The document discusses LTE and 4G broadband technology. It provides a table comparing the peak data rates of previous generations of cellular technology (1G through 3G) with LTE and LTE-Advanced. It then summarizes LTE network deployments and speed tests performed in Massachusetts, finding download speeds up to 50 Mbps and upload speeds up to 15 Mbps on LTE networks. It also discusses eHRPD, Verizon's 3G technology, and compares the network architectures of HSPA and HSPA+.
Watch the full OnDemand Webcast: http://bit.ly/wcincreasing80211
Making the move to 802.11n? Though the rewards are significant, they come with a cost. The increased complexity of 802.11n can be a bit maddening, and it will definitely impact the way you design, monitor, and maintain your WLAN. MIMO? Channel bonding? Aggregation? If these terms aren’t currently part of your WLAN vocabulary, they certainly will be by the time you make the move. And even though the specification has been ratified for some time now, 802.11n hardware continues to evolve.
Join us as we explore the number of MIMO streams, channel bonding, guard interval lengths, and other characteristics that define your WLAN capabilities. We’ll also characterize the current state of commercially available 802.11n hardware, arming you with the information you need to determine if, when, and how you want to make the move.
In these slides, we will cover:
- Key technologies that are new to 802.11n
- The relative importance of each technology in contributing to increased performance
- The current “state of the art” of commercially available 11n equipment
What you will learn:
- What new 11n technologies are most important to you
- When to use the various 11n technologies
- How to monitor and analyze WLANs – both mixed-mode and Greenfield 11n
Watch the full webcast at: http://bit.ly/80211nIncreasedSpeedComplexity.
The document describes the results of implementing the CA SCC Freq Measurement Optimization Switch trial in Shujabad City. Key results include an improvement in uplink throughput by 12.28% on DA and 11.11% on 6BH, uplink traffic increase of 3.28% on DA, and improvements in downlink KPIs like traffic and throughput on both DA and 6BH networks. The trial aims to optimize frequency measurement for carrier aggregation secondary component carriers.
This document provides an overview of LTE and LTE Advanced mobile communication standards. It discusses the evolution of cellular networks and the working group structure of 3GPP. Tables summarize key performance requirements and throughput capabilities for LTE Release 8 and LTE Advanced. Requirements for LTE network architecture and the capabilities introduced in 3GPP Releases 8, 9, and 10 are also outlined.
The document describes the network architecture of PennNet, the campus network at the University of Pennsylvania. It discusses key details of PennNet such as its distributed core, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, routing protocols, wireless network configuration, and connections to Internet2 and MAGPI. It also provides an example of BGP configuration and routing entries for peering relationships with Level 3, MAGPI, and looking up a route to MIT.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching has become by far one of the most important Internet technologies of the last 15 years. From humble beginnings back in 1996-97, it is literally the defacto standard in a large majority of service provider networks today. This presentation, delivered to executives at MTNL, Mumbai (a large regional carrier in India), explains the key operational principles behind MPLS, and its significant applications.
Neighboring Wi-Fi networks, RF noise sources, and indoor and outdoor coverage patterns can all impact mobile device performance on WLANs. This session will give you a better understanding of radio coverage patterns for different types of antennas and covers related essentials in the Wi-Fi standard. Join us also to learn more about 802.11ac, multi-user MIMO and transmit beamforming with Wave 2, and more.
[Xangle Research] Defi, dejavu of 2017 ICO market boom?Minji Kyeong
Defi, dejavu of 2017 ICO market boom?
- Bitcoin shrinking on dominance, amid overall market taking sideways in Q2 after recovery from COVID 19 market crash
- Active on-chain stats in Ethereum (Tx counts:+62% / Tx fee: +688% (QoQ)); partially resembling the spike seen during the bull run in 2017-2018
- ERC-20 tokens taking the lead with Defi tokens standing out
- Defi tokens & Stable Tokens rising while exchange tokens run low
- Total value locked in Defi multiplied over x25 times in two years
Watch the full OnDemand Webcast: http://bit.ly/wcincreasing80211
Making the move to 802.11n? Though the rewards are significant, they come with a cost. The increased complexity of 802.11n can be a bit maddening, and it will definitely impact the way you design, monitor, and maintain your WLAN. MIMO? Channel bonding? Aggregation? If these terms aren’t currently part of your WLAN vocabulary, they certainly will be by the time you make the move. And even though the specification has been ratified for some time now, 802.11n hardware continues to evolve.
Join us as we explore the number of MIMO streams, channel bonding, guard interval lengths, and other characteristics that define your WLAN capabilities. We’ll also characterize the current state of commercially available 802.11n hardware, arming you with the information you need to determine if, when, and how you want to make the move.
In these slides, we will cover:
- Key technologies that are new to 802.11n
- The relative importance of each technology in contributing to increased performance
- The current “state of the art” of commercially available 11n equipment
What you will learn:
- What new 11n technologies are most important to you
- When to use the various 11n technologies
- How to monitor and analyze WLANs – both mixed-mode and Greenfield 11n
Watch the full webcast at: http://bit.ly/80211nIncreasedSpeedComplexity.
The document describes the results of implementing the CA SCC Freq Measurement Optimization Switch trial in Shujabad City. Key results include an improvement in uplink throughput by 12.28% on DA and 11.11% on 6BH, uplink traffic increase of 3.28% on DA, and improvements in downlink KPIs like traffic and throughput on both DA and 6BH networks. The trial aims to optimize frequency measurement for carrier aggregation secondary component carriers.
This document provides an overview of LTE and LTE Advanced mobile communication standards. It discusses the evolution of cellular networks and the working group structure of 3GPP. Tables summarize key performance requirements and throughput capabilities for LTE Release 8 and LTE Advanced. Requirements for LTE network architecture and the capabilities introduced in 3GPP Releases 8, 9, and 10 are also outlined.
The document describes the network architecture of PennNet, the campus network at the University of Pennsylvania. It discusses key details of PennNet such as its distributed core, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, routing protocols, wireless network configuration, and connections to Internet2 and MAGPI. It also provides an example of BGP configuration and routing entries for peering relationships with Level 3, MAGPI, and looking up a route to MIT.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching has become by far one of the most important Internet technologies of the last 15 years. From humble beginnings back in 1996-97, it is literally the defacto standard in a large majority of service provider networks today. This presentation, delivered to executives at MTNL, Mumbai (a large regional carrier in India), explains the key operational principles behind MPLS, and its significant applications.
Neighboring Wi-Fi networks, RF noise sources, and indoor and outdoor coverage patterns can all impact mobile device performance on WLANs. This session will give you a better understanding of radio coverage patterns for different types of antennas and covers related essentials in the Wi-Fi standard. Join us also to learn more about 802.11ac, multi-user MIMO and transmit beamforming with Wave 2, and more.
[Xangle Research] Defi, dejavu of 2017 ICO market boom?Minji Kyeong
Defi, dejavu of 2017 ICO market boom?
- Bitcoin shrinking on dominance, amid overall market taking sideways in Q2 after recovery from COVID 19 market crash
- Active on-chain stats in Ethereum (Tx counts:+62% / Tx fee: +688% (QoQ)); partially resembling the spike seen during the bull run in 2017-2018
- ERC-20 tokens taking the lead with Defi tokens standing out
- Defi tokens & Stable Tokens rising while exchange tokens run low
- Total value locked in Defi multiplied over x25 times in two years
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G technologies like LTE, and the increasing capabilities and speeds they provide. It also describes the growth of the mobile industry in terms of users, traffic, and revenue.
2. A key concept discussed is IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), which enables the convergence of voice, data, and multimedia services over an IP-based network, and allows interworking between mobile and fixed networks.
3. Trial deployments of early 4G networks like LTE are mentioned, though performance has been lower than expected, with peak speeds of 12Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink achieved. Further improvements are anticipated as the technologies
3G - 4G services, facilities, applications. New markets – new goals.Нуркен Халыкберген
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 4G. It discusses the transition from early mobile networks focused on voice (GSM, 2G) to newer standards enabling mobile internet access and data (3G, 4G). Key points include:
- 2G provided basic voice and small screen data, while 3G added higher speeds and capabilities like video calling
- 4G networks like LTE provide the fastest speeds for mobile internet access to date, with peak downlink speeds over 1 Gbps
- As speeds and capabilities increased, the number of mobile broadband subscribers grew while fixed lines declined, showing a shift to wireless connectivity
We are offering a comprehensive high speed networking solution which is including 3.2T Co-packaged Optic (CPO), 100G, 200G, 400G & 800G transceivers, DACs, AOCs, ACCs & Loopback modules. We are fulfil your research (R&D) stage product development, DVT/EVT pre-product testing, mass production and also for final application use.
Welcome to contact us for more product info.
The document discusses the transition of telecommunications carriers from "Carrier Is King" to a new role as an "Enabler" in the age of smartphones and internet-based services. It provides statistics on the growth of mobile internet and VoIP users globally as text messaging revenue declines. The emergence of over-the-top services is challenging traditional telecom business models, but carriers can reinvent themselves by leveraging their networks and becoming enablers for new ecosystems of internet-based services through approaches like Telco 2.0.
This document provides a summary of common Linux network tools including ifconfig, netstat, route, ping, traceroute, iptables, netcat, rinetd, tcpdump, and tcpreplay. It describes what each tool is used for at a high level, such as configuring network interfaces, displaying network status, manipulating network routes, testing network connectivity, implementing firewalls, and capturing/replaying network traffic. The document also provides basic introductions to IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and routing concepts.
An Inconvenient Prefix: Is Routing Table Pollution Leading to Global Datacent...Richard Steenbergen
The document discusses the increasing size of the global routing table and theories for its growth. It examines four main theories: more networks are multi-homing; slow growth allocation methods cause fragmentation; traffic engineering purposes; and large numbers of networks redistributing routes into BGP. The document finds that while multi-homing and traffic engineering contribute, fragmentation from slow growth allocations is a major factor, with many examples given. It also analyzes deaggregation of routes and finds it is predominantly driven by a small number of countries.
The document provides an overview of LTE system principles and key features. It discusses the evolution from 3G technologies to LTE, the simplified LTE system architecture including E-UTRAN and EPC networks, and main LTE technical characteristics such as OFDMA, MIMO and flexible bandwidth allocation. The objectives are to know the background of LTE evolution, system architecture and key features.
This Ph.D. dissertation evaluates link level performance and proposes a link abstraction method for LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink. It develops a link level simulator to model the channel estimation error and evaluate performance for SISO-AWGN and MIMO with perfect/imperfect channel estimation. It also proposes a novel link abstraction technique to predict block error rate in multipath fading including the effects of HARQ retransmissions. The objectives are to evaluate link performance and develop a link abstraction method for LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink.
CDNetworks Reaching China with Your Website and Brand - The Hard TruthCDNetworks
There are three key points regarding reaching China with your website or cloud application:
1. Network latency is high due to long distances, with average round-trip times over 100ms between China and other countries. This can significantly impact performance.
2. Peering arrangements matter greatly, as poor peering can lead to congestion, suboptimal routing, and inconsistent experiences across ISPs. Having a local presence with good peering is important.
3. Navigating Chinese regulations requires compliance with content restrictions and licensing requirements. Hiring local experts is recommended to ensure regulatory compliance and address any blocks that may occur.
The document describes the OSI reference model and routing in computer networks. It discusses the layers of the OSI model and their functions, including the physical, data link, network, and transport layers. It also covers routing protocols, static versus dynamic routing, and different classes of routing protocols like distance vector and link state protocols.
This document compares key performance metrics between LTE, WiMAX 16m, and IMT-Advanced technologies. It finds that LTE and WiMAX 16m have similar peak data rates and average data rates for downlink transmissions, but LTE has lower latency. For mobility performance, LTE and IMT-Advanced can support higher speeds compared to WiMAX 16m while maintaining spectral efficiency. Handover interruption times are also improved in LTE and IMT-Advanced.
The document outlines various digital communication standards including their nominal bit rates, actual line rates, equivalent voice channels supported, and corresponding PDH, SONET, and SDH terminology. It provides a mapping between common digital communication standards like T1, E1, E3, OC-1, and others in both North America and Europe/Japan.
The document provides an overview of LTE and LTE optimization. It discusses the LTE architecture including the Evolved Packet System components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, HSS, and PCRF. It describes the LTE air interface including bandwidths, frequency bands, and UE capabilities. It also covers call flows, handovers, and optimization topics like network optimization processes, RF optimization objects, and troubleshooting metrics.
The document discusses LTE as the de facto standard for mobile access networks. Key points include:
- LTE is designed for next generation networks and provides all-IP connectivity and consistent experience across access types.
- LTE release 8 supports peak downlink speeds up to 326 Mbps and uplink speeds up to 86 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth.
- LTE provides over 4x higher downlink throughput and 5x higher uplink throughput than HSPA+, improved spectrum efficiency, and supports FDD and TDD duplexing and scalable 1.4-20 MHz channel bandwidths.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- LTE is becoming the de facto standard for 4G mobile networks due to its high data rates and ability to work with existing network infrastructure.
- Key LTE technologies allow for flexible use of spectrum and high throughput including OFDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation.
- LTE network components include the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW which work together to route data and control connectivity.
- Frame structures in LTE divide transmissions into 10ms frames for efficient scheduling of resources.
MTR is a network diagnostic tool that combines the functionality of traceroute and ping. It probes routers on the network path by sending packets and listening for responses to determine the quality of each hop. As it runs continuously, it tracks response times and packet loss to identify links that may be causing issues like increased latency or buffering. The MTR output provides statistics on each hop, including the hostname, packet loss percentage, and response times, to help locate potential problems along the route.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile networks from 2G to 4G technologies like LTE, and the increasing capabilities and speeds they provide. It also describes the growth of the mobile industry in terms of users, traffic, and revenue.
2. A key concept discussed is IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), which enables the convergence of voice, data, and multimedia services over an IP-based network, and allows interworking between mobile and fixed networks.
3. Trial deployments of early 4G networks like LTE are mentioned, though performance has been lower than expected, with peak speeds of 12Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink achieved. Further improvements are anticipated as the technologies
3G - 4G services, facilities, applications. New markets – new goals.Нуркен Халыкберген
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile network technologies from 2G to 4G. It discusses the transition from early mobile networks focused on voice (GSM, 2G) to newer standards enabling mobile internet access and data (3G, 4G). Key points include:
- 2G provided basic voice and small screen data, while 3G added higher speeds and capabilities like video calling
- 4G networks like LTE provide the fastest speeds for mobile internet access to date, with peak downlink speeds over 1 Gbps
- As speeds and capabilities increased, the number of mobile broadband subscribers grew while fixed lines declined, showing a shift to wireless connectivity
We are offering a comprehensive high speed networking solution which is including 3.2T Co-packaged Optic (CPO), 100G, 200G, 400G & 800G transceivers, DACs, AOCs, ACCs & Loopback modules. We are fulfil your research (R&D) stage product development, DVT/EVT pre-product testing, mass production and also for final application use.
Welcome to contact us for more product info.
The document discusses the transition of telecommunications carriers from "Carrier Is King" to a new role as an "Enabler" in the age of smartphones and internet-based services. It provides statistics on the growth of mobile internet and VoIP users globally as text messaging revenue declines. The emergence of over-the-top services is challenging traditional telecom business models, but carriers can reinvent themselves by leveraging their networks and becoming enablers for new ecosystems of internet-based services through approaches like Telco 2.0.
This document provides a summary of common Linux network tools including ifconfig, netstat, route, ping, traceroute, iptables, netcat, rinetd, tcpdump, and tcpreplay. It describes what each tool is used for at a high level, such as configuring network interfaces, displaying network status, manipulating network routes, testing network connectivity, implementing firewalls, and capturing/replaying network traffic. The document also provides basic introductions to IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and routing concepts.
An Inconvenient Prefix: Is Routing Table Pollution Leading to Global Datacent...Richard Steenbergen
The document discusses the increasing size of the global routing table and theories for its growth. It examines four main theories: more networks are multi-homing; slow growth allocation methods cause fragmentation; traffic engineering purposes; and large numbers of networks redistributing routes into BGP. The document finds that while multi-homing and traffic engineering contribute, fragmentation from slow growth allocations is a major factor, with many examples given. It also analyzes deaggregation of routes and finds it is predominantly driven by a small number of countries.
The document provides an overview of LTE system principles and key features. It discusses the evolution from 3G technologies to LTE, the simplified LTE system architecture including E-UTRAN and EPC networks, and main LTE technical characteristics such as OFDMA, MIMO and flexible bandwidth allocation. The objectives are to know the background of LTE evolution, system architecture and key features.
This Ph.D. dissertation evaluates link level performance and proposes a link abstraction method for LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink. It develops a link level simulator to model the channel estimation error and evaluate performance for SISO-AWGN and MIMO with perfect/imperfect channel estimation. It also proposes a novel link abstraction technique to predict block error rate in multipath fading including the effects of HARQ retransmissions. The objectives are to evaluate link performance and develop a link abstraction method for LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink.
CDNetworks Reaching China with Your Website and Brand - The Hard TruthCDNetworks
There are three key points regarding reaching China with your website or cloud application:
1. Network latency is high due to long distances, with average round-trip times over 100ms between China and other countries. This can significantly impact performance.
2. Peering arrangements matter greatly, as poor peering can lead to congestion, suboptimal routing, and inconsistent experiences across ISPs. Having a local presence with good peering is important.
3. Navigating Chinese regulations requires compliance with content restrictions and licensing requirements. Hiring local experts is recommended to ensure regulatory compliance and address any blocks that may occur.
The document describes the OSI reference model and routing in computer networks. It discusses the layers of the OSI model and their functions, including the physical, data link, network, and transport layers. It also covers routing protocols, static versus dynamic routing, and different classes of routing protocols like distance vector and link state protocols.
This document compares key performance metrics between LTE, WiMAX 16m, and IMT-Advanced technologies. It finds that LTE and WiMAX 16m have similar peak data rates and average data rates for downlink transmissions, but LTE has lower latency. For mobility performance, LTE and IMT-Advanced can support higher speeds compared to WiMAX 16m while maintaining spectral efficiency. Handover interruption times are also improved in LTE and IMT-Advanced.
The document outlines various digital communication standards including their nominal bit rates, actual line rates, equivalent voice channels supported, and corresponding PDH, SONET, and SDH terminology. It provides a mapping between common digital communication standards like T1, E1, E3, OC-1, and others in both North America and Europe/Japan.
The document provides an overview of LTE and LTE optimization. It discusses the LTE architecture including the Evolved Packet System components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, HSS, and PCRF. It describes the LTE air interface including bandwidths, frequency bands, and UE capabilities. It also covers call flows, handovers, and optimization topics like network optimization processes, RF optimization objects, and troubleshooting metrics.
The document discusses LTE as the de facto standard for mobile access networks. Key points include:
- LTE is designed for next generation networks and provides all-IP connectivity and consistent experience across access types.
- LTE release 8 supports peak downlink speeds up to 326 Mbps and uplink speeds up to 86 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth.
- LTE provides over 4x higher downlink throughput and 5x higher uplink throughput than HSPA+, improved spectrum efficiency, and supports FDD and TDD duplexing and scalable 1.4-20 MHz channel bandwidths.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- LTE is becoming the de facto standard for 4G mobile networks due to its high data rates and ability to work with existing network infrastructure.
- Key LTE technologies allow for flexible use of spectrum and high throughput including OFDMA, MIMO, and adaptive modulation.
- LTE network components include the UE, eNB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW which work together to route data and control connectivity.
- Frame structures in LTE divide transmissions into 10ms frames for efficient scheduling of resources.
MTR is a network diagnostic tool that combines the functionality of traceroute and ping. It probes routers on the network path by sending packets and listening for responses to determine the quality of each hop. As it runs continuously, it tracks response times and packet loss to identify links that may be causing issues like increased latency or buffering. The MTR output provides statistics on each hop, including the hostname, packet loss percentage, and response times, to help locate potential problems along the route.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
3. 3
AT&T Test
• AT&T launched its LTE network in 5 cities on 9/18/11
• PC Magazine article: AT&T vs. Verizon: LTE, Head-to-Head
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2393182,00.asp#fbid
=fD0LlOUpHzx
Unable to roam between AT&T and Verizon LTE networks
AT&T has put coverage maps on its site advocating merger
with T-Mobile
Dallas-Fort Worth
San Antonio
Houston
Atlanta
Chicago
www.octoscope.com
7. 7
What’s eHRPD?
• eHRPD is Verizon’s 3G; upgrade path to LTE
CDMA based; enhanced HRPD (EVDO )
Maintains the same private IP when handset moves from tower to tower
Reduces dropped sessions and decreases the handover latency
• eHRPD will be used by Verizon for VOIP calls until 2020
eHRPD = enhanced high rate packet data
EVDO = Evolution-Data Optimized www.octoscope.com
8. 8
3G Network Latency
• HSPA+ is aimed at extending operators’ investment in HSPA
2x2 MIMO, 64 QAM in the downlink, 16 QAM in the uplink
Data rates up to 42 MB in the downlink and 11.5 MB in the uplink.
Traditional HSPA One tunnel HSPA One tunnel HSPA+
GGSN GGSN Gateway GGSN One-tunnel architecture
GPRS flattens the network by
Control Support enabling a direct
Data Serving Node
transport path for user
SGSN GPRS SGSN SGSN data between RNC and
Support
the GGSN, thus
Node Radio
minimizing delays and
RNC RNC Network
Controller
set-up time
User RNC
Data
Node B Node B Node B
www.octoscope.com
10. 10
OFDM and MIMO
• OFDM transforms a frequency- and time-
variable fading channel into parallel
correlated flat-fading channels, enabling
wide bandwidth operation
… …
Channel Quality
Frequency
Frequency-variable channel
appears flat over the narrow
band of an OFDM subcarrier.
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
MIMO = multiple input multiple output
www.octoscope.com
11. 11
OFDMA
OFDM is a
modulation
scheme
Time
Time
OFDMA is a LTE
modulation and
access scheme
Frequency
Multiple Access Frequency allocation per Frequency per user is
user is continuous vs. time dynamically allocated vs. time
slots
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDMA = orthogonal frequency division multiple access
www.octoscope.com
12. 12
OFDMA vs. SC-FDMA (LTE Uplink)
• Multi-carrier OFDM signal exhibits high
PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) due
to in-phase addition of subcarriers.
• Power Amplifiers (PAs) must
accommodate occasional peaks and this
results low efficiency of PAs, typically
only 15-20% efficient. Low PA efficiency
significantly shortens battery life. In-phase addition
of sub-carriers
• To minimize PAPR, LTE has adapted SC- creates peaks in
FDMA (single carrier OFDM) in the the OFDM signal
uplink. SC-FDMA exhibits 3-6 dB less
PAPR than OFDMA.
www.octoscope.com
13. 13
Multiple Antenna Techniques
• SISO (Single Input Single Output)
Traditional radio
• MISO (Multiple Input Single Output)
Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD)
• SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output)
Receive diversity, MRC
• MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in
conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and
channels de-correlated by multipath
TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance
throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions
• Beamforming
SM = spatial multiplexing
SFBC = space frequency block coding
STBC = space time block coding
CDD = cyclic delay diversity
MRC = maximal ratio combining
SM = Spatial Multiplexing
SNR = signal to noise ratio
www.octoscope.com
14. 14
MIMO Based RX and TX Diversity
• When 2 receivers are available in a MIMO
radio MRC can be used to combine signals
from two or more antennas, improving Peak
SNR
• MIMO also enables transmit diversity
techniques, including CDD, STBC, SFBC
• TX diversity spreads the signal creating
artificial multipath to decorrelate signals Null
from different transmitters so as to
optimize signal reception
MIMO = multiple input multiple output
SIMO = single input multiple outputs
SM = spatial multiplexing
SFBC = space frequency block coding Delay is inside the TX
STBC = space time block coding
CDD = cyclic delay diversity
MRC = maximal ratio combining
SM = Spatial Multiplexing
SNR = signal to noise ratio
www.octoscope.com
15. 15
Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO)
Distributed Antenna System
+
Beamforming
?
Recent white paper from Rearden Companies
+ Beamforming
Distributed Antenna System www.octoscope.com
16. 16
LTE Scalable Channel Bandwidth
Channel bandwidth in MHz
Transmission bandwidth in RBs
Center subcarrier (DC)
not transmitted in DL
Channel bw 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
MHz
Transmission bw 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
# RBs per slot 6 15 25 50 75 100
www.octoscope.com
17. 17
FDD vs. TDD
• FDD (frequency division duplex)
Paired channels
• TDD (time division duplex) TD-LTE
Single frequency channel for uplink an downlink
Is more flexible than FDD in its proportioning of uplink vs. downlink bandwidth utilization
Can ease spectrum allocation issues
DL
UL
DL
UL
www.octoscope.com
19. 19
UHF Spectrum, Including CH 52-59, 692-746 MHz
A B C D E A B C
White Space Bands
Band17 Band17
US (FCC) White Spaces Band12 Band12
54-72, 76-88, 174-216, 470-692 MHz Low 700 MHz band
European (ECC) White Spaces (470-790 MHz)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 MHz
High 700 MHz band
A B A B
CH 60-69, 746-806 MHz
www.octoscope.com
ECC = Electronic Communications Committee
20. 20
High 700 MHz Band
D-Block
MHz 758 763 775 788 793 805
Band 13 Band 13
Band 14 Band 14
Guard band Guard band
Public Safety Broadband (763-768, 793-798 MHz)
Public Safety Narrowband (769-775, 799-805 MHz), local LMR
LMR = land mobile radio www.octoscope.com
21. 21
TV Channels and White Space Allocation
US – FCC
Channel # Frequency Band
*Channel 37 (608-614 MHz) is
reserved for radio astronomy
2-4 54-72 MHz **Shared with public safety
Fixed 5-6 76-88 MHz VHF
TVBDs
only 7-13 174-216 MHz Transition from NTSC to ATSC
(analog to digital TV) in June 12,
14-20 470-512 MHz** 2009 freed up channels 52-69
(above 692 MHz)
UHF
White Spaces 21-51* 512-692 MHz
http://www.fcc.gov/mb/engineering/usallochrt.pdf
Europe – ECC
Channel # Frequency Band
5-12 174-230 MHz VHF
White Spaces 21-60 470-790 MHz
UHF
61-69 790-862 MHz
www.octoscope.com
22. 22
LTE Frequency Bands - TDD
TD-LTE
Band UL and DL Regions
33 1900 - 1920 MHz Europe, Asia (not Japan)
34 2010 - 2025 MHz Europe, Asia
35 1850 - 1910 MHz
36 1930 - 1990 MHz
37 1910 - 1930 MHz
38 2570 - 2620 MHz Europe
39 1880 - 1920 MHz China
40 2300 – 2400 MHz Europe, Asia
41 2496 – 2690 MHz Americas (Clearwire LTE)
42 3400 – 3600 MHz
43 3600 – 3800 MHz
Source: 3GPP TS 36.104; V10.1.0 (2010-12)
www.octoscope.com
23. 23
WiMAX Frequency Bands - TDD
Band (GHz) Bandwidth Certification Group Code
Class BW (MHZ) (BCG)
1 2.3-2.4
8.75 1.A
5 AND 10 1.B WiMAX Forum
2 2.305-2.320, 2.345-2.360 Mobile
3.5 2.A (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D) Certification Profile
5 2.B (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D) v1.1.0
10 2.C (Obsolete, replaced by 2.D)
A universal
3.5 AND 5 AND 10 2.D
frequency step
3 2.496-2.69
size of 250 KHz is
5 AND 10 3.A
recommended for
4 3.3-3.4
all band classes,
5 4.A
while 200 KHz
7 4.B
step size is also
10 4.C
recommended for
5 3.4-3.8
band class 3 in
5 5.A
Europe.
7 5.B
10 5.C
7 0.698-0.862
5 AND 7 AND 10 7.A
8 MHz 7.F
www.octoscope.com
24. 24
WiMAX Frequency Bands - FDD
Band (GHz)BW (MHZ) Duplexing Mode Duplexing Mode MS Transmit Band (MHz) BS Transmit Band Bandwidth
Class BS MS (MHz) Certification
Group Code
2 2.305-2.320, 2.345-2.360
2x3.5 AND 2x5 AND 2x10 FDD HFDD 2345-2360 2305-2320 2.E**
5 UL, 10 DL FDD HFDD 2345-2360 2305-2320 2.F**
3 2.496-2.690
2x5 AND 2x10 FDD HFDD 2496-2572 2614-2690 3.B
5 3.4-3.8
2x5 AND 2x7 AND 2x10 FDD HFDD 3400-3500 3500-3600 5.D
6 1.710-2.170 FDD
2x5 AND 2x10 FDD HFDD 1710-1770 2110-2170 6.A
2x5 AND 2x10 AND FDD HFDD 1920-1980 2110-2170 6.B
Optional 2x20 MHz
2x5 AND 2x10 MHz FDD HFDD 1710-1785 1805-1880 6.C
7 0.698-0.960
2x5 AND 2x10 FDD HFDD 776-787 746-757 7.B
2x5 FDD HFDD 788-793 AND 793-798 758-763 AND 763-768 7.C
2x10 FDD HFDD 788-798 758-768 7.D
5 AND 7 AND 10 (TDD), TDD or FDD Dual Mode TDD/H- 698-862 698-862 7.E*
2x5 AND 2x7 AND 2x10 (H-FDD) FDD
2x5 AND 2x10 MHz FDD HFDD 880-915 925-960 7.G
8 1.710-2.170 TDD
5 AND 10 TDD TDD 1785-1805, 1880-1920, 1785-1805, 1880-1920, 8.A
1910-1930, 2010-2025 1910-1930, 2010-2025
WiMAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile R1 5 v1.3.0 www.octoscope.com
25. 25
Summary
• LTE is here
Verizon and ATT
• Beyond commercial markets LTE is also being
embraced by
Military and Public Safety markets
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Possibly Smart Grid
• Carrier to carrier roaming remains to be seen
www.octoscope.com
26. 26
For More Information
• White papers, presentations, articles and test reports
on a variety of wireless topics
www.octoscope.com
www.octoscope.com
27. 27
LTE Resource Allocation
180 kHz, 12 subcarriers with normal CP
User 2 User 3 User 2 User 1 0.5 ms
User 2 User 3 User 2 User 1 7 symbols with normal CP
User 2 User 3 User 3 User 2
Time
User 2 User 1 User 3 User 2
User 1 User 1 User 3 User 1 Resource Block (RB)
Frequency
• Resources are allocated per user in time and frequency. RB is the basic unit
of allocation.
• RB is 180 kHz by 0.5 ms; typically 12 subcarriers by 7 OFDM symbols, but the
number of subcarriers and symbols can vary based on CP
CP = cyclic prefix, explained ahead www.octoscope.com
28. 28
Resource Block
A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation. RB bandwidth per slot (0.5
ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 kHz/subcarrier equal to 180 kHz.
1 slot, 0.5 ms
…
Resource block 12
… subcarriers
Subcarrier (frequency)
…
Resource Element 1 subcarrier
1 subcarrier
QPSK: 2 bits
16 QAM: 4 bits v
64 QAM: 6 bits
…
Time
www.octoscope.com
29. 29
SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA
15 kHz subcarrier
Downlink – lower symbol rate
Uplink – higher symbol rate,
lower PAPR
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 …
60 kHz
Sequence of symbols Time
Frequency
www.octoscope.com
30. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
• Emerging market
• Embracing 802.11p
and LTE with 802.11p
sophisticated
LTE
software stacks on
top ITS
www.octoscope.com
31. 31
Voice over LTE Solutions
• CSFB (3GPP 23.272) whereby voice calls are switched
to 2G/3G CS networks
• VoLGA whereby voice calls are encapsulated in data
packets traversing LTE networks
• Over-the-Top (OTT) voice, for example Skype operating
over LTE networks
• GSMA’s selected Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on IMS
CSFB = circuit switched fallback
CS = circuit switch
VoLGA = voice over LTE with Generic Access
OTT = over-the-top
VoLTE = voice over LTE
IMS = IP multimedia subsystem
www.octoscope.com
Editor's Notes
3GPP has defined EPS in Release 8 as a framework for an evolution or migration of the3GPP system to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency packet-optimized system that supports multiple radio-access technologies. The focus of this work is on the packet switcheddomain, with the assumption that the system will support all services—including voice—in this domain. (EPS was previously called System ArchitectureEvolution.)Although it will most likely be deployed in conjunction with LTE, EPS could also be deployed for use with HSPA+, where it could provide a stepping-stone to LTE. EPS willbe optimized for all services to be delivered via IP in a manner that is as efficient as possible—through minimization of latency within the system, for example. It will supportservice continuity across heterogeneous networks, which will be important for LTE operators that must simultaneously support GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/HSPA customers.One important performance aspect of EPS is a flatter architecture. For packet flow, EPS includes two network elements, called Evolved Node B (eNodeB) and the AccessGateway (AGW). The eNodeB (base station) integrates the functions traditionally performed by the radio-network controller, which previously was a separate nodecontrolling multiple Node Bs. Meanwhile, the AGW integrates the functions traditionally performed by the SGSN. The AGW has both control functions, handled through theMobile Management Entity (MME), and user plane (data communications) functions. The user plane functions consist of two elements: a serving gateway that addresses 3GPPmobility and terminates eNodeB connections, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway that addresses service requirements and also terminates access by non-3GPP networks.The MME, serving gateway, and PDN gateways can be collocated in the same physicalnode or distributed, based on vendor implementations and deployment scenarios.The EPS architecture is similar to the HSPA One-Tunnel Architecture, discussed in the“HSPA+” section, which allows for easy integration of HSPA networks to the EPS. EPSalso allows integration of non-3GPP networks such as WiMAX.EPS will use IMS as a component. It will also manage QoS across the whole system,which will be essential for enabling a rich set of multimedia-based services.The MME, serving gateway, and PDN gateways can be collocated in the same physicalnode or distributed, based on vendor implementations and deployment scenarios.The EPS architecture is similar to the HSPA One-Tunnel Architecture, discussed in the“HSPA+” section, which allows for easy integration of HSPA networks to the EPS. EPSalso allows integration of non-3GPP networks such as WiMAX.EPS will use IMS as a component. It will also manage QoS across the whole system,which will be essential for enabling a rich set of multimedia-based services.Elements of the EPS architecture include:- Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks connected via SGSN.- Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.- The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface toward the 3GPP radio-accessnetworks.- The PDN gateway that controls IP data services, does routing, allocates IPaddresses, enforces policy, and provides access for non-3GPP access networks.- The MME that supports user equipment context and identity as well asauthenticates and authorizes users.- The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) that manages QoSaspects.
OFDM has proven to make the best use of the challenging wireless channel. The figure at the lower left shows that the quality of the wireless channel varies as a function of frequency and as a function of time. Even if I stand with my wireless device in one place, the signal at its receiver will fluctuate. The nulls in the signal are due to multipath and doppler fading. The wider the channel, the more difficult it is to equalize the received signal. OFDM takes a divide and conquer approach.OFDM transforms the frequency- and time-variable fading channel into multiple parallel correlated flat-fading channels. The narrow channels of each OFDM subcarrier exhibit small variations, making equalization simple. Thus, the OFDM channel can be arbitrarily wide. When OFDM is combined with multiple antenna techniques that we will discuss later, we can very effectively combat the time and frequency variability of the channel.
LTE uses a variety of multiple antenna techniques. Sometimes we loosely refer to these as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). MIMO enables spatial multiplexing whereby multiple streams of data (called layers in LTE) are transmitted in the same channel simultaneously. Spatial Multiplexing is only possible in a decorrelated channel and with multiple transmitters and receivers.In addition to Spatial Multiplexing, Multiple antenna techniques include transmit and receive diversity in MISO, SIMO and MIMO configurations. Spatial Multiplexing typically requires high signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. In the presence of low SNR or excessive doppler, multiple transmitters can be used for transmit diversity such as Cyclic Delay Diversity CDD and multiple receivers can be used for receive diversity techniques such ash MRC maximal ratio combining. Both transmit and receive diversity can be used simultaneously, further improving the robustness of the channel. While spatial multiplexing of 2 layers has the potential of doubling the data rate, diversity techniques use multiple radios for redundant transmission of a single stream and hence have lower theoretical throughout. LTE MIMO radios can dynamically select Spatial Multiplexing in channel conditions that are suitable for this and then switch to transmit and receive diversity when channel conditions deteriorate.
A MIMO device with multiple radios can implement transmit diversity in addition to receive diversity. Receive diversity on a MIMO device can also more sophisticated than on a single-radio device because the complete packet and not just preamble can be received by multiple receivers and then the receive source can be selected based on signal quality or by combining multiple received signals. This technique is known as maximal ratio combining (MRC).One can think of receive diversity as analogous to having two ears and transmit diversity as analogous to having two mouths. Transmit diversity techniques aim to produce multiple versions of the same signal and they are specifically designed to carefully control the relationship of these multiple versions of the signal so as to optimize signal reception.Transmit and receive diversity techniques can be used independently or together.When channel conditions allow, MIMO radios can also use spatial multiplexing whereby multiple radios are used to transmit more than one simultaneous data stream thereby multiplying the capacity of the airlink.
By having control over which subcarriers are assigned in which sectors, LTE can control frequency reuse. By using all the subcarriers in each sector, the system wouldoperate at a frequency reuse of 1; but by using a different one third of the subcarriers in each sector, the system achieves a looser frequency reuse of 1/3. The looser frequency reduces overall spectral efficiency but delivers high peak rates to users.
Most WCDMA and HSDPA deployments are based on FDD, where the operator uses different radio bands for transmit and receive. An alternate approach is TDD, in whichboth transmit and receive functions alternate in time on the same radio channel.Many data applications are asymmetric, with the downlink consuming more bandwidth than the uplink, especially for applications like Web browsing or multimedia downloads. A TDD radio interface can dynamically adjust the downlink-to-uplink ratio accordingly, hence balancing both forward-link and reverse-link capacity.TDD systems require network synchronization and careful coordination between operators or guard bands.
This table shows the FDD bands that are allocated in different regions of the world. The regions are shown in right column. FDD spectrum is paired spectrum, so for each channel we have the uplink band and the downlink band. The FDD frequency range spans from around 700 MHz to just under 2700 MHz.
The TDD bands are generally higher in frequency than the FDD channels. One reason for this is that TDD bands are more recent allocations. FDD bands have also been allocated for use by 3G. The TDD frequency range is from 1850 to 2620 MHz.
The multiple-access aspect of OFDMA comes from being able to assign different usersdifferent subcarriers over time. A minimum resource block that the system can assign toa user transmission consists of 12 subcarriers over 14 symbols (approx 1.0 msec.)