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Morality refers to principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong behavior. It involves understanding the difference between right and wrong and living according to that understanding. Ethics is the philosophy of how morality guides individual and group conduct. While closely related, morality provides the foundation for ethics. Views of what is moral can change over time as societies' attitudes shift. Justice is an aspect of morality that concerns fair treatment of different classes of individuals. The law provides set rules to govern behavior and be applied universally by courts, while morality represents social norms applied by society through social condemnation rather than legal penalties. Issues of law and morality are not always aligned, as not all illegal acts are considered immoral and not all immoral acts are illegal.
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1. The liberal view (Mill, Wolfenden Committee) says law should only prevent harm to others, not enforce morality.
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HLA Hart's concept of law views law as a social phenomenon that can only be understood by examining the social practices of a community. He distinguishes between primary rules that impose obligations and secondary rules that confer powers like adjudication and legislation. For primary rules to become a legal system, they must be unified with secondary rules. Hart's key insight is that for a rule to be a legal rule, it must have an "internal aspect" where members of society view it as a standard to follow and use normative language to criticize deviations from it. This addresses shortcomings in Austin's concept of law based merely on habits of obedience.
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Ethical law represents a set of rules that reflect a society's moral values and guide socially acceptable behavior, even when actions are not illegal. It exists at the intersection of individual ethics and societal standards, balancing personal freedoms with collective responsibilities. Ethical law can be observed in areas like business practices, healthcare, environmentalism, and technology/privacy. While lacking legal enforcement, ethical law influences both social norms and the development of statutory law over time.
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Law: Concepts and Viewpoints
Law is a social institution that imposes order to resolve conflicts and allow humans to interact in supportive relations. It involves a process where humans project concepts of order onto the world through statutes, regulations, and other legal instruments. While some theories view law as equivalent to coercion or morality, Hart argues this oversimplifies the relationship between law, coercion, and morality. Law may establish powers or confer privileges in addition to imposing obligations, and not all laws are necessarily coercive or moral in nature.
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This document discusses definitions of law from various scholars and perspectives. It explores what law is, questions about whether bad or customary rules constitute real law, and examines the relationship between law and morality. Law is defined as authoritative rules made by government and intended to bind both government and non-government actors. It further establishes that law consists of rules enacted by public officials and backed by the force of the state to govern societal relationships and maintain social order through sanctions like fines and imprisonment.
Concepts and features of law
This document discusses key concepts and features of law. It defines law and outlines its origins and development. It describes different types of law, including general law, foreign law, private international law, conventional law, and special laws. The sources of law are discussed, including custom, religion, judicial decisions, legislation, scientific commentaries, and equity. Salmond's classification of formal and material sources of law is also presented. Finally, the document outlines important features of law such as applicability, uniformity, and its role in establishing order in society.
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8th lecture
Promoters play an important role in establishing a company by organizing capital, preparing legal documents, and bearing initial expenses. However, promoters have a fiduciary relationship with the company and cannot profit secretly from their position. Promoters are responsible for pre-incorporation contracts and must reimburse the company for any fraud, secret profits, or breach of trust. Upon registration of the company, the promoter's role is complete except if they issue a prospectus afterwards. The document discusses the legal responsibilities and status of promoters under company law.
7th lecture
The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. The promotion stage involves preparing essential documents like the memorandum and articles of association.
2. The incorporation/registration stage where the company is formally registered by submitting documents like the memorandum, articles, and director information to the registrar.
3. After registration, the company can raise capital through issuing a prospectus or statement in lieu of prospectus for public companies and then commence its business operations upon receiving a certificate of business from the registrar.
6th lecture
A private company has several restrictions compared to a public company, including:
- Restricting the right to transfer shares
- Limiting membership to 50 people maximum
- Prohibiting any invitation to the public
A public company does not have these restrictions and has fewer procedural requirements compared to a private company, such as:
- Membership is unlimited
- Shares are freely transferable
- Can issue a prospectus and invite investment from the public
The key difference is that a private company provides more procedural relaxations while a public company has fewer restrictions but more disclosure requirements. Both have equal legal status as independent legal entities.
5th lecture .
This document compares companies and partnerships across various factors such as legal status, liability, governance, and registration requirements. Key differences include:
- Companies have a distinct legal personality and perpetual succession while partnerships do not.
- Partners have unlimited liability for partnership debts but members of companies have limited liability.
- Partnerships are governed by partnership agreements while companies are governed by their memorandum and articles of association.
- Registration is optional for partnerships but mandatory for companies to obtain legal status and limited liability.
4th lecture
This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. It notes that companies can be private or public. It also discusses associations not for profit, and the power of the Commission to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable companies. Examples of different types of companies are provided such as chartered companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, home companies, foreign companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
Agency
An agency is a contract that regulates the relationship between a principal and an agent. The principal is the person who authorizes another to act on their behalf as an agent. An agent is a person employed to act for or represent the principal in dealing with third parties. An agency can be created through agreement, estoppel, ratification, or operation of law. The duties of an agent include following the principal's directions, working with reasonable skill, compensating the principal, maintaining accounts, and communicating with the principal. An agency terminates through agreement between the parties, revocation, completion of the task, expiration of time, or circumstances such as death, insanity, insolvency, or a change in law.
Registration process
Two or more partners can register their partnership firm under the Partnership Act of 1932. The application process involves filling out Form 1, providing a partnership deed signed by all partners, and paying a registration fee of Rs. 1000. Applicants must also submit copies of CNICs, proof of a business address, and an authority letter if an agent is applying on behalf of the partners. Once completed documents are submitted to the Assistant District Officer, the registration will be processed according to the Partnership Act if all prerequisites are met. The registrar will issue a registration certificate if satisfied with the documents.
Essentials
This document discusses key aspects of partnership law, including:
1. The definition of partnership as a relation between persons sharing profits from a business carried on by agreement.
2. The four essential elements that must exist for a partnership: carrying on a business, agreement to share profits, business carried on by all or acting for all.
3. The importance of a partnership agreement which establishes terms, management regulations, and other provisions.
4. Examples of important provisions that should be included in a partnership agreement such as the name, nature of business, locations, partners, salaries, work divisions, profits, dealing bank, capital contributions, profit ratios, drawings, interest, admissions, goodwill, accounts, rights/dut
First assignment
Ms. Calpana Lee wants to register a firm called "Thanga Bahnga Lee" with the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Quetta, but they refused. She argued that companies and firms have the same legal status, so the registration forum does not matter. Students of the 6th semester LL.B program must complete an assignment examining Ms. Lee's statement as the legal advisor to SECP. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with sections for particulars, contents, the main 3-page body, and remarks, and must be handwritten, with an April 8th deadline.
2nd lecture typology of partnership
This document summarizes different types of partnerships and their key characteristics. It describes general partnerships as those where all partners' liabilities are unlimited. Particular partnerships are formed for a specific project or time period. Partnerships at will have an unlimited time period. The document outlines that a partnership requires at least two people, is for business purposes only, involves mutual agency between partners and sharing of profits, and has unlimited liabilities for all partners. A limited partnership has at least one partner with unlimited liability and one or more with limited liability.
Lecture 1st
This document defines and explains the concept of bailment under contract law. It discusses:
1) Bailment involves the delivery of goods by the bailor to the bailee for a specific purpose, with an understanding the goods will be returned or disposed of as directed.
2) The bailor is the person delivering the goods and the bailee is the person receiving them. Bailment has certain essential elements to constitute a valid contract.
3) The document outlines the duties of both the bailor and bailee, as well as their respective rights. It also discusses how a bailment can be terminated.
1st lecture
This document provides an introduction to the subject of law of business organization. It outlines 9 key learning objectives: 1) to understand law, business, and organization, 2) the definition of law of business organization, 3) its nature and scope, 4) relevant laws, 5) the syllabus, and 6) the importance of business law. Business law regulates commercial activities and dealings through rules governing how to establish and run a business. It protects liberties, maintains order, resolves disputes, and establishes standards for business concerns and their interactions with government agencies and individuals. As infrastructure projects like CPEC develop, the significance of business law will increase considerably in Pakistan.
Result 1st
This document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role numbers of 502 students and their individual scores on Quiz 1, Quiz 2, Quiz 3, Assignment 1, and Assignment 2. The lecturer is Munir Hussain from the University Law College in Quetta. It is dated October 31, 2020 and is regarding the results of the first quiz for Unit One of the Introduction to Law course.
2ND quiz 1 semseter
This document appears to be a quiz for a law course, containing different types of questions about introductory legal concepts. It includes true/false questions with answers, multiple choice questions on topics like ancient law codes, and a matching exercise pairing answers with letters. The quiz was prepared by a lecturer and covers material for the first semester of an LL.B program.
Result 1st
The document contains the results of the first quiz for the Introduction to Law course of the LL.B 1st semester. It lists the role, student number, name, and marks of 501 students. It also provides the course code, standard, topic, and details of the lecturer and college. The results are dated October 17, 2020 and are subject to errors and omissions.
1st quiz 1semester c
This document contains an answer key for a 1st quiz on introduction to law for an LL.B first semester course. The quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions and 5 matching questions covering topics like normative ethics, descriptive ethics, absolutism, and philosophers like Immanuel Kant and their contributions. The answer key provides the correct option selected for each question.
Assignemnt
The document outlines the requirements for an assignment on ethics and its branches for an Introduction to Law course. Students must define key ethics terms and distinguish between teleological and deontological ethics on the main body page, which cannot exceed 5 pages. The assignment must follow a prescribed format with multiple pages and be submitted in printed form by October 20th, 2020 to be considered.
4th lecture
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life and that people act to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Religion can be defined in different ways but generally involves a belief in a higher power and a system of worship. People follow religions for reasons like achieving supernatural rewards and avoiding punishments. Morality involves distinguishing between right and wrong behavior, and is related to but distinct from religion which involves external or metaphysical influences. Laws represent societal views on morality but morality comes from personal views of right and wrong.
2nd lecture
Morality refers to principles of right and wrong governing an individual's behavior. Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles and values relating to human conduct. The document discusses the concepts of morality and ethics, noting they are often used interchangeably but sometimes distinguished. Morality may refer more to personal principles while ethics refers to the standards of a community or profession. However, ethicists today generally use the terms interchangeably without distinguishing between them. The key aspects are that both morality and ethics concern principles of right and wrong behavior.
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多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
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6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
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一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
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2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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fnaf lore.pptx ...................................
3rd lecture
- 1. What is morality? "The quality of being moral conforming to standards and principles. A religious code of conduct". A moral right; "A claim people would think is justified but not necessarily supported by law". F.S. Harraps Law Dictionary. Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour Morality is understanding the distinction between right and wrong and living according to that understanding, and ethics is the philosophy of how that morality guides individual and group behavior. The two are closely related, with morality being the foundation of ethics Moral views can change over time In the state opium used to be used by the middle classes and thought not to be morally wrong, but when it was criminalised by the law attitudes changed when the hardened users were perceived as low-life. It then was morally unacceptable Ethics moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity Law Rules of conduct approved and enforced by the government of and over a certain territory Definitions Law requires a definition, but morality can be many things. Justice is an aspect of morality Justice is concerned with how classes of individuals are treated. Equality before the Law is considered vital in modern societies. Certain classes of person such as MP's and judges have greater immunity regarding their freedom of speech. And police officers have greater powers than ordinary subjects. To prevent abuse by officials of these privileges there are extensive rules of behaviour. Law and morality compared Law Applied by Courts A system of social norms Applied by "Society" Morality Recognised by Society Forces you to do things Backed up by threat of prison Backed up by social condemnation It might force you to do a thing Individual principle or preference Issues of law and morality have always been at 'odds' with each other. Many people argue that not everything that is illegal, for example, parking on a yellow line, is immoral; not everything that is immoral, for example, breaking a promise, is illegal. Morality is 'personal' to the individual; law must be 'universal' to society. Subject: Introduction to Law Standard: LL.B semester 1 Topic: Morality, Ethics and Law MUNIR HUSSAIN Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Reference..http://sixthformlaw.info/01_modules/other_material/law_and_morality/05_what_is_morality.htm