The document provides an overview of key concepts in database systems. It discusses the purpose and components of a database management system (DBMS), including data models, languages, and system architecture. It also summarizes the history of database systems from early file systems to modern distributed databases.
Introduction to Database Management SystemsAdri Jovin
This presentation contains content relevant to the introduction to the database management systems. The content is adapted from the original work of Abe Silberschatz et. al.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manages databases, ensuring optimal organization and retrieval of data. Each component plays a crucial role in the efficient and secure operation of database systems. If you have specific questions or need more details on any aspect, feel free to ask!SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manage database
Introduction to Database Management SystemsAdri Jovin
This presentation contains content relevant to the introduction to the database management systems. The content is adapted from the original work of Abe Silberschatz et. al.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manages databases, ensuring optimal organization and retrieval of data. Each component plays a crucial role in the efficient and secure operation of database systems. If you have specific questions or need more details on any aspect, feel free to ask!SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful domain-specific language designed for managing and manipulating relational databases. It allows users to define, query, and manipulate data in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL consists of various commands, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE, enabling users to interact with databases efficiently.
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/SQL) is an extension of SQL developed by Oracle. It integrates procedural constructs with SQL, allowing for the creation of stored procedures, functions, and triggers. PL/SQL enhances the capabilities of SQL by providing procedural programming features like loops, conditional statements, and exception handling. This enables the development of more complex and dynamic database applications.
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software suite that facilitates the creation, management, and interaction with databases. It provides an interface for users and applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data retrieval. Popular relational database management systems include Oracle Database, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and PostgreSQL.
In summary, SQL is the language used to communicate with databases, PL/SQL extends SQL by adding procedural programming capabilities, and a DBMS is the overarching software that manage database
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. 1.2
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Chapter 1: Introduction
• Purpose of Database Systems
• Database Languages
• Relational Databases
• Database Design
• Data Models
• Database Internals
• Database Users and Administrators
• Overall Structure
• History of Database Systems
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Database Management System (DBMS)
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
o Collection of interrelated data
o Set of programs to access the data
o An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
• Database Applications:
o Banking: all transactions
o Airlines: reservations, schedules
o Universities: registration, grades
o Sales: customers, products, purchases
o Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
o Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
o Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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Purpose of Database Systems
• In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of
file systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
o Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
o Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
o Data isolation — multiple files and formats
o Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
“buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
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Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
o Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should
either complete or not happen at all
o Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent accessed needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the
same time
o Security problems
Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
• Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
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Levels of Abstraction
• Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
• Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships
among the data.
type customer = record
customer_id : string;
customer_name : string;
customer_street : string;
customer_city : string;
end;
• View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can
also hide information (such as an employee’s salary) for security
purposes.
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Instances and Schemas
• Similar to types and variables in programming languages
• Schema – the logical structure of the database
o Example: The database consists of information about a set of customers and
accounts and the relationship between them)
o Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
o Physical schema: database design at the physical level
o Logical schema: database design at the logical level
• Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
o Analogous to the value of a variable
• Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without
changing the logical schema
o Applications depend on the logical schema
o In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should
be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
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Data Models
• A collection of tools for describing
o Data
o Data relationships
o Data semantics
o Data constraints
• Relational model
• Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design)
• Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational)
• Semistructured data model (XML)
• Other older models:
o Network model
o Hierarchical model
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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
appropriate data model
o DML also known as query language
• Two classes of languages
o Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get
those data
o Declarative (nonprocedural) – user specifies what data is
required without specifying how to get those data
• SQL is the most widely used query language
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Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Specification notation for defining the database schema
Example: create table account (
account_number char(10),
branch_name char(10),
balance integer)
• DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary
• Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
o Database schema
o Data storage and definition language
Specifies the storage structure and access methods used
o Integrity constraints
Domain constraints
Referential integrity (e.g. branch_name must correspond to a
valid branch in the branch table)
o Authorization
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Database System Concepts - 5th
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Relational Model
• Example of tabular data in the relational model
Attributes
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SQL
• SQL: widely used non-procedural language
o Example: Find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465
select customer.customer_name
from customer
where customer.customer_id = ‘192-83-7465’
o Example: Find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with
customer-id 192-83-7465
select account.balance
from depositor, account
where depositor.customer_id = ‘192-83-7465’ and
depositor.account_number = account.account_number
• Application programs generally access databases through one of
o Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
o Application program interface (e.g., ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL
queries to be sent to a database
15. 1.15
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Database Design
The process of designing the general structure of the database:
• Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design
requires that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
o Business decision – What attributes should we record in the
database?
o Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have
and how should the attributes be distributed among the various
relation schemas?
• Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database
16. 1.16
Database System Concepts - 5th
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The Entity-Relationship Model
• Models an enterprise as a collection of entities and relationships
o Entity: a “thing” or “object” in the enterprise that is distinguishable
from other objects
Described by a set of attributes
o Relationship: an association among several entities
• Represented diagrammatically by an entity-relationship diagram:
17. 1.17
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Other Data Models
• Object-oriented data model
• Object-relational data model
18. 1.18
Database System Concepts - 5th
Edition, May 23, 2005
Database Application Architectures
(web browser)
Old Modern
19. 1.19
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Database Management System Internals
• Storage management
• Query processing
• Transaction processing
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Storage Management
• Storage manager is a program module that provides the interface
between the low-level data stored in the database and the application
programs and queries submitted to the system.
• The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks:
o Interaction with the file manager
o Efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
• Issues:
o Storage access
o File organization
o Indexing and hashing
21. 1.21
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Query Processing
1. Parsing and translation
2. Optimization
3. Evaluation
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Query Processing (Cont.)
• Alternative ways of evaluating a given query
o Equivalent expressions
o Different algorithms for each operation
• Cost difference between a good and a bad way of evaluating a query can
be enormous
• Need to estimate the cost of operations
o Depends critically on statistical information about relations which the
database must maintain
o Need to estimate statistics for intermediate results to compute cost of
complex expressions
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Transaction Management
• A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single
logical function in a database application
• Transaction-management component ensures that the database
remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g.,
power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures.
• Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the
concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.
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History of Database Systems
• 1950s and early 1960s:
o Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
Tapes provide only sequential access
o Punched cards for input
• Late 1960s and 1970s:
o Hard disks allow direct access to data
o Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use
o Ted Codd defines the relational data model
Would win the ACM Turing Award for this work
IBM Research begins System R prototype
UC Berkeley begins Ingres prototype
o High-performance (for the era) transaction processing
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Database System Concepts - 5th
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History (cont.)
• 1980s:
o Research relational prototypes evolve into commercial systems
SQL becomes industry standard
o Parallel and distributed database systems
o Object-oriented database systems
• 1990s:
o Large decision support and data-mining applications
o Large multi-terabyte data warehouses
o Emergence of Web commerce
• 2000s:
o XML and XQuery standards
o Automated database administration
o Increasing use of highly parallel database systems
o Web-scale distributed data storage systems
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Database System Concepts - 5th
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Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with
the system
• Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls
• Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language
• Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do
not fit into the traditional data processing framework
• Naïve users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that
have been written previously
o Examples, people accessing database over the web, bank tellers,
clerical staff
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Database System Concepts - 5th
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Database Administrator
• Coordinates all the activities of the database system
o has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources
and needs.
• Database administrator's duties include:
o Storage structure and access method definition
o Schema and physical organization modification
o Granting users authority to access the database
o Backing up data
o Monitoring performance and responding to changes
Database tuning
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Database System Concepts - 5th
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Database Architecture
The architecture of a database systems is greatly influenced by
the underlying computer system on which the database is running:
• Centralized
• Client-server
• Parallel (multiple processors and disks)
• Distributed
31. 1.31
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Object-Relational Data Models
• Extend the relational data model by including object orientation and
constructs to deal with added data types.
• Allow attributes of tuples to have complex types, including non-atomic
values such as nested relations.
• Preserve relational foundations, in particular the declarative access to
data, while extending modeling power.
• Provide upward compatibility with existing relational languages.
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XML: Extensible Markup Language
• Defined by the WWW Consortium (W3C)
• Originally intended as a document markup language not a
database language
• The ability to specify new tags, and to create nested tag structures
made XML a great way to exchange data, not just documents
• XML has become the basis for all new generation data interchange
formats.
• A wide variety of tools is available for parsing, browsing and
querying XML documents/data