In 1855, the Stamp Duty was removed from newspapers in Britain, making them cheaper to buy and leading to a large increase in the number of newspapers by 1886. In 1872, primary education became compulsory in Scotland up to age 12, enabling more people to read newspapers and pamphlets about politics. However, many of the first pupils after 1872 were quite old before they could vote, so increased education was not the only influence on political change and the growth of working class campaigns.