Tuticorin District viz, Meelavittan, Mullakkadu and Korampallam were selected for the study and
average number of the respondents in Tuticorin District study areas was about 48 members and standard
deviation was about 16.
Table 1 Age wise classification of the respondents
Particulars(years) Frequency Percentage Results
31-40 39 16.4 Mean (Average):59.5
41-50 162 68.1 Standard deviation: 70.02143
51-60 33 13.9 Variance (Standard deviation): 4903
61 and Above 4 1.6 Population Standard deviation: 60.64033
14.2632460.64033
Total 238 100.0 Variance (Population Standard deviation):3677.25
Source: Primary data
The table 1 shows the age wise classification done into four different categories. From the table we find that
the respondents mainly fall under the age group of 41-50 where the highest frequency occur i.e. 162 and in
total sample size it constitutes to 68.1% followed by the age group of 31-40 and its frequency is 39 which
constitute 16.4% in the total sample, followed by the age group of 51-60 which the frequency is 33 and its
percentage of the total sample size is 13.9%. This indication would be relevant to the study because most
of the earning members in a family would be in the age group of 41-50.
2.2 Community
The caste system was introduced in ancient India on the basis of occupation. Even now to some extent
people of a particular caste or community stick on to a particular trade. Even though the caste behaviour
can be moulded with the help of education, exposure and multi-media development, it plays its own role
relating to empowerment of SHG members.
Table 2 Community-wise Classification of the respondents
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Backward Classes 85 35.7
Most Backward Classes 22 9.2
MBC
SC/ST 131 55.1
Total 238 100.0
Source: Primary data
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3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.6, 2011
From the table 2 it is understood that the respondents are mainly from the SC/ST community which is
55.1% of the total respondents. Following this next stands the backward class community with 85
members and 35.7% of the total sample size. Here most backward class is only a meager amount in the
sample i.e. 22 in numbers and 9.2% in total percentage.
2.3 Religion
The religion of the family is a major influence on the empowerment of SHG members.
Table 3 Religion wise Classification of the Respondents
Particulars Frequency Percentage
Hindu 205 86.1
Muslim 2 0.8
Christian 31 13.1
Total 238 100.0
Source: Primary data
The table 3 reveals that 86.1% of the total respondents belong to the Hindu religion and the actual number
is 205 of the total 238 samples selected. The remaining 13.1% are Christians. This might be about the
fact that the field area chosen should be a Hindu religion dominated area.
2.4 Occupation
The SHG members were engaged in various occupations such as agriculture operations and private jobs.
The occupation of the members helps them to avail themselves of credit from the banks and invest it in
their irrespective occupations to earn more.
Table 4 Occupation of the Respondents
Particulars Frequency Percentage Results
Unemployed 9 3.8 Mean (Average): 59.5
Agriculture 221 92.9 Standard deviation: 107.69556
Industry 3 1.2 Variance (Standard deviation): 11598.33333
Collie 5 2.1 Population Standard deviation: 93.26709
Total 238 100.0 Variance (Population Standard deviation): 8698.75
Source: Primary data
From table 4 we conclude that more number of the respondents is engaged in agriculture for their means for
livelihood i.e. 221 respondents are agriculture earning people.
2.5 Reasons for joining SHGs
The major aim of SHG is to promote savings, generate income and credit for the productive and
consumptive purposes. This is true because in the study area the sample women joined the SHGs for getting
loan and promoting their savings and income, in addition to attaining of social status.
Table 5 Reasons for joining SHGs
Reasons Frequency Percentage
Family Income 203 85.3
Bored at home 21 8.8
To give good life to children 14 5.9
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Total 238 100.0
Source: Primary data
(Mean: 79.33333; Standard deviation: 107.15565)
The table 5 reveals that 85.3 percent of women stated that the most important motivating factor to join the
SHG was to supplement their family income. It also reveals that there is definite growing awareness in
society and women in particular that if the family has to maintain a reasonable standard of living, women
should supplement to family income with whatever skill they have 8.8 and 5.9 percent of them stated that
they join the SHG was bored at home and to provide good life for their children, respectively.
2.6 Satisfactions with Family
The satisfaction of respondents with family members means equal status, participation and powers of
decision making of women in household level. The satisfaction of respondents with family members has
been reported to be quite high.
Table 6 Satisfactions with Family
Satisfaction Meelavittan Mullakkadu Korampallam Total
Very Happy 58(60.4) 65(79.3) 39(65) 162 (68.1)
Not Happy 38(39.6) 17(20.7) 21(35) 76 (31.9)
Total 96(100.0) 82(100.0) 60(100.0) 238 (100.0)
Source: Primary data
(χ2=7.58, P=0.022596, df=2, Cramer’s V=0.1785), Significant at 1% probability level.
As shown in table 6 most of them were found satisfied (68%) with the family members, while a significant
proportion was reported to be burdened (32%). The chi-square analysis result (χ2=7.58, P=0.022596),
shows no significant relationship of satisfaction of respondents with family members and SHG members of
group in Tuticorin District.
2.7 Activities of SHG
SHG’s have created positive attitude of community towards functioning of SHG’s, micro-financing as well
as being effective on social problems.
Table 7 Activities of SHG
Activities of SHGs Frequency Percentage
Expands services area 54 22.6
Communication skills& marketing techniques updated 24 10.1
Contact with personnel from government & public organizations 63 26.5
NGOs’& other knowledge of how to get things done in public life 58 24.3
Increase in self confidence and risk bearing capacity 39 16.4
Total 238 100.0
Source: Primary data
(Mean: 47.6; Standard deviation: 15.94679; Variance: 254.3)
Generally SHGs include various activities. The important activities are contact with personnel from
government and public organizations (26.5%) and NGOs’ and other knowledge of how to get things done in
public life (24.3%) and average number of the respondents in Tuticorin District study area was about 48
members and standard deviation was about 16.
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2.8 Decisions Making in Family
Empowerment signifies increased participation in decision-making and it is this process through which
people feel themselves to be capable of making decisions and the right to do so. Women’s participation in
decision-making in family is important indicator for measuring their empowerment.
Table 8 Decisions Making in Family
Decision Making Meelavittan Mullakkadu Korampallam Total
Husband 49(54.4) 72(83.7) 36(58.1) 157 (65.9)
Yourself 41(45.6) 14(16.3) 26(41.9) 81 (34.1)
Total 90(100.0) 86(100.0) 62(100.0) 238 (100.0)
Source: Primary data
(χ2=19.12, P=0.000070, df=2, Cramer’s V=0.2834), Significant at 5% probability level
It is obvious from table 8 that 66 percent beneficiaries reported that decisions are being taken by their
husbands, yet, more than 34 percent respondents accepted that they do participate in decision-making
process. Thus, the socio-economic conditions of women have demonstrated that their status has improved
since the joining of SHG’s and availing microfinance. The result of chi-square- test (χ2=19.12,
P=0.000070), revealed that there is significant difference between participation in decision-making in
family and SHG women members in Tuticorin District.
2.9 Political Empowerment
Participation in Panchayatraj institution, understanding the political environment and accessing political
power provide empowerment. So the opinion of the respondents were collected and shown in the
following table.
Table 9 Political Empowerment
Particulars Meelavittan Mullakkadu Korampallam Total
Participation in Panchayatraj 68(76.4) 80(90.9) 23(37.7) 171 (71.8)
Institution
Understand the Political Environment 21(23.6) 8(9.1) 38(62.3) 67 (28.2)
Total 89(100.0) 88(100.0) 61(100.0) 238 (100.0)
Source: Primary data
(χ2=51.88, P=<0.0001, df=2, Cramer’s V=0.4669), Significant at 1% probability level
Participation in Panchayatraj institution and understanding the political environment provide empowerment.
So the opinion of the respondents were collected and shown in the following table. 72% respondent were
expressed that participation in Panchaytraj institution and 28% respondents were of the view that
understanding the political environment showed significant difference (P < 0.001).
2.10 Entrepreneurial Empowerment
Entrepreneurs are those persons who seek to generate value, through the creation or expansion of economic
activity by identifying and exploiting new products, process or markets. Entrepreneurial activity is the
enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or expansion of
economic activity, by identifying and exploiting new products, process or markets. Entrepreneurial
activity includes the entry of new products, the creation of new products or service, and the innovation
associated with different business activated. Entrepreneurial activity can therefore be associated with
organic as well as acquisitive decision.
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Vol.2, No.6, 2011
Table 10 Entrepreneurial Empowerment
Particulars Meelavittan Mullakkadu Korampallam Total
Increase desire to learn more 17(10.2) 4(9.1) 23(82.1) 44 (18.5)
professional skills
Intensifies desire to earn and better 149(89.8) 40(90.9) 5(17.9) 194 (81.5)
living
Total 166(100.0) 44(100.0) 28(100.0) 238 (100.0)
Source: Primary data
(χ2=85.36, P=<0.0001, df=2, Cramer’s V=0.5989), Significant at 1% probability level
From the table, 82% respondents were of the view that SHG intensifies desire to earn more and make
better living and only 19 percent of women expressed that SHG increases desire to learn more professional
skills and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=85.36, P=<0.0001).
3. Conclusion
SHGs started functioning all over Tamilnadu, in some areas they are functioning effectively whereas in
other areas they face problems. Since SHGs help women to achieve economic empowerment, these policy
measures can contribute a lot to the nation. To conclude, the economic activities of SHGs in Tuticorin
District are quite successful.
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