The United States first imposed sanctions on Iran in 1979 after Iranian revolutionaries took American hostages at the U.S. embassy in Tehran. These initial sanctions froze Iranian assets and included a ban on weapons sales. Sanctions were lifted in 1981 as part of a deal for the hostages' release. Additional sanctions were imposed throughout the 1980s and 2000s in response to Iran's support of terrorism and refusal to halt uranium enrichment. In 2015, the United States and other world powers reached a deal lifting sanctions in exchange for limits on Iran's nuclear program, but in 2018 President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the agreement and reimposed sanctions.
Land Law 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND LAW IN MALAYSIAxareejx
The document summarizes the historical background of land law in Malaysia. It discusses the different land tenure systems that existed in the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca, the Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang, and the Unfederated Malay States of Kedah, Johor, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu. It then describes how the Torrens system of land registration was gradually introduced across Malaysia in the late 19th and early 20th century, culminating in the unified National Land Code of 1965.
LAND LAW 1 slides HISTORICAL BACKGROUND --REVISED 2014xareejx
The document discusses the historical background of land law in Malaysia. It describes the different land tenure systems that existed in the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca, the Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It also explains how the Torrens system of land registration was introduced and gradually reformed Malaysia's land laws, culminating in the National Land Code of 1965. The systems ranged from English common law to Malay customary tenure to the Torrens system of indefeasible title by registration.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS p1xareejx
The document discusses the early legal history of Penang from when it became a British possession in 1786 until the establishment of a proper legal system with the Royal Charter of Justice in 1807. It describes the period of legal chaos before 1807 when there was no proper law and order. The Royal Charter of 1807 formally introduced English law into Penang and established the Court of Judicature, providing the colony with its first permanent legal framework.
The document summarizes the history of land law in Malaysia. It describes how (1) Malay customary tenure originally involved acquiring land through clearing and cultivation, paying taxes to the ruler; (2) English common law was gradually introduced through charters in the Straits Settlements; and (3) the Torrens system of land registration was introduced in stages in the Federated Malay States in the late 19th century, culminating in uniform land laws by 1911 and an updated Land Code in 1928.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS PART2xareejx
This document discusses the history of Singapore from its time as part of the Malay kingdom of Malacca to its establishment as a British colony in 1819. It notes that Singapore was initially under Portuguese and Dutch rule before coming under permanent British control in 1824 through a treaty with the Sultan of Johor. The document also outlines the legal developments in Singapore and the other Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca as English law was introduced through various Royal Charters and applied with some modifications to accommodate local customs and religions.
Wendy's Treaty of waitangi (national conflict)room13tnis
The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand's founding document signed in 1840 between representatives of the British Crown and Maori chiefs to establish a British government while protecting Maori land rights and self-governance. However, tensions arose due to a translation error between the English and Maori versions. While the treaty initially resolved conflict, disagreements over its interpretation have led to ongoing tensions between Maori and European New Zealanders.
The United States first imposed sanctions on Iran in 1979 after Iranian revolutionaries took American hostages at the U.S. embassy in Tehran. These initial sanctions froze Iranian assets and included a ban on weapons sales. Sanctions were lifted in 1981 as part of a deal for the hostages' release. Additional sanctions were imposed throughout the 1980s and 2000s in response to Iran's support of terrorism and refusal to halt uranium enrichment. In 2015, the United States and other world powers reached a deal lifting sanctions in exchange for limits on Iran's nuclear program, but in 2018 President Trump withdrew the U.S. from the agreement and reimposed sanctions.
Land Law 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND LAW IN MALAYSIAxareejx
The document summarizes the historical background of land law in Malaysia. It discusses the different land tenure systems that existed in the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca, the Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang, and the Unfederated Malay States of Kedah, Johor, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu. It then describes how the Torrens system of land registration was gradually introduced across Malaysia in the late 19th and early 20th century, culminating in the unified National Land Code of 1965.
LAND LAW 1 slides HISTORICAL BACKGROUND --REVISED 2014xareejx
The document discusses the historical background of land law in Malaysia. It describes the different land tenure systems that existed in the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca, the Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated Malay States. It also explains how the Torrens system of land registration was introduced and gradually reformed Malaysia's land laws, culminating in the National Land Code of 1965. The systems ranged from English common law to Malay customary tenure to the Torrens system of indefeasible title by registration.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS p1xareejx
The document discusses the early legal history of Penang from when it became a British possession in 1786 until the establishment of a proper legal system with the Royal Charter of Justice in 1807. It describes the period of legal chaos before 1807 when there was no proper law and order. The Royal Charter of 1807 formally introduced English law into Penang and established the Court of Judicature, providing the colony with its first permanent legal framework.
The document summarizes the history of land law in Malaysia. It describes how (1) Malay customary tenure originally involved acquiring land through clearing and cultivation, paying taxes to the ruler; (2) English common law was gradually introduced through charters in the Straits Settlements; and (3) the Torrens system of land registration was introduced in stages in the Federated Malay States in the late 19th century, culminating in uniform land laws by 1911 and an updated Land Code in 1928.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history STRAITS SETTLEMENTS PART2xareejx
This document discusses the history of Singapore from its time as part of the Malay kingdom of Malacca to its establishment as a British colony in 1819. It notes that Singapore was initially under Portuguese and Dutch rule before coming under permanent British control in 1824 through a treaty with the Sultan of Johor. The document also outlines the legal developments in Singapore and the other Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca as English law was introduced through various Royal Charters and applied with some modifications to accommodate local customs and religions.
Wendy's Treaty of waitangi (national conflict)room13tnis
The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand's founding document signed in 1840 between representatives of the British Crown and Maori chiefs to establish a British government while protecting Maori land rights and self-governance. However, tensions arose due to a translation error between the English and Maori versions. While the treaty initially resolved conflict, disagreements over its interpretation have led to ongoing tensions between Maori and European New Zealanders.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history THE MALAY STATES PART 1xareejx
While succession disputes embroiled the Malay states, British intervention consolidated their power by appointing residents to advise Sultans. In Perak, succession disputes among Chinese secret societies overlapped with fights over rich tin deposits. The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 made Perak a protectorate and appointed JWW Birch as the first British resident. This set a precedent for the other Federated Malay States to become protectorates governed through a residential system.
1. The Spratly Islands are a disputed group of over 100 islands, reefs, and cays in the South China Sea claimed entirely by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and partly by the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei.
2. Vietnam occupies the most features at 26, followed by the Philippines at 10, China at 8, Malaysia at 7, and Taiwan at 2, while Brunei occupies none.
3. In 1978, the Philippines established a municipality called Kalayaan on Pagasa Island, also known as Thitu Island, with a population of over 300 civilians and 50 soldiers stationed there.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed by the Maori and British, but there was a misunderstanding. The Maori version of the treaty implied that the British would protect the Maori and gain permission to govern, while the British version took sovereignty over Maori land. As a result, the Maori and British thought the treaty meant different things.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs from Northland in order to establish a British governor of New Zealand and recognize Māori ownership of their lands and other properties. It was drafted in both English and Māori languages, and over 500 Māori chiefs eventually signed it, with most signing the Māori language version. The Treaty helped establish sovereignty for the British while protecting Māori interests like ownership of their lands and tribal self-governance. It aimed to create a peaceful land where Māori and British settlers could coexist under a single government.
The document summarizes a dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over sovereignty of Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan islands. It notes that Indonesia first disputed Malaysia's sovereignty claim over the islands in 1969 during negotiations over continental shelf boundaries. In 1996, the two countries agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice for a ruling based on international law. The summary provides background on the islands' location and history of the disagreement between the countries' claims of sovereignty from 1969 onward. It also outlines the process that led to the dispute being brought before the ICJ for adjudication.
Malaysian Legal System - Past years attempt 1FAROUQ
The document outlines the provisions of the Charter of Justice 1807. The first charter established in 1807 granted the East India Company the power to operate an English legal system in Penang. It applied English common law and created the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales to administer civil and criminal matters. A Recorder was appointed as the judge. This introduced English law and affirmed its status in Penang as a tool of colonial advancement.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between Māori chiefs and the British Crown to establish a British governor over New Zealand and protect Māori land rights and customs. About 40 chiefs initially signed the Treaty at Waitangi, with around 500 additional signatures collected by the end of the year, primarily from Māori but including 13 women. The Treaty was signed across multiple locations in New Zealand.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 to establish a British governor over New Zealand in order to prevent conflict between Maori tribes over land and protect Maori interests from foreign powers like France. It was signed amid growing European settlement and tensions between Maori chiefs, with over 400 chiefs attending to debate the terms. While some chiefs criticized how land was obtained from Maori and sought to maintain their power, the treaty was seen as a way to regulate the influx of settlers and ships by extending British sovereignty over New Zealand.
The document summarizes the history and significance of the Treaty of Waitangi, which was an agreement signed in 1840 between representatives of Britain and over 500 Māori chiefs to establish a British governor of New Zealand. It discusses the context of increasing British colonization that led to the Treaty, the translation and signing process over several days at Waitangi involving debate among chiefs, and that the Treaty guaranteed Māori possession of their lands and established New Zealand as a British colony while protecting Māori rights and independence. The summary concludes that Waitangi Day today commemorates the signing of this important founding document.
The document discusses the Philippines' claims to islands in the Spratly Islands region of the South China Sea. It argues that the Philippines' claims are not legally valid for several reasons. First, the Spratlys were not terra nullius when claimed by a Filipino businessman in the 1950s, as China had occupied some islands after World War 2. Second, proximity and national security concerns are not recognized bases for sovereignty under international law. The document concludes that while the Philippines has attempted to justify its claims in various ways, its sovereignty claims to the Spratlys lack a legal foundation.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal History THE MALAY STATES Part 2xareejx
The document discusses the legal system in the Malay states under British influence between the 19th to early 20th century. It notes that while the states were not formally under British rule, British advisors were appointed and helped establish courts that applied English law as well as Islamic and local customary laws. Over time this resulted in Islamic law being marginalized to personal matters while English law took on greater application in other areas.
The document provides details about the Kalayaan Group of Islands, a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea claimed by multiple countries. It describes the islands that make up the group and notes they are currently under control of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The Philippines claims sovereignty based on historical assertions and the islands lying within its EEZ. It occupies Pagasa Island, West York Island, Parola Island, Lawak Island, Kota Island, Patag Island, and Panata Island. Taiwan occupies Itu Aba Island and controls Zhongzhou Reef. The document outlines the geography and environment of the islands and notes ongoing disputes over territory in the region.
This document discusses India's Foreign Exchange Reserve Act (FERA) which was enacted in 1973 and came into force in 1974. FERA strictly controlled all aspects related to foreign exchange in India, making violations of the law a criminal offense. The act aimed to regulate certain payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, and transactions indirectly affecting foreign exchange.
This document discusses the development of Malaysian law through three Charters of Justice - 1807, 1826, and 1855.
The Charter of 1807 introduced English law to Penang as it stood in 1807, subject to local customs. It established the first British court. The 1826 Charter extended this to Malacca and Singapore. The 1855 Charter reorganized existing courts but did not introduce new law.
Islamic law was recognized as local law through cases like Ramah v Laton. The 1880 Mohammedan Marriage Ordinance also defined how Islamic law would be applied in civil courts. Edward CJ further affirmed that Islamic law modified by local customs applied to Malays in Selangor, Perak and P
Who should own the spratly islands andwhycarlo esplana
The document discusses ownership claims over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It argues that the Philippines has the strongest legal claim to the islands based on the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which grants countries sovereignty over territories within 200 nautical miles of their coastlines. As an archipelagic state composed of islands, the Philippines views its territories and surrounding waters as a single unit. The document outlines the historical basis for the Philippines' claim over the Spratly Islands dating back to the 1930s.
Argumentative Research Paper PPT. about the Spratly Islands Dispute between C...MG Abenio
The document discusses the Spratly Islands dispute between China and the Philippines. The Spratly Islands are claimed by both countries based on differing historical and legal arguments. The Philippines claims sovereignty over the islands based on proximity, historical usage, and that the islands lie within its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone as defined by UNCLOS. China claims the islands based on early Chinese discovery and that the islands are within China's claimed territory. The document outlines both countries' counterarguments and positions on the dispute.
The national territory of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution comprises:
1) The Philippine archipelago including all islands and waters within;
2) Other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction; and
3) Terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including the territorial sea, seabed, subsoil, insular shelves, and other submarine areas.
The document further discusses the Philippines' claims over the territories of Sabah and Spratly Islands based on historical rights. It also outlines the boundaries of the country's territorial sea, contiguous zone, and exclusive economic zone under international law.
The document discusses the territorial waters of the Philippines. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Luzon Sea, Celebes Sea, and Taiwanese waters. Its territorial waters cover about 2,200,000 square kilometers including land area of 300,000 square kilometers and 17,460 kilometers of coastline. The territorial waters are divided into internal waters, archipelagic waters, and external waters with different rights of passage.
This entry analyses the Corfu Channel Case, the first case before the Interna...Utkarsh Kumar
This entry analyses the Corfu Channel Case, the first case before the International Court of Justice, concerning dammage to British navy ships due to mines in Albanian waters
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) provides several capacity building programs to support developing states, including Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS). These programs include contractor training, an endowment fund for marine scientific research, and an internship program. The training programs aim to enhance knowledge and skills in areas like deep sea mining to allow participation in activities in the international seabed area. Over 40% of placements have gone to women to promote gender equality. Going forward, ISA plans to further mainstream gender and increase engagement with developing states through its 2019-2023 strategic plan.
5. s. utoikamanu financial modelling exploitation regsBill Bly
This document summarizes discussions held within the International Seabed Authority (ISA) regarding the development of a financial model and payment regime for deep seabed mining regulations. It outlines the objectives of the payment regime, the process used to develop the regulations, issues considered in financial modeling, and a comparison of four economic models. The objectives are to optimize ISA revenues, attract investment while ensuring fairness to contractors and the ISA. Stakeholder discussions helped inform draft exploitation regulations covering royalty terms, fees, and periodic review. Financial modeling aims to provide insights on balancing these objectives. Key issues examined include revenue types, environmental considerations, and transitional payment schemes.
The document discusses equitable benefit-sharing of deep sea mineral resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It states that as the common heritage of mankind, deep sea mineral resources must be exploited for the benefit of mankind as a whole. It outlines both monetary and non-monetary benefits that could be provided through mechanisms like revenue sharing, training, capacity building and environmental protection. It also examines questions around how to define and determine an equitable distribution of benefits to different states and populations.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal history THE MALAY STATES PART 1xareejx
While succession disputes embroiled the Malay states, British intervention consolidated their power by appointing residents to advise Sultans. In Perak, succession disputes among Chinese secret societies overlapped with fights over rich tin deposits. The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 made Perak a protectorate and appointed JWW Birch as the first British resident. This set a precedent for the other Federated Malay States to become protectorates governed through a residential system.
1. The Spratly Islands are a disputed group of over 100 islands, reefs, and cays in the South China Sea claimed entirely by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and partly by the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei.
2. Vietnam occupies the most features at 26, followed by the Philippines at 10, China at 8, Malaysia at 7, and Taiwan at 2, while Brunei occupies none.
3. In 1978, the Philippines established a municipality called Kalayaan on Pagasa Island, also known as Thitu Island, with a population of over 300 civilians and 50 soldiers stationed there.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed by the Maori and British, but there was a misunderstanding. The Maori version of the treaty implied that the British would protect the Maori and gain permission to govern, while the British version took sovereignty over Maori land. As a result, the Maori and British thought the treaty meant different things.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs from Northland in order to establish a British governor of New Zealand and recognize Māori ownership of their lands and other properties. It was drafted in both English and Māori languages, and over 500 Māori chiefs eventually signed it, with most signing the Māori language version. The Treaty helped establish sovereignty for the British while protecting Māori interests like ownership of their lands and tribal self-governance. It aimed to create a peaceful land where Māori and British settlers could coexist under a single government.
The document summarizes a dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over sovereignty of Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan islands. It notes that Indonesia first disputed Malaysia's sovereignty claim over the islands in 1969 during negotiations over continental shelf boundaries. In 1996, the two countries agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice for a ruling based on international law. The summary provides background on the islands' location and history of the disagreement between the countries' claims of sovereignty from 1969 onward. It also outlines the process that led to the dispute being brought before the ICJ for adjudication.
Malaysian Legal System - Past years attempt 1FAROUQ
The document outlines the provisions of the Charter of Justice 1807. The first charter established in 1807 granted the East India Company the power to operate an English legal system in Penang. It applied English common law and created the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales to administer civil and criminal matters. A Recorder was appointed as the judge. This introduced English law and affirmed its status in Penang as a tool of colonial advancement.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 between Māori chiefs and the British Crown to establish a British governor over New Zealand and protect Māori land rights and customs. About 40 chiefs initially signed the Treaty at Waitangi, with around 500 additional signatures collected by the end of the year, primarily from Māori but including 13 women. The Treaty was signed across multiple locations in New Zealand.
The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 to establish a British governor over New Zealand in order to prevent conflict between Maori tribes over land and protect Maori interests from foreign powers like France. It was signed amid growing European settlement and tensions between Maori chiefs, with over 400 chiefs attending to debate the terms. While some chiefs criticized how land was obtained from Maori and sought to maintain their power, the treaty was seen as a way to regulate the influx of settlers and ships by extending British sovereignty over New Zealand.
The document summarizes the history and significance of the Treaty of Waitangi, which was an agreement signed in 1840 between representatives of Britain and over 500 Māori chiefs to establish a British governor of New Zealand. It discusses the context of increasing British colonization that led to the Treaty, the translation and signing process over several days at Waitangi involving debate among chiefs, and that the Treaty guaranteed Māori possession of their lands and established New Zealand as a British colony while protecting Māori rights and independence. The summary concludes that Waitangi Day today commemorates the signing of this important founding document.
The document discusses the Philippines' claims to islands in the Spratly Islands region of the South China Sea. It argues that the Philippines' claims are not legally valid for several reasons. First, the Spratlys were not terra nullius when claimed by a Filipino businessman in the 1950s, as China had occupied some islands after World War 2. Second, proximity and national security concerns are not recognized bases for sovereignty under international law. The document concludes that while the Philippines has attempted to justify its claims in various ways, its sovereignty claims to the Spratlys lack a legal foundation.
MALAYSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM Legal History THE MALAY STATES Part 2xareejx
The document discusses the legal system in the Malay states under British influence between the 19th to early 20th century. It notes that while the states were not formally under British rule, British advisors were appointed and helped establish courts that applied English law as well as Islamic and local customary laws. Over time this resulted in Islamic law being marginalized to personal matters while English law took on greater application in other areas.
The document provides details about the Kalayaan Group of Islands, a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea claimed by multiple countries. It describes the islands that make up the group and notes they are currently under control of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The Philippines claims sovereignty based on historical assertions and the islands lying within its EEZ. It occupies Pagasa Island, West York Island, Parola Island, Lawak Island, Kota Island, Patag Island, and Panata Island. Taiwan occupies Itu Aba Island and controls Zhongzhou Reef. The document outlines the geography and environment of the islands and notes ongoing disputes over territory in the region.
This document discusses India's Foreign Exchange Reserve Act (FERA) which was enacted in 1973 and came into force in 1974. FERA strictly controlled all aspects related to foreign exchange in India, making violations of the law a criminal offense. The act aimed to regulate certain payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, and transactions indirectly affecting foreign exchange.
This document discusses the development of Malaysian law through three Charters of Justice - 1807, 1826, and 1855.
The Charter of 1807 introduced English law to Penang as it stood in 1807, subject to local customs. It established the first British court. The 1826 Charter extended this to Malacca and Singapore. The 1855 Charter reorganized existing courts but did not introduce new law.
Islamic law was recognized as local law through cases like Ramah v Laton. The 1880 Mohammedan Marriage Ordinance also defined how Islamic law would be applied in civil courts. Edward CJ further affirmed that Islamic law modified by local customs applied to Malays in Selangor, Perak and P
Who should own the spratly islands andwhycarlo esplana
The document discusses ownership claims over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It argues that the Philippines has the strongest legal claim to the islands based on the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which grants countries sovereignty over territories within 200 nautical miles of their coastlines. As an archipelagic state composed of islands, the Philippines views its territories and surrounding waters as a single unit. The document outlines the historical basis for the Philippines' claim over the Spratly Islands dating back to the 1930s.
Argumentative Research Paper PPT. about the Spratly Islands Dispute between C...MG Abenio
The document discusses the Spratly Islands dispute between China and the Philippines. The Spratly Islands are claimed by both countries based on differing historical and legal arguments. The Philippines claims sovereignty over the islands based on proximity, historical usage, and that the islands lie within its 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone as defined by UNCLOS. China claims the islands based on early Chinese discovery and that the islands are within China's claimed territory. The document outlines both countries' counterarguments and positions on the dispute.
The national territory of the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution comprises:
1) The Philippine archipelago including all islands and waters within;
2) Other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction; and
3) Terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including the territorial sea, seabed, subsoil, insular shelves, and other submarine areas.
The document further discusses the Philippines' claims over the territories of Sabah and Spratly Islands based on historical rights. It also outlines the boundaries of the country's territorial sea, contiguous zone, and exclusive economic zone under international law.
The document discusses the territorial waters of the Philippines. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, Luzon Sea, Celebes Sea, and Taiwanese waters. Its territorial waters cover about 2,200,000 square kilometers including land area of 300,000 square kilometers and 17,460 kilometers of coastline. The territorial waters are divided into internal waters, archipelagic waters, and external waters with different rights of passage.
This entry analyses the Corfu Channel Case, the first case before the Interna...Utkarsh Kumar
This entry analyses the Corfu Channel Case, the first case before the International Court of Justice, concerning dammage to British navy ships due to mines in Albanian waters
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) provides several capacity building programs to support developing states, including Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS). These programs include contractor training, an endowment fund for marine scientific research, and an internship program. The training programs aim to enhance knowledge and skills in areas like deep sea mining to allow participation in activities in the international seabed area. Over 40% of placements have gone to women to promote gender equality. Going forward, ISA plans to further mainstream gender and increase engagement with developing states through its 2019-2023 strategic plan.
5. s. utoikamanu financial modelling exploitation regsBill Bly
This document summarizes discussions held within the International Seabed Authority (ISA) regarding the development of a financial model and payment regime for deep seabed mining regulations. It outlines the objectives of the payment regime, the process used to develop the regulations, issues considered in financial modeling, and a comparison of four economic models. The objectives are to optimize ISA revenues, attract investment while ensuring fairness to contractors and the ISA. Stakeholder discussions helped inform draft exploitation regulations covering royalty terms, fees, and periodic review. Financial modeling aims to provide insights on balancing these objectives. Key issues examined include revenue types, environmental considerations, and transitional payment schemes.
The document discusses equitable benefit-sharing of deep sea mineral resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It states that as the common heritage of mankind, deep sea mineral resources must be exploited for the benefit of mankind as a whole. It outlines both monetary and non-monetary benefits that could be provided through mechanisms like revenue sharing, training, capacity building and environmental protection. It also examines questions around how to define and determine an equitable distribution of benefits to different states and populations.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is responsible for organizing and regulating deep seabed mining activities according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The ISA is developing Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs) to effectively protect the marine environment from mining activities. The development of REMPs will involve workshops in 2019-2020 focusing on priority areas like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Indian Ocean, and North-west Pacific. The goal is to adopt appropriate rules and regulations to allow mining while preserving natural resources and preventing environmental damage.
The document discusses the environmental obligations and requirements for contractors conducting exploration activities for marine minerals in the international seabed area. It outlines 7 key study areas that must be addressed in baseline environmental studies to gather oceanographic and environmental data: physical oceanography, geology, chemical oceanography, sediment properties, biological communities, bioturbation, and fluxes to sediment. It also discusses the requirements for an environmental impact assessment, environmental impact statement, and environmental management and monitoring plan that must be submitted to obtain exploitation contracts and mitigate environmental impacts.
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on environmental obligations for deep-sea mining. It discusses the legal context for environmental protection under UNCLOS. It outlines potential environmental impacts from deep-sea mining including effects on surface waters, throughout the water column, and on benthic habitats. The presentation emphasizes the need for baseline data collection and environmental risk assessments to inform impact assessments and management plans. It notes challenges around balancing comprehensive data collection with practical constraints. Building local scientific capacity is also highlighted as important for effective environmental oversight of deep-sea mining activities.
The document discusses the process for marine scientific research (MSR) contractors to share results with the International Seabed Authority (ISA). It provides an overview of annual reporting requirements, including submitting data to the ISA using templates. The templates aim to standardize data collection and reporting but may limit the types of studies contractors can report. The ISA is developing a new online data management system to allow uploading various data types and improve dissemination of results.
The document summarizes a workshop that took place in Nuku'alofa, Tonga from February 12-13, 2019. It discusses the International Seabed Authority's role in sharing environmental information from contractors. Various exploration techniques, equipment, and environmental baseline studies are mentioned. International cooperation, data sharing, and ensuring access to non-confidential information are priorities outlined in the ISA's strategic plan.
The document discusses marine scientific research (MSR) related to deep seabed mining. It outlines that there is a process in place for sharing MSR between contractors and the Cook Islands government. It also discusses that mining contractors will be required to provide MSR and scientific data collected to the government. This data will help the government administer environmental protection schemes. Finally, it notes some benefits of MSR such as better information on seabed resources and the deep sea environment to facilitate managing environmental issues from mining activities.
This document discusses MREL, a company that explores polymetallic nodules in the Cook Islands. It provides background on MREL, lists its board members, and describes its information sharing process with stakeholders. Challenges mentioned include a lack of national technical capacity and resources for deep sea mining oversight. The way forward discussed includes taking advantage of ISA training opportunities to build capacity, and implementing legislation to regulate seabed minerals activities.
This document discusses opportunities for collaboration between MSR Marine Management and DSM Marine Management on deep seabed mining projects. It notes that Nautilus Minerals has taken a precautionary approach to its Solwara 1 project by engaging independent experts and reviewers and being transparent with its environmental impact studies. The document also discusses Nautilus' community engagement efforts and environmental monitoring programs for the project. It proposes potential areas of collaboration such as regional seabed surveys and capacity building to support Tonga's sovereignty over its territorial waters.
The document discusses the legal regime governing marine scientific research (MSR) in the Area, which comprises the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. It notes that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes the legal framework, designating the International Seaboard Authority (ISA) as the organization responsible for regulating MSR and other activities in the Area. The ISA is tasked with adopting rules and regulations to ensure effective environmental protection and promote international cooperation and benefit sharing regarding MSR conducted in the Area.
This document summarizes the status of national legislation relating to deep sea mining across different countries. It discusses three generations of national legislation, with the first adopted in the 1980s and the third adopted after issuance of an advisory opinion. It outlines the typical contents of national legislation, including financial viability requirements for contractors, environmental protections, licensing regimes, contractor obligations, and penalties for non-compliance. Finally, it provides examples of competent regulatory authorities and the types of fees, funds, and penalties included in various countries' national deep sea mining laws.
The document summarizes Kiribati's Seabed Minerals Act (SBM Act), which regulates seabed mineral activities within Kiribati's jurisdiction and the international seabed area. The SBM Act establishes a legal framework for managing seabed minerals in accordance with international law. It regulates activities like marine scientific research, prospecting, exploration, and exploitation of seabed resources. The SBM Act also covers Kiribati's role as a sponsoring state for contractors operating in the international seabed area.
This document outlines 10 parts of a Tongan act related to seabed mineral resources. It establishes the Seabed Minerals Authority of Tonga to regulate seabed mineral activities within Tonga's exclusive economic zone and national jurisdiction. It also sets responsibilities for individuals conducting deep seabed mining, permit requirements for prospecting, licensing rules for seabed mineral activities, and fiscal arrangements for revenues from seabed minerals.
The document summarizes Nauru's International Seabed Minerals Act of 2015, which established a legal framework for Nauru to sponsor contractors to conduct deep-seabed mining beyond national jurisdiction. It discusses the objectives of the act, the establishment of the Nauru Seabed Minerals Authority to regulate sponsorships and activities, obligations of sponsored parties, and Nauru's responsibilities as a sponsoring state. It also provides details on Nauru's sponsorship agreement with Nauru Ocean Resources Inc, a subsidiary of DeepGreen focused on deep-seabed mining exploration and exploitation.
1. y. cai role and responsibilities of a sponsoring stateBill Bly
Sponsoring states play a two-fold role in deep seabed mining under the international seabed authority. They are members of the authority and are responsible for protecting the marine environment. As sponsors, they must assist the authority, notify it of applications, help evaluate applications, monitor contractor performance, ensure regard for other sea uses and coastal states.
The primary obligation of sponsoring states is to ensure contractors comply with regulations through due diligence. This includes having appropriate laws and measures and assisting with environmental impact assessments. Sponsoring states can be liable for failures to meet responsibilities that result in damage, but are exempt if they took all necessary measures to secure contractor compliance. Contractors must indemnify sponsoring states against liabilities
1. 1
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DEEP ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA | Michael W. Lodge
2. 2 ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
3. 3
54% Area
38% EEZs 8% OCS
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
4. 4
High Seas (qualified) freedoms
1. Navigation
2. Overflight
3. Laying of submarine cables
4. Fishing
5. Marine Scientific Research
The Area
1. Mineral exploration and exploitation
2. Marine Scientific Research
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
5. 5
• No claims to sovereignty or sovereign rights
• No appropriation
• All rights in resources vested in mankind as a whole, to
be exercised through the International Seabed
Authority
• No claim recognized except under Part XI UNCLOS
C L I E N T S T E S T I M O N I A L S
Mineral resources of the Area are the common
heritage of mankind to be utilized for the
benefit of mankind as a whole
6. 6
Functions of ISA
1. Administer mineral resources for benefit of
mankind as a whole
2. Protect marine environment
3. Promote MSR in the Area
4. Capacity-building [and technology transfer]
5. Article 82(4) distribution
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
7. 7
Regulation of DSM
1. Contract-based system (exploration and
exploitation)
2. Qualified entities
3. Sponsorship by a State Party
4. Payments to ISA
5. Equitable sharing
Annex III, UNCLOS
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
8. 8
Environmental Protection
1. Direct regulation
2. Baseline data collection
3. Environmental Impact Assessment
4. Standards and guidelines
5. Liability regime
6. Regional Planning (REMPs)
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
9. 9
C C Z R E G I O N A L E N V I R O N M E N T A L P L A N
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
10. 10
Article 82(4)
Distribution of revenue from extended
continental shelf
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
11. 11
Article 82(4)
Distribution of revenue from extended
continental shelf
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
12. 12
Article 82(4)
Distribution of revenue from extended
continental shelf
1. Non-living resources
2. Payments or contributions in kind
3. 1% to 7% with 5-year grace period
4. Equitable sharing criteria
5. Special emphasis on least developed (LDCs)
and Land-Locked Developing States
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
13. 13
Private sector
Pioneer investor regime
1983-2000
1982 1994 2010 2018
2000 2016
2000: PMN
Regulations adopted
LOSC
ISA
Entry into force
2010-2012: PMS and
CRC Regulations
adopted
(2018)
29 Exploration
Contracts
Five-year contract
extensions granted
States and State Enterprises
States Parties to LOSC
168
(2011)
ITLOS Advisory Opinion.
First private sector contracts
(2001)
Contracts issued to
pioneer investors
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
ISA Timeline
14. 14 ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
1997
Pioneer investors
15. 15 ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
2002
Final relinquishments
16. 16 ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019
2002
German contract
19. 19
ISA at 25
Status and prospects
1. 168 member States
2. 29 exploration contracts, 18 sponsoring
States, 21 contractors
3. 3 mineral resources (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian
Oceans)
4. 1.3 M sq km seafloor under exploration
5. 124 research cruises; 5,955 days at sea (CCZ)
6. 1.6 M sq km seafloor protected
7. Mining Code to be adopted by 2020
8. REMPs under development
ISA ROLE IN REGULATING DSM| Tonga Workshop, February 2019