The document discusses food safety hazards including biological, chemical, and physical hazards. It focuses on biological hazards, describing several common pathogenic bacteria - Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium botulinum. For each bacteria, it provides information on morphology, growth conditions, symptoms caused, and means of prevention and control. The overall document serves as an educational reference on food safety hazards and important foodborne bacterial pathogens.
1) Bacteria and fungi are the most common microbial growths in food, with bacteria being the primary cause of food poisoning. 2) The main factors influencing microbial growth are: food/nutrients, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture. Bacteria need adequate levels of these factors, known as "FAT TOM", to multiply. 3) Various food preservation techniques control these factors, such as reducing water availability through drying, salting, or sugar preservation, or depriving microbes of oxygen through canning or vacuum sealing.
Food safety and sanitation gives you enough knowledge and background on how to keep the product safe for the consumers. There are aspects that should be considered in order to protect the producer's reputation and the consumer's health. A safety protocol and proper sanitation could help.
Food is the basic commodity to humans. So let's produce food with safety procedures and proper sanitation.
Food Safety (Microbiology, Sanitation and HACCP)Ülger Ahmet
The document provides an overview of food safety topics including sanitation, microorganisms, foodborne illness, and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It discusses key aspects of sanitation such as definitions, types of microorganisms, factors for bacterial growth, and sanitation practices on farms and in processing plants. It also outlines foodborne pathogens of concern and introduces the seven principles of HACCP for controlling food safety hazards.
Food microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are present in foods and can affect food quality and safety. Microbes can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to humans. Foods provide excellent nutrients to support microbial growth. There are many factors that affect microbial growth in foods, including intrinsic factors like pH, moisture content, and nutrients as well as extrinsic factors like temperature, relative humidity, gases, and time. Microbial spoilage of foods is evidenced by changes in appearance, texture, odor, and flavor and is caused by bacteria, molds, and yeasts growing in the food.
This document provides an overview of a webinar series on food microbiology. It begins with introducing basic microbiology concepts like bacterial structure and classification. It then discusses various factors that influence microbial growth in food like pH, water activity, nutrients, and temperature. Several pathogenic bacteria of concern in food production are described in more detail, including E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum. The document concludes with briefly outlining the growth characteristics of some significant microorganisms.
This document discusses several topics related to food microbiology. It begins by listing intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food, such as pH, moisture content, temperature, and nutrients. It then discusses how these various factors like pH, water activity, and salt/sugar concentrations specifically impact the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The document also covers chemical changes caused by microbes in different foods, how microbes are classified based on structure and temperature tolerance, and provides examples of diseases caused by different viruses.
The document covers basic food safety training including food hygiene, food poisoning risks, bacteria, personal hygiene, temperature control of food, and procedures for holding, displaying, serving, and preserving food safely to prevent cross contamination. It emphasizes proper handwashing, cleaning, cooking temperatures, and separation of raw and ready-to-eat foods to control bacterial growth. Adhering to these food safety practices is important for compliance with legislation and keeping customers and staff healthy.
1) Bacteria and fungi are the most common microbial growths in food, with bacteria being the primary cause of food poisoning. 2) The main factors influencing microbial growth are: food/nutrients, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture. Bacteria need adequate levels of these factors, known as "FAT TOM", to multiply. 3) Various food preservation techniques control these factors, such as reducing water availability through drying, salting, or sugar preservation, or depriving microbes of oxygen through canning or vacuum sealing.
Food safety and sanitation gives you enough knowledge and background on how to keep the product safe for the consumers. There are aspects that should be considered in order to protect the producer's reputation and the consumer's health. A safety protocol and proper sanitation could help.
Food is the basic commodity to humans. So let's produce food with safety procedures and proper sanitation.
Food Safety (Microbiology, Sanitation and HACCP)Ülger Ahmet
The document provides an overview of food safety topics including sanitation, microorganisms, foodborne illness, and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It discusses key aspects of sanitation such as definitions, types of microorganisms, factors for bacterial growth, and sanitation practices on farms and in processing plants. It also outlines foodborne pathogens of concern and introduces the seven principles of HACCP for controlling food safety hazards.
Food microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are present in foods and can affect food quality and safety. Microbes can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to humans. Foods provide excellent nutrients to support microbial growth. There are many factors that affect microbial growth in foods, including intrinsic factors like pH, moisture content, and nutrients as well as extrinsic factors like temperature, relative humidity, gases, and time. Microbial spoilage of foods is evidenced by changes in appearance, texture, odor, and flavor and is caused by bacteria, molds, and yeasts growing in the food.
This document provides an overview of a webinar series on food microbiology. It begins with introducing basic microbiology concepts like bacterial structure and classification. It then discusses various factors that influence microbial growth in food like pH, water activity, nutrients, and temperature. Several pathogenic bacteria of concern in food production are described in more detail, including E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum. The document concludes with briefly outlining the growth characteristics of some significant microorganisms.
This document discusses several topics related to food microbiology. It begins by listing intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food, such as pH, moisture content, temperature, and nutrients. It then discusses how these various factors like pH, water activity, and salt/sugar concentrations specifically impact the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The document also covers chemical changes caused by microbes in different foods, how microbes are classified based on structure and temperature tolerance, and provides examples of diseases caused by different viruses.
The document covers basic food safety training including food hygiene, food poisoning risks, bacteria, personal hygiene, temperature control of food, and procedures for holding, displaying, serving, and preserving food safely to prevent cross contamination. It emphasizes proper handwashing, cleaning, cooking temperatures, and separation of raw and ready-to-eat foods to control bacterial growth. Adhering to these food safety practices is important for compliance with legislation and keeping customers and staff healthy.
Food safety is important for the retail food industry to prevent foodborne illness. National Food Safety Week focuses on proper food handling practices like cleaning, cooking, chilling, and separating foods to avoid contamination. If food becomes contaminated with bacteria or other pathogens, it can cause foodborne illness in people. Certain groups are especially vulnerable. Maintaining proper food temperatures and hygiene practices during food preparation and storage is key to preventing foodborne disease. Ensuring food safety is also economically important for international food trade and public health.
This document provides an overview of food safety and hygiene training. It discusses the importance of proper food handling and hygiene practices to prevent food poisoning cases. Current statistics show increasing reported cases of food poisoning in Nigeria stemming from incorrect food hygiene in the food industry. The training aims to assist food businesses meet food safety standards, provide food handlers skills and knowledge of safety and hygiene, and increase compliance with food legislation. Key topics covered include food hazards, bacteria, hygiene control, personal hygiene, cleaning and temperature control. Maintaining high standards of personal hygiene and avoiding cross-contamination are emphasized as important responsibilities for all workers in the food industry.
The training slide outlines food safety culture that will
Assist food businesses achieve the requirements of the Food Safety Standards.
Provide food handlers with the necessary skills and knowledge of food safety and hygiene matters relevant to their work activities.
Raise the level of compliance with food legislation throughout the food industry.
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
Training Slide which outlines measures that will
Assist food businesses achieve the requirements of the Food Safety Standards.
Provide food handlers with the necessary skills and knowledge of food safety and hygiene matters relevant to their work activities.
Raise the level of compliance with food legislation throughout the food industry.
WHAT IS SPOILAGE? • Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced OR • Any change which renders a product unacceptable for human consumption. • Complex event in which a combination of microbial and biochemical activities may interact. • One of the major reason that led to preservation.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPOILAGE • Microbial colonization depends on – characteristics of product – The way processed – The way stored • Factors are characterized into four: – Intrinsic parameters – Extrinsic parameters – Modes of preservation and processing – Implicit parameters
INTRINSIC PARAMETERS • Physical, chemical and structural properties. • Inherent in the food itself. • Important factors include water activity, acidity, redox potential, available nutrients and natural antimicrobial substances. EXTRINSIC PARAMETERS • Factors in the environment where food is stored • Temperature, humidity and atmosphere conditions.
MODES OF PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING • Physical or chemical treatment • Change characteristics of food product • Determine the micro flora associated with the product IMPLICIT PARAMETERS OR MICROBIAL INTERFERENCE • These are the result of the development of synergistic or antagonistic microbes • It can be said as the destruction of one organism by another species releasing H2 O2 , bacteriocin and other di-acetyl compounds.
• Synergistic: Production or availability of essential nutrients due to the growth of certain organisms, which allow the growth of another group which were otherwise unable to grow. • Antagonistic : Competition for essential nutrients, changes in pH value or redox potential or formation of antimicrobial substances.
TYPES OF SPOILAGE Two types of Spoilage: • Microbial spoilage • Non- Microbial Based on rate of spoilage: • Highly perishable – Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, most fruits and vegetables. • Semi perishable – Potatoes, some apple varieties, nutmeats • Stable or non-perishable – Sugar, flour, dry beans
SPOILAGE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES • The organism responsible for taints are acid tolerant bacteria: – Lactobacillus spp. • Deterioration can be caused by action of animals, birds, bruising, wounding, cutting, freezing, dessication or other mishandling and growth of microorganisms; environmental conditions, contact with spoiled foods. • Microbial spoilage maybe due to: – Plant pathogens acting on stems, leaves, flowers or roots – Saprophytic organisms
• Types of spoilages: – Bacterial soft rot • Caused by Erwinia carotovora, ferment pectins • Pseudomonas marginalis, Bacillus and Clostridium cause water soaked appearance, a soft, mushy consistency and bad odour. – Anthracnose • Caused by Collectotrichum lindemuthianum. • Spotting of leaves and fruits – Black mold rot • Caused by Aspergillus niger • Dark brown to black masses of spores of the mold termed as smut
• Rhizopus soft rot – Caused by species of Rhizopus – Soft and mu
Chapter 16 food safety and hygiene.pptxOsmanHassan35
This document provides an introduction to a training presentation on food safety and hygiene. It discusses the importance of food safety, highlighting increasing cases of food poisoning in Nigeria stemming from poor food handling and hygiene practices. The objectives of the training are to help food businesses meet food safety standards, provide food handlers with skills and knowledge on food safety matters, and increase compliance with food legislation. The training covers topics like food poisoning causes, bacteria, hygiene control, personal hygiene, pest control, temperature control, cleaning and disinfection, and food safety management systems.
Bacterial growth occurs in four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death. Bacteria multiply most rapidly during the log phase. The six conditions that influence bacterial growth are: food, acidity, temperature, time, oxygen, and moisture. There are three main types of food hazards - biological, chemical, and physical. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. Chemical hazards stem from toxic metals, pesticides, and cleaning chemicals. Physical hazards are foreign objects that contaminate food such as glass or metal shards. Proper food handling and sanitation can help reduce these food safety risks.
This document discusses food safety and sanitation. It defines sanitation as creating conditions to prevent food contamination and foodborne illness. Contamination can occur directly from raw foods or indirectly through cross-contamination. The major causes of foodborne illness are bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, which thrive in certain conditions like moisture, warm temperatures, and food. Proper handling and cooking of foods to safe minimum internal temperatures are key to preventing illness from bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi, chemicals, metals, and other physical contaminants.
Hurdle technology in Fish PreservationShubham Soni
Hurdle Technology is a kind of combination of Mechanisms to preserve the perishable commodity like Fish and the Fish Products, its even useful in other Industries like Poultry, Agri-Industries etc.
Just Keep Creating Hurdles for Microbes and we all we have a healthy and Hygienic Life...!
ABSTRACT- Fruits and vegetables are the important source in human life. It should be safe and consists of good shelf
life which can improve the level of consumption of fruits and vegetable among the society. The processing is such a great
parameter which analyses the quality of food. Today fruits and vegetables are susceptible to the growth of microorganism
which may be air borne, soil borne and water borne disease. Enzymes offer potential for many exciting applications for
the improvement of foods. There is still, however, a long way to go in realizing this potential. Economic factors i.e.
achievement of the optimum yields and efficient recovery of desired protein are the main deterrents in the use of enzymes.
Changing values in society with respect to recombinant DNA & protein engineering technologies and the growing need to
explore all alternative food sources may in time make enzyme applications more attractive to the food industry
Key-words- Enzyme, immobilization, Screening, Food spoilage, Enzymes, Bacterial contamination, Food poisoning,
Perishable foods
The document discusses microorganisms classified by their significance to food, including pathogenic organisms that cause foodborne diseases, spoilage organisms, and useful organisms used to produce fermented foods. It covers the major bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxigenic moulds that can contaminate foods like meat, milk, eggs, fish, vegetables, fruits, and more. It also addresses the ecological factors influencing microbial growth, such as temperature, pH, water activity, and oxygen tension. The ecology of various foodborne pathogens is described.
The document discusses different types of microorganisms that can be found on foods, including bacteria, molds, and yeasts. It describes their structures, modes of reproduction, and optimal temperature and moisture conditions for growth. Several pathogens that can cause foodborne illness are also identified. Food preservation aims to prevent spoilage and ensure safety by controlling factors like pH, water activity, temperature, and oxygen levels that influence microbial growth.
Contamination of livestock products [autosaved]IVRI
This document discusses contamination of livestock products. It identifies potential sources of contamination including in animals, during processing, and at retail/home. It describes types of contamination such as physical, chemical, biological, and spoilage. Specific contaminants are explored like antibiotics, pesticides, hormones, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Prevention best practices are recommended to avoid cross-contamination and ensure food safety. The WHO emphasizes contamination remains a major challenge.
This document discusses food microbiology and the role of microorganisms in foods. It covers topics such as food spoilage, food poisoning, food preservation and food production. It describes different types of microorganisms that can be found in foods like bacteria, moulds and yeasts. It also discusses sources of microorganisms in foods from plants, animals, air, soil, sewage and humans. Parameters that affect microbial growth in foods like pH, moisture content and temperature are outlined. Common foodborne pathogens and diseases are also listed.
The document discusses Campylobacter, a genus of bacteria that causes foodborne illness. It notes that Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Prevention involves thoroughly cooking poultry and washing hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw meat to avoid cross-contamination. Proper handling and cooking of food can help reduce the risk of Campylobacter infection.
Kerusakan Pangan oleh Bakteri & Yeast.pptssuser018360
1) Raw and processed foods normally contain bacteria, yeasts, and molds capable of multiplying and causing spoilage. However, molds are more likely to cause spoilage in foods stored for long periods like breads and cheeses.
2) Spoilage can be detected at microbial loads of 106-108 cells/g depending on the type of spoilage compound produced.
3) When food spoils, it is usually dominated by one or two microbial types that were not initially the most numerous.
4) Important spoilage microbes include psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated foods and thermophilic bacteria in heat-treated foods exposed to warm temperatures.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Food safety is important for the retail food industry to prevent foodborne illness. National Food Safety Week focuses on proper food handling practices like cleaning, cooking, chilling, and separating foods to avoid contamination. If food becomes contaminated with bacteria or other pathogens, it can cause foodborne illness in people. Certain groups are especially vulnerable. Maintaining proper food temperatures and hygiene practices during food preparation and storage is key to preventing foodborne disease. Ensuring food safety is also economically important for international food trade and public health.
This document provides an overview of food safety and hygiene training. It discusses the importance of proper food handling and hygiene practices to prevent food poisoning cases. Current statistics show increasing reported cases of food poisoning in Nigeria stemming from incorrect food hygiene in the food industry. The training aims to assist food businesses meet food safety standards, provide food handlers skills and knowledge of safety and hygiene, and increase compliance with food legislation. Key topics covered include food hazards, bacteria, hygiene control, personal hygiene, cleaning and temperature control. Maintaining high standards of personal hygiene and avoiding cross-contamination are emphasized as important responsibilities for all workers in the food industry.
The training slide outlines food safety culture that will
Assist food businesses achieve the requirements of the Food Safety Standards.
Provide food handlers with the necessary skills and knowledge of food safety and hygiene matters relevant to their work activities.
Raise the level of compliance with food legislation throughout the food industry.
Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
Training Slide which outlines measures that will
Assist food businesses achieve the requirements of the Food Safety Standards.
Provide food handlers with the necessary skills and knowledge of food safety and hygiene matters relevant to their work activities.
Raise the level of compliance with food legislation throughout the food industry.
WHAT IS SPOILAGE? • Spoilage is the process in which food deteriorates to the point in which it is not edible to humans or its quality of edibility becomes reduced OR • Any change which renders a product unacceptable for human consumption. • Complex event in which a combination of microbial and biochemical activities may interact. • One of the major reason that led to preservation.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPOILAGE • Microbial colonization depends on – characteristics of product – The way processed – The way stored • Factors are characterized into four: – Intrinsic parameters – Extrinsic parameters – Modes of preservation and processing – Implicit parameters
INTRINSIC PARAMETERS • Physical, chemical and structural properties. • Inherent in the food itself. • Important factors include water activity, acidity, redox potential, available nutrients and natural antimicrobial substances. EXTRINSIC PARAMETERS • Factors in the environment where food is stored • Temperature, humidity and atmosphere conditions.
MODES OF PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING • Physical or chemical treatment • Change characteristics of food product • Determine the micro flora associated with the product IMPLICIT PARAMETERS OR MICROBIAL INTERFERENCE • These are the result of the development of synergistic or antagonistic microbes • It can be said as the destruction of one organism by another species releasing H2 O2 , bacteriocin and other di-acetyl compounds.
• Synergistic: Production or availability of essential nutrients due to the growth of certain organisms, which allow the growth of another group which were otherwise unable to grow. • Antagonistic : Competition for essential nutrients, changes in pH value or redox potential or formation of antimicrobial substances.
TYPES OF SPOILAGE Two types of Spoilage: • Microbial spoilage • Non- Microbial Based on rate of spoilage: • Highly perishable – Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, most fruits and vegetables. • Semi perishable – Potatoes, some apple varieties, nutmeats • Stable or non-perishable – Sugar, flour, dry beans
SPOILAGE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES • The organism responsible for taints are acid tolerant bacteria: – Lactobacillus spp. • Deterioration can be caused by action of animals, birds, bruising, wounding, cutting, freezing, dessication or other mishandling and growth of microorganisms; environmental conditions, contact with spoiled foods. • Microbial spoilage maybe due to: – Plant pathogens acting on stems, leaves, flowers or roots – Saprophytic organisms
• Types of spoilages: – Bacterial soft rot • Caused by Erwinia carotovora, ferment pectins • Pseudomonas marginalis, Bacillus and Clostridium cause water soaked appearance, a soft, mushy consistency and bad odour. – Anthracnose • Caused by Collectotrichum lindemuthianum. • Spotting of leaves and fruits – Black mold rot • Caused by Aspergillus niger • Dark brown to black masses of spores of the mold termed as smut
• Rhizopus soft rot – Caused by species of Rhizopus – Soft and mu
Chapter 16 food safety and hygiene.pptxOsmanHassan35
This document provides an introduction to a training presentation on food safety and hygiene. It discusses the importance of food safety, highlighting increasing cases of food poisoning in Nigeria stemming from poor food handling and hygiene practices. The objectives of the training are to help food businesses meet food safety standards, provide food handlers with skills and knowledge on food safety matters, and increase compliance with food legislation. The training covers topics like food poisoning causes, bacteria, hygiene control, personal hygiene, pest control, temperature control, cleaning and disinfection, and food safety management systems.
Bacterial growth occurs in four phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death. Bacteria multiply most rapidly during the log phase. The six conditions that influence bacterial growth are: food, acidity, temperature, time, oxygen, and moisture. There are three main types of food hazards - biological, chemical, and physical. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. Chemical hazards stem from toxic metals, pesticides, and cleaning chemicals. Physical hazards are foreign objects that contaminate food such as glass or metal shards. Proper food handling and sanitation can help reduce these food safety risks.
This document discusses food safety and sanitation. It defines sanitation as creating conditions to prevent food contamination and foodborne illness. Contamination can occur directly from raw foods or indirectly through cross-contamination. The major causes of foodborne illness are bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, which thrive in certain conditions like moisture, warm temperatures, and food. Proper handling and cooking of foods to safe minimum internal temperatures are key to preventing illness from bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi, chemicals, metals, and other physical contaminants.
Hurdle technology in Fish PreservationShubham Soni
Hurdle Technology is a kind of combination of Mechanisms to preserve the perishable commodity like Fish and the Fish Products, its even useful in other Industries like Poultry, Agri-Industries etc.
Just Keep Creating Hurdles for Microbes and we all we have a healthy and Hygienic Life...!
ABSTRACT- Fruits and vegetables are the important source in human life. It should be safe and consists of good shelf
life which can improve the level of consumption of fruits and vegetable among the society. The processing is such a great
parameter which analyses the quality of food. Today fruits and vegetables are susceptible to the growth of microorganism
which may be air borne, soil borne and water borne disease. Enzymes offer potential for many exciting applications for
the improvement of foods. There is still, however, a long way to go in realizing this potential. Economic factors i.e.
achievement of the optimum yields and efficient recovery of desired protein are the main deterrents in the use of enzymes.
Changing values in society with respect to recombinant DNA & protein engineering technologies and the growing need to
explore all alternative food sources may in time make enzyme applications more attractive to the food industry
Key-words- Enzyme, immobilization, Screening, Food spoilage, Enzymes, Bacterial contamination, Food poisoning,
Perishable foods
The document discusses microorganisms classified by their significance to food, including pathogenic organisms that cause foodborne diseases, spoilage organisms, and useful organisms used to produce fermented foods. It covers the major bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxigenic moulds that can contaminate foods like meat, milk, eggs, fish, vegetables, fruits, and more. It also addresses the ecological factors influencing microbial growth, such as temperature, pH, water activity, and oxygen tension. The ecology of various foodborne pathogens is described.
The document discusses different types of microorganisms that can be found on foods, including bacteria, molds, and yeasts. It describes their structures, modes of reproduction, and optimal temperature and moisture conditions for growth. Several pathogens that can cause foodborne illness are also identified. Food preservation aims to prevent spoilage and ensure safety by controlling factors like pH, water activity, temperature, and oxygen levels that influence microbial growth.
Contamination of livestock products [autosaved]IVRI
This document discusses contamination of livestock products. It identifies potential sources of contamination including in animals, during processing, and at retail/home. It describes types of contamination such as physical, chemical, biological, and spoilage. Specific contaminants are explored like antibiotics, pesticides, hormones, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Prevention best practices are recommended to avoid cross-contamination and ensure food safety. The WHO emphasizes contamination remains a major challenge.
This document discusses food microbiology and the role of microorganisms in foods. It covers topics such as food spoilage, food poisoning, food preservation and food production. It describes different types of microorganisms that can be found in foods like bacteria, moulds and yeasts. It also discusses sources of microorganisms in foods from plants, animals, air, soil, sewage and humans. Parameters that affect microbial growth in foods like pH, moisture content and temperature are outlined. Common foodborne pathogens and diseases are also listed.
The document discusses Campylobacter, a genus of bacteria that causes foodborne illness. It notes that Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of food poisoning. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Prevention involves thoroughly cooking poultry and washing hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw meat to avoid cross-contamination. Proper handling and cooking of food can help reduce the risk of Campylobacter infection.
Kerusakan Pangan oleh Bakteri & Yeast.pptssuser018360
1) Raw and processed foods normally contain bacteria, yeasts, and molds capable of multiplying and causing spoilage. However, molds are more likely to cause spoilage in foods stored for long periods like breads and cheeses.
2) Spoilage can be detected at microbial loads of 106-108 cells/g depending on the type of spoilage compound produced.
3) When food spoils, it is usually dominated by one or two microbial types that were not initially the most numerous.
4) Important spoilage microbes include psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerated foods and thermophilic bacteria in heat-treated foods exposed to warm temperatures.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
The report *State of D2C in India: A Logistics Update* talks about the evolving dynamics of the d2C landscape with a particular focus on how brands navigate the complexities of logistics. Third Party Logistics enablers emerge indispensable partners in facilitating the growth journey of D2C brands, offering cost-effective solutions tailored to their specific needs. As D2C brands continue to expand, they encounter heightened operational complexities with logistics standing out as a significant challenge. Logistics not only represents a substantial cost component for the brands but also directly influences the customer experience. Establishing efficient logistics operations while keeping costs low is therefore a crucial objective for brands. The report highlights how 3PLs are meeting the rising demands of D2C brands, supporting their expansion both online and offline, and paving the way for sustainable, scalable growth in this fast-paced market.
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on Investing in AI for ABS Alu...Herman Kienhuis
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on developments in AI, the venture capital investment landscape and Curiosity VC's approach to investing, at the alumni event of Amsterdam Business School (University of Amsterdam) on June 13, 2024 in Amsterdam.
L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
2. ISO 22000:2005
FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
specifies requirements for a food safety
management system where an organization in the
food chain needs to demonstrate its ability to
control food safety hazards in order to ensure that
food is safe at the time of human consumption.
3. HACCP: HAZARD ANALYSIS and
CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS
systematic preventive approach to food
safety that identifies physical, chemical, and
biological hazards in production processes
that can cause the finished product to be
unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce
these risks to a safe level.
4. cGMP: current GOOD
MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
Procedures that must be implemented to
prevent food adulteration caused by food
hazards, contaminants, or unsanitary
conditions
5. Prevent injury to consumers
Prevent adverse and negative publicity and
product recall
Ensure continued patronage
Ensure brand loyalty and company
profitability
Provide continuing advantage on brand image
Reduce costly rework
Avoid costly litigation and public backlash
Ensure our job security
Why Food Safety?
9. Intoxication or poisoning due to chemical
contamination of food
Poisoning depends on the type of poison,
person, dose, and the effect on the person
Poisons effects may be
Acute effect (vomiting, gastroenteritis,
etc.)
Chronic, long term effect (cancer,
muscle dystrophy, etc.)
Chemical Hazards
12. Naturally Occurring
Chemical Hazards
Toxic plant species
Mushrooms
Certain species contains neurotoxins that can hardly
be differentiated from non-toxin species
Cassava
Contains amino acid-derived cyanogenic glucosides,
some more than others, and must be thoroughly
cooked to remove toxic levels.
Eaten raw, the human digestive system will convert
part of it into cyanide. Two cassava roots contain
enough to be fatal.
Aflatoxins from molds
13. Naturally Occurring
Chemical Hazards
Toxic animal
Sea food red tide algae
Diarrheic or neurotoxins produced by
accumulated poisonous algae in
shellfish and mollusks
Scombrotoxin
Toxin formed on certain fish (tuna,
bluefish, “mahi mahi”) species when
enzyme producing bacteria grows due
to poor storage and reacts with fish
protein to produce histamine, causing
severe allergic reaction
Blue green algae
14. variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD)/ Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) )
Prions are normal proteins of animal tissues that
may be involved in cell-to-cell communication that
can misfold and become infectious, causing
neurodegenerating disease
Associated with the use of animal wastes (brains,
entrails) as feed protein source
Bovine and human share the same characteristics
and believed transmissible
Not known to be spread through milk consumption
Schematic diagram
of a prion
Naturally Occurring
Chemical Hazards
Toxic Animal (Mad Cow Disease)
15. Intentionally added during growth, processing,
storage or distribution of food
Dangerous in high amounts, improper usage,
or may be allergens
Regulated by government GRAS (Generally
Regarded As Safe) classification
Examples of improper amounts are
Color additives (FDC Yellow No. 5)
Preservatives (nitrites)
Nutritional additives (Vit A)
Intentionally Added
Chemical Hazards
Food Processing Ingredients
16. Intentionally Added
Chemical Hazards
Allergens
Foods that cause antigenic reaction on
certain individuals
Examples are Soy, nuts, milk, eggs, fish,
crustaceans, wheat, lactose
Also now considered a food hazard
17. Physical Hazards
Includes any potentially harmful
extraneous matter not normally found in
foods. Involve injuries caused by
chewing or ingesting foreign objects in
food
18. Common sources
Raw material contaminants or packaging
Unsecured equipment openings or processing
Food handlers
Faulty equipment or equipment parts
Environment
Examples: bone fragments, metal shavings packing
staples, tacks, and pins, glass, hair, fingernails,
wood, stones, toothpicks, among others
Physical Hazards
19. USDA FSIS
< 1cm not a safety hazard
1 – 2 cm low risk
> 2 cm potentially a hazard and may cause injury
US FDA
Criteria for recommending legal action
7 – 25 mm and requires additional preparation
< 7 mm and intended for special risk group
> 25 mm in length
Criteria for seizure
Hard object 7 – 25 mm in RTE foods
US Consumer Product Safety Commission
Dangerous to children under 3 years old
Spherical objects >1.75 mm diameter
Physical Hazards:
Bone Particle Size Standards
20. Most significant threat, accounting for
at least two thirds of
foodborne illnesses
Biological Hazards
22. Bacteria
Some survive freezing
Some form heat resistant spores
Some spoil food; others cause
disease
Some cause illness by producing
toxins
23. Bacterial Size
A single dot in your
manual can contain
millions of bacteria.
Bacteria
on the tip
of a needle
point
24. Organism Size (in μm)*
Protozoa 5 – 200
Fungi (Yeast
and Molds)
5 – 10
to meters
Bacteria 0.5 - 5
Viruses .015 - .02
Size of Microorganisms
*1 μm = 0.001 mm
1 cm = 10 mm
1000 mm = 1 meter
25. Shapes of Bacteria
Bacilli
Rod-shaped
Cocci Spirochetes
Round-shaped Spiral-shaped
Gram Stain Characteristics
Gram positive cells
are blue or purple.
Gram negative cells
are red.
Bacterial Characteristics
26. Ability to Form Spores
Spore formers Non-spore formers
• Some bacteria develop resistant forms in
response to adverse environmental
conditions, called spores
• Spores are of food safety importance
because of their heat resistance
Bacterial Characteristics
27. Bacterial Growth
Bacteria multiply by dividing into two (binary
fission)
One growth cycle is the time to produce one
generation
Time 10 min 20 min 40 min 1 hour 1 hr 20 min 10 hrs
No. of
Cells
1 2 4 8 16 > 1 billion
29. Role of Bacteria in Foods
Spoilage agents
Causes souring, off odors and off flavor in food
Production aid
Imparts unique flavor and desired taste in
fermentation (yogurt, cheese, fish sauces and
condiments)
Disease agents
Because growth conditions are available, disease
causing bacteria can grow and multiply
31. Food as Growth Environment
• Microorganisms require nutrients to grow
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
• Spoilage occurs as a result of microbial
growth
• Finished products tend to have fewer micro
flora than raw products.
• Foods can serve as a vehicle for disease
transmission
32. pH (Acidity)
• pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity
• pH values range from 0 - 14
• For regulatory purposes, foods are divided into
two groups based on pH
• Low acid foods (pH 4.6)
• High acid foods (pH 4.6)
33. • Pathogenic bacteria grow well at a
pH of 4.6 to 7.5
Butter
6.0-6.8
Raw Chicken
5.5-6.4
Egg Yolks
6.0-6.3
pH (Acidity)
35. Temperature
Different bacteria (or
microorganism) grows at different
temperatures ranges
Most microorganisms grow well in
the
Temperature Danger Zone (TDZ)
which is
5oC to 60oC
36. Temperature
• Thermophile (50 – 70°C)
• Mesophile (10 – 55°C)
• Psychrophile (0 – 20°C)
DANGER
ZONE
Some bacteria grow
outside the TDZ
37. Growth cycle time are faster at optimum
growth temperatures
Pathogenic microorganisms can grow to high
levels if they remain in the TDZ from two to
more than four hours
Specific temperature over time ensures
destruction of microorganism (Minimum
cooking time)
Time
Time/temperature relationship is a critical
factor to always consider
38. Oxygen
Microorganisms have different oxygen needs for
growth
Types of bacteria by oxygen requirements
Aerobic bacteria needs oxygen to grow
Anaerobic bacteria grows only in the absence of
atmospheric oxygen
Facultative anaerobes grow both with or without
oxygen
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
39. Moisture enables bacteria to
assimilate food
In food, available moisture is
expressed as water activity
Food with water activity of .85 or
above are considered potentially
dangerous food
Water (Moisture)
40. Approximate aw Values
Food Group aW
Fresh meats, fish, fresh fruits, vegetables, milk, beverages 0.96
Evaporated milk, tomato paste, Lightly salted fish, pork, beef
products, canned cured meats, fermented sausages (not
dried), processed cheese
0.93-0.96
Dry or fermented sausage, dried beef, raw ham, aged
cheddar cheese, sweetened condensed milk
0.85-0.93
Intermediate moisture foods, dried fruit, flour, cereals, jams
and jellies, molasses, honey, heavily salted fish, some aged
cheese, nuts
0.60-0.85
Confectionery, chocolate, noodles, biscuits, crackers, potato
chips, dried egg, milk and vegetables 0.60
No microbial growth < 0.60
41. Controlling Bacterial Growth
Make food unavailable to bacteria
through cleaning and sanitation
Make the food more acidic
Keep hot food hot and cold food cold
and lessen the time in the TDZ
Cook food properly
Provide modified atmosphere if viable
Lower the water activity or reduce
moisture available
F
A
T
T
O
M
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
44. Bacteria As Disease Agents
Infection – establishment of an infective
agent in a suitable host
Intoxication – disorder caused by
bacteria or by products
Toxico-infection – establishment of an
infective agent and subsequent formation
of toxin or by products
Bacteria is known to cause all three types of
microbial diseases
45. Classification of Foodborne Diseases
Foodborne Disease
Mycotoxins
(Fungal
Toxins)
Algal
Toxins
Bacterial
Toxins
Intoxication Infection
Toxicoinfection Invasive Infection
Chemical
Poisoning
Poisonous
Plant
Tissues
Poisonous
Animal
Tissues
Microbial
Intoxication
Neurotoxin
Other
Enterotoxin
Intestinal
Mucosa
Systemic
Other Tissues or
Organs (Muscle,
Liver, Joints, Fetus,
Other)
46. Salmonella
Morphology
Rod shaped, Gram(-), motile (flagellated)
facultatively anaerobic. 1,400 serotypes
Opt. temp: 35 – 37 C, range 5 – 47C, aw: >0.93,
<3% NaCl, pH: 6.5 – 7.5, 4 - 9 range
Infection causes typhoid fever, nausea, vomiting, loose watery
diarrhea with blood and mucus, abdominal cramps, fever,
head ache.
Onset may come within 6 to 48 hours, last 1 – 2 days
depending on host, dose and strain.
All age groups are susceptible.
47. Salmonella
Refrigeration does not kill the bacteria
Typically associated with poultry and swine, human and
animal carriers.
Causes of outbreak are cross contamination of raw and
cooked food, unclean utensils, temperature abuse,
contamination through water, soil, feces, raw meats, sea
foods and poultry, eggs, milk, dairy products, among
others.
Environmental sources may come from sewage, water,
among others
51. Pathogenic E. coli
Morphology
Gram (-) rods, non-spore forming, facultative
anaerobes
Opt. temp: 10 - 35C, < 8 - 10% NaCl,pH: > 5
Ubiquitous, wide family and resistant. Typically associated with
contaminated water, food through food handles or equipment
Classified by type of infection (EPEC, EIEC, ETEC, EHEC,
O157:H7)
Commonly found in sewage and used as an indicator for
hygiene
Cooking of food at least 70 C for 15 seconds internal
temperature suffice to make food safe
52. Campylobacter jejuni
Morphology
Gram (-) bacilli, thermophilic, obligate micro
aerophilic
Opt. temp: 42C, range: 25 - 43C, >5% O2, aw :
0.83- 0.99, <2%% NaCl, pH: 5.5 – 8
Infection causes acute diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever,
nausea. Occurs 2 – 5 days after ingestion and lasts for 7 – 10
days. Cannot grow below 30 C. Present in gut of healthy
poultry, animals, streams
Proper food handling, clean and health meat source, clean
water and proper cooking are a primary means of control
53. Clostridium botulinum
Morphology
Gram (+), anaerobic rods, spore forming
Opt. temp: 4 – 14 C, max: 42C, aw: 0.93, 5 – 10% NaCl,
pH: 4.6 - 5, max 9
Produces enterotoxin, typically associated with canned and
fermented foods, processed meats. Causes diarrhea, vomiting,
headache, nausea, muscle paralysis, respiratory failure. Heat
resistant but poor competitor.
Found in soil, water sediments. Environmental sources may
come from environment, poor raw materials, raw food, among
others
Can grow toxin on cold storage
54. Clostridium perfringens
Morphology
Gram (+), anaerobic rods, spore forming, thermophilic
Opt. temp: 41- 45C, range: 10- 52C, aw: >0.95, <5%
NaCl, pH: 5.5 – 8, max 9
Poisoning causes intense abdominal cramps, diarrhea. In
worst cases, “gas gangrene", necrotic enteritis
Typically associated with temperature abuse of food
products, where large food is prepared early prior to
consumption.
Forms thermophilic spore which presents problems after
processing. Additionally, spore generation critical for
growth after processing.
55. Clostridium perfringens
Environmental contamination are
expected due to wide distribution of
spores in the environment but food
cooking, handling, storage are a
primary means of control.
Appropriate cooking, cooling and
storage of food prevents spore
formation and toxin production
56. Morphology
Gram (+) cocci, facultative anaerobes
Opt. temp: 35 - 37, range: 7 - 45C, aw: 0.83- 0.99, 7–
7.5% NaCl, pH: 4.5 – 9.5
Ingestion of toxin cause gastroenteritis, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal cramps, prostration.
Typically associated with food handling after cooking,
storage at slightly elevated temperatures after
preparation due to heat resistant toxins
Poor competitor, and typically grows on contaminated
cooked food where competitors are not present
Staphylococcus aureus
57. S. aureus
Commonly found in human skin and
orifices, among food handlers
intoxication. May be the most
widespread but widely
underestimated.
Control is avoiding contamination
during handling of cooked food,
particularly of leftovers for re-
cooking, or refrigeration o cooked
food when not to be consumed
58. Bacillus cereus
Morphology
Gram (+), aerobic rods, spore forming
Opt. temp: 30C, range: 5 - 50C. pH: 5 – 9aw: >0.95
Toxico-infection causes watery diarrhea, abdominal pains and
spasm, nausea, vomiting hours after ingestion of bacteria.
Typically associated with spores-laden raw materials, poor post-
cooking storage with heat resistant spores which may come from
poorly handled raw milk source, farinaceous foods,
Control comes with keeping warm food warm, and cooling or food
when not to be consumed
59. Listeria monocytogenes
Morphology
Gram (-) flagellated, motile rods, non-spore forming,
aerobic, thermo resistant
Opt. temp: 30 - 37C, range: 0 - 45C, 5 - 10% NaCl, aw:
>0.92, pH: 4.4 – 9.4
Infection causes diarrhea, vomiting , fever, convulsions. In severe cases
bacteremia, as neonatal meningitis, adult listeriosis to
immunocompromised or aged persons, and listeric abortion
Thermoresistant, usually comes from infected cow’s milk, dairy
products, cold meats and salads, raw and cooked poultry. Environmental
sources may come from sewage, water, plant environment, animals
Emerging pathogen, targets are immunocompromised, pregnant
women, children, elderly, cancer patients
60. Shigella
Morphology
Gram (-), non-motile, non-sporeforming aerobic rods
Optimum temp. growth: >8 - < 42C, pH range ? – 9-
11
Bacillary dysentery infection, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, fever, head ache. Onset within 6 to 48
hours. Is known to become antibiotic resistant
Typically associated with over crowding and poor personal
hygiene, as in institutions, food and water contaminated by
human feces
61. Vibrio cholerae
Morpohology
Gram (+) rods, flagellated, non- spore forming
Opt. temp. Range 8 - 42C, aw: >0.95, pH range
6 – 9.6
Causative agent of cholera, known as El Tor. Characterized by rapid
onset of dehydrating diarrhea known as “rice-water” stools
Associated with contaminated water and consumption of shellfish or sea
food, due to cross contamination or raw consumption
Control is therefore ensuring clean water source and proper cooking and
food handling
Treatment is primarily intravenous and oral rehydration
62. Relevant Bacterial Pathogens
Yersinia enterocolitica
Infection causes diarrhea, vomiting, headache, fever.
Can mimic appendicitis.
Associated with wild and domestic animal intestines,
shellfish and mollusks, and typically associated with
meat and milk products. As with Campylobacter, this is
also an “emerging” pathogen
V. parahemolyticus
Linked exclusively to consumption of contaminated
seafood. Illness usually begins with an explosive
diarrhea with cramping abdominal pain, 8 to 72h after
ingestion. Similar to S. aureus, although heat labile, it
produces heat stable toxin
63. Aeromonas hydrophila
Associated with shell fish, seafoods and crustaceans, as
well as contaminated water.
Eating raw contaminated food, inadequate cooking, poor
food handling, cross contamination during cold storage
are primary causes.
Proper cooking, segregation of cooked from raw are
controls.
Relevant Bacterial Pathogens
64. E. sakazakii
Associated primarily with neonates and
immunocompromised, causes meningitis,
necrotizing enterocolitis, neurologic disorder.
Associated with hospital setting, environment
in infant formula production.
Has better tolerance to high processing
temperatures. Ubiquitous, little known as to its
epidemiology and source.
Relevant Bacterial Pathogens
66. Bacteria
Algae
Viruses
Fungi (Yeast and Molds)
Protozoa and Parasites
Broad Groups of
Microorganisms
67. Various food poisoning due to consumption of fish,
shellfish and mollusks with accumulated algal toxins in
their bodies brought about by various toxin-producing
algae.
Poisoning occurs during various seasonal changes that
favor toxic algal growth
Toxin produced are not heat labile
The types of poisons produced are
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Diarrheic poisoning
Ciguatera
Amnesiac shellfish poisoning
Algae: Algal Poisoning
68. Smaller than bacteria and normally made up of
proteins and genetic materials
Require a living host (animals or humans) to
grow and reproduce; Cannot multiply in foods
Infect humans through fecal-oral route or use of
unsanitary water
Viruses: Viral Characteristics
Mode of Viral Multiplication
69. Viruses can generally survive in dry conditions,
water, food or long periods
Inactivated at room temperature, destroyed
readily by heat, by strong oxidizing agents but
generally acid resistant
Viruses of importance in foods are:
Hepatitis A virus
Norwalk virus group
Rotavirus
H5N1 “Bird flu”
Viruses: Viral Characteristics
70. Viral Gastroenteritis
Caused by rotaviruses, Norwalk
agent, adenoviruses and
enteroviruses infection
Causes vomiting, diarrhea, fever,
head ache.
No specific therapy except fluids
and electrolyte replacement
71. Hepatitis A Gastroenteritis
Causes low grade fever,
malaise, nausea, jaundice and
abdominal paint. May be mild
and can occur unnoticed.
Caused by hepatitis A virus
infection
No specific therapy except fluids
and electrolyte replacement,
and if available, vaccines.
72. Highly pathogenic bird Type A strain of
influenza
If infected, can cause mild illness to
sudden severe respiratory illness (fever,
sore throat, cough, sever respiratory stress
secondary to pneumonia) and rapid death,
resulting to 100% pathogenicity
Widespread to Asia and Europe. Other
versions (H7N7, H9N2) have already
caused deaths. Commonly found on wild
birds
In human infection, can spread through
cough and bodily secretions. Can survive
at 4 C for 35 days and 7 days in 37C.
Avian Flu (Influenza H5N1)
Sub-microscopic
H5N1 virus
73. Avian Flu Challenges
Highly pathogenic to birds, which
are a large part of human food and
activity. Virus is a near relative to
human flu virus but largely
unrecognized by the host if infected.
Has unique characteristic of
“jumping” specie barriers to hogs,
domestic pets, and ultimately to
humans, and may cause pandemic.
This is due to rapid mutation and
the propensity to acquire genes
from other infective viruses
(antigenic drift)
74. Avian Flu Challenges
Mild pathogenic version can spread without detection,
and subsequent mutation to highly pathogenic strain can
cause widespread infection and ultimately pandemic
Ease of spread as feces and bodily secretions can
cause spread throughout from animals to humans.
75. Avian Flu (Influenza H5N1)
Control Measures
No known human to human contact or transmission as
yet known
Halting spread through poultry population by culling of
affected birds to prevent pandemic
Vaccination using current human influenza vaccines
Development of vaccines though limited
Protection of workers culling known infected poultry
and animals
As with other viruses, easily heat labile
76. Viral Control
Good sanitary and personal hygiene practices
Home slaughter of sick or dead poultry is not
advisable
Prevent cross contamination of raw with cooked
food, particularly raw food with cooked food, food
utensils, food handling surfaces, knives and handlers
Proper cooking
Avoid eating raw poultry, raw eggs
Conventional cooking remains a safe practice
(cooking above 70C)
Combined control mechanisms often necessary
77. Unicellular, oval in shape
• Frequently found in the environment
• Used as food supplement, used in alcohol
production
• Generally food spoilage organism for high acid
food
• Not known as a foodborne invasive pathogen
Yeasts Characteristics
78. Yeast as Spoilage Agents
Food Yeast(s) Responsible for
Spoilage
Pickles Saccharomyces bailii
Salad dressing Various yeasts; predominantly
Saccharomyces bailii
Fruit juices Various yeasts
Preserves Saccharomyces rouxii
Syrups Saccharomyces rouxii
79. Multicellular, with many
distinctive shapes
Always found in the environment
and responsible for the
decomposition of many materials
Can cause disease due to toxin
production
Generally food spoilage organism
for high acid food
Characteristics of Molds
Sporangiospores
Conidiospores
81. Some molds produce secondary
metabolites during growth and/or
sporulation that cause toxicity on
humans; these metabolites are
referred to as “mycotoxins”
Molds In Food
82. Some molds produce mycotoxins that cause toxicity
on humans
Molds In Food
Mycotoxin Mold Principal Toxic Effects
Aflatoxin
Islanditoxin,
Luteoskyrin
Aspergillus
Pencillium
Liver damage, cancer
hemorrhaging
Diacetoxyscripenol,
T-2 toxin, Butenolide
Fusarium Diarrhea, weight loss
Deoxynivalenol Fusarium Nausea, vomiting,
somnolence
Ochratoxins Aspergillius Fatty liver
83. USFDA Aflatoxin Maximum Acceptable Levels
Aflatoxin action
level (ppb)
Commodity Species
0.5 (M1) Milk Humans
20 Any food except milk Humans
20 Feed All species
Exceptions
300
Cottonseed meal used
in feed
All species
300 Corn Finishing beef cattle
200
Corn Finishing swine
(>100 lbs.)
100 Corn Breeding cattle, swine, poultry
Molds In Food
84. Parasitic Worms
Can cause malnutrition due to anemia,
loss of Vitamin A, loss of appetite and
subsequent poor growth and reduced
learning.
Mostly transmitted through fecal-oral
route, contaminated meat, or
contaminated water and prevalent in
the tropics and third world countries
Prevalent are Ascariasis, Trichuriasis,
Taeniasis, Amoebiasis, among others
85. Control of Parasitic Worms
General improvement of sanitary habits, sanitary
facilities, water sources
Removal of vectors and carriers
Mass screening and treatments
86. Protozoa are unicellular, small aquatic animals
Eukaryote (genetic material encased in a nuclear
membrane, unlike bacteria and viruses)
Can ingest solid food particles
Generally not food spoilage organism
Require a living host to reproduce; does not grow
in foods nor nor multiply in food or water
Amebiasis organism
Protozoan Characteristics
87. • Caused by consumption of
– Food or water contaminated with human or
animal wastes
– Raw or poorly cooked meats, fish or crustaceans
carrying larval or cystic stages of parasites
• Cyst stage is the infective stage, while the
trophozoite stage is the infestation stage
Protozoan Parasites
88. Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)
Acute infection of causes amebic
dysentery (bloody, mucousy diarrhea,
fever, abdominal pain, fever). Chronic
amebiasis may cause liver abscess,
or carrier state.
Transmitted through fecal-oral route,
contaminated water or food. Raw or
poorly cooked meats, fish or
crustaceans carrying larval or cystic
stages of parasites
Prevalent in the tropics. Locally,
associated with water supply
Flask shaped colonic ulcer
typically associated with
amoebiasis
90. Control of Food Hazards
HOW DO YOU CONTROL OR
ELIMINATE THE FOOD
HAZARDS?
91. cGMP: current GOOD
MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
Procedures that must be implemented to
prevent food adulteration caused by food
hazards, contaminants, or unsanitary
conditions
92. HACCP: HAZARD ANALYSIS and
CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS
systematic preventive approach to food
safety that identifies physical, chemical, and
biological hazards in production processes
that can cause the finished product to be
unsafe, and designs measurements to reduce
these risks to a safe level.
93. Overview of EKPI
9 HACCP Prerequisite Programs
1. Facility Sanitation Systems
2. Pathogen Environmental Hygiene Monitoring
Programs
3. Extraneous Material Control Systems
4. Preventive Maintenance and Calibration Systems
5. Compliance With Current Good Manufacturing
Practices
6. Hygienic Zoning of Production Facilities
7. Chemical Management Systems
8. Integrated Pest Management Systems
9. Allergen Control and Management
94. Components
Master sanitation schedules
Sanitation matrices (allergen and
product compatibility)
Sanitation standard operating
procedures
Initial and periodic qualification of
sanitation practices
Facility Sanitation Systems
95. Components
Routine verification of sanitation practices
Training of personnel responsible for
sanitation
Management of sanitation compounds and
utensils
Sanitation techniques
Requirements for COP and CIP systems
Facility Sanitation Systems . . .
96. 1. Secure, Dry Clean, and Disassembly
2. Pre-rinse
3. Soap and scrub
4. Post Rinse
5. Cleaning and Assembly
6. Pre-operational Inspection
7. Disinfect and Sanitize
7 Steps of Sanitation
97. 1. No Off Foreign Materials
2. No Off Color
3. No Off Odor and/ or Flavor
4. No Micro organisms
5. No allergens
How to determine if already
clean?
98. Glass and brittle plastic control (used in
structural, laboratory, and packaging
applications)
Fibrous material control (structural,
pallets, etc.)
Control of debris from packaging
materials (bag stripping, sieving,
filtration, etc.)
Control of debris from maintenance and
construction activities
In-line detection systems (metal
detectors )
Foreign Material Control Systems
102. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI- ZONING
1. Maximum Hygienic Restricted Area
2. Medium Hygienic Restricted Area
3. Minimum Hygienic Restricted Area
103. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
1. Maximum Hygienic Restricted Area
- defined as those covered by the Manufacturing Area of the Foods
Division, from the Engineering and Maintenance building bridge way
entrance to the Quality Assurance (QA) hallway entrance.
- Areas: Batching Area (including Kraft Batching Room), Grinding Room,
Oil Room, Dry Blends Mild and Strong Areas, Calumet Loading and
Unloading Rooms, Tang Loading and Unloading Rooms, Komatsu
Loading and Packing Rooms, Panko Area, Chiller and Freezer Rooms,
BID Rooms
104. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
1. Maximum Hygienic Restricted Area
- Required uniforms:
a. Prescribed polo and/ shirt and pants (no zippers and/or buttons
with single pockets);
b. Cotton head caps;
c. Hair nets are required when hard hats are worn instead of cotton
head caps;
d. Cotton face masks and or dust masks
e. Safety rubber boots or safety shoes
f. Aprons, whenever necessary – except for company guests and
visitors
- Visitors and Guests – white laboratory gowns
- Engineering visitors – blue laboratory gowns
- Casual employees – as prescribed and provided by the agency
105. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
2. Medium Hygienic Restricted Area
- defined as those covered by the laboratories and offices of QA and Food
and Beverage Innovation Center (FBIC) of all food-related departments
under the Edward Keller (Philippines), Inc.
106. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
2. Medium Hygienic Restricted Area
- Required uniforms:
a. Prescribed polo and pants (no zippers and/or buttons with single
pocket)
b. or White laboratory gowns (no zippers and/or buttons, with
inside pocket only)
c. Cotton face mask or dust mask, whenever necessary
d. Cotton head caps – as necessary
e. White rubber boots, working shoes or safety shoes
f. Aprons, whenever necessary
107. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
3. Minimum Hygienic Restricted Area
- defined as those NOT covered by the maximum and medium hygienic
restricted areas
- Areas: All main building offices, Engineering and Maintenance building,
warehouses (RM and FG), Canteen, Company facilities other than the
maximum and medium hygienic restricted areas
108. HYGIENE RESTRICTED AREAS AT EKPI
3. Minimum Hygienic Restricted Area
- Required uniforms:
a. Prescribed office / working uniforms
b. Hair nets and aprons – for canteen concessionaires
c. Minimum Dress Code as required by HRD
IMPORTANT: Rubber slippers, haltered
sleeved clothes (sando-type) and short pants
of any kind, except when worn as part of a
business suit, are STRICTLY PROHIBITED
within the buildings and facilities of the
company
109. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Disease Control
• Food handling personnel must normal pass
medical examination, first as a condition of their
engagement and then regularly during their
employment
No person known or suspected to be suffering from, being a carrier of a
disease likely to be transmitted through food, or to be afflicted with boils,
sores, skin infection or diarrhea, shall be allowed to have contact with
exposed food or work in an area where exposed food is present
No person having wound shall continue to handle food or food-contact
surfaces until the injury is properly cleaned and protected by a firmly secured
waterproof dressing of prescribed type.
110. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
1. Control of diseases
a. New Hires
b. Annual PE
c. Current health condition
Body Parts What to check Security Team Shift Supervisors
Eyes Soreness, Redness, Excessive
Discharge
X X
Nose Discharge X X
Mouth Sores (External) X X
Face Severe acne X X
Ears Excessive discharge X X
Neck Rashes with abrasions n/a X
Hands Open wounds, skin problems n/a X
Arms Open wounds, skin problems n/a X
111. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Hair Restraint
All male employees shall sport short hair that is well
groomed and without sideburns, and must wear the
prescribed head caps as hair restraint. For
Manufacturing male personnel, hair must not touch
or go beyond the upper eyebrow when let down,
and the entire hairline must be covered by the head
caps .
All manufacturing employees must wear the
prescribed head caps, with all the hair entirely
covered by the head caps.
112. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
All male employees are allowed to maintain only trimmed moustache.
However, maintaining beard is strictly prohibited.
All manufacturing employees must maintain only clean, short and
unpolished fingernails.
Taking a bath is a must for everybody.
Use foot dip/bath every time you enter the Production Areas
113. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Appropriate degree of personal cleanliness
A. Clothing
a. Hair Restraint
b. Facial Masks
c. Apron and Uniform
d. Footwear
B. Cleanliness
a. Personal Cleanliness
b. Clean hands
c. Personal Behavior
114.
115. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Clothing, uniforms and personal belongings must only be kept or stored at
the respective lockers.
Wearing of jewelry and similar accessories shall be prohibited in the
MEDIUM and MAXIMUM hygienic restricted areas.
Wearing of any hanging objects and/ or tools shall be STRICTLY PROHIBITED
in the MEDIUM and MAXIMUM hygienic restricted areas.
Wearing of any make-up (facial or body) shall be prohibited in the
MAXIMUM hygienic restricted areas. Exempted are the official company
visitors and/ or guests.
116. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Handwashing Protocol
1. Moisten hands under potable running water
2. Soap thoroughly with liquid soap and build a good lather.
Lather to elbow.
3. Scrub thoroughly. Use brush for nails.
4. Rub hands together for 20 seconds
5. Rinse thoroughly under running water.
6. Dry hands under hands-free operated blow drier or clean paper towel.
7. Disinfect hands with 70% ethanol
117. PERSONNEL HYGIENE
Frequency of Handwashing
Before starting work.
Before handling product.
After coughing, sneezing or blowing.
After touching trash, floors or soiled objects.
After touching head, hair, mouth, nose, ears, wounds, sores or any
part of the body.
After handling cleaners or chemicals.
After visiting rest room or locker rooms
After breaks or any absence from work areas.
126. OUTER GARMENT POLICY
Prescribed uniforms for Production Personnel should not be worn outside
the plant.
Street clothes and footwear are STRICTLY NOT WORN within
the manufacturing areas
The protective outer garments or prescribed uniforms for the maximum and
medium hygienic restricted areas must be clean at the start of the shift.
127. DINING AND PANTRY AREAS
It shall be mandatory for ALL EMPLOYEES to take their meals and/or
meriendas at the designated Company Canteen.
The duly designated Pantry shall only be used for coffee, milk or tea
drinking
Candies, gums, cookies, all other beverages, ‘kakanin’ and all other similar
consumable food shall not be kept and eaten at the respective workplaces
or lockers.
128. CHEMICAL CONTROL
Use of correct concentration of sanitizers
Food Contact Surfaces: 150 – 200ppm
Non-food Contact Surfaces: 800 – 1000ppm
Use of correct Pesticides
Use of food grade lubricants
OBSERVE PROPER CONCENTRATION AND STORAGE
129. 4 Prong Strategy
Exclusion (Do not allow to enter)
Deprivation (Do not allow to proliferate
and be near food)
Clean (Prevent sources of food and
opportunities to food)
Exterminate
Integrated Pest Management
Systems
132. Strategies for Allergen Control
Product Scheduling and Sequencing
Cleaning and Sanitation program
Process Controls
Rework Management
Ingredients and Formula Management
Correct Labels and Packages
Allergen Control
133. Raw Material Segregation
Material Labeling
Designated Storage
Designated Scoops and Utensils
A
Prevention and Elimination Strategy
134. All changes made to existing systems
and/or procedures, processes, equipment,
buildings, etc. must be reviewed prior to
implementation.
Changes with potential impact on the Food
Safety program must be assessed by the
HACCP team prior to implementation.
Review and Change Control
145. RESTRICTIONS
Eating inside the Production areas and other areas except at the canteen is
STRICLY PROHIBITED!
Spitting, blowing of nose, sneezing and coughing over unprotected food and
similar habits that can lead to food contamination is STRICTLY PROHIBITED
inside the manufacturing facility.
Scratching of face, nose, ears and other parts of the body when handling any
product is STRICLTY PROHIBITED!
Placing of raw materials, finished goods and utensils directly on the floor
with/without cover.
Use of production utensils for personal use is STRICLTY PROHIBITED!
146. RESTRICTIONS
Use of packaging materials other than its intended use is prohibited.
Only retractable ballpen can be used inside the Production area
Use of strong perfumes and other scents is not allowed inside the Production
Area
147. RESTRICTIONS
Drinking and/or bringing within the plant premises of any form of
intoxicating drinks or under the influence of such.
Use and/or bringing within the plant premises of any form of illegal drugs
and/or under the influence of such.
Loitering and playing around with fellow workers during actual operations
which may result to accidents or hamper process.
Mixing and blending products near packaging materials or any other
products which may be contaminated.
Operating of any equipment without the consent from respective managers.
148. RESTRICTIONS
Smoking is not allowed within the premises of EKPI
Using of cellular phone is not allowed inside the
Processing areas.