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24.02
The document discusses crossover distortion that can occur in a class B push-pull amplifier if it is not properly biased. It explains that the transistors do not turn on at zero voltage, leading to distortion. To avoid this, the circuit is biased beyond cutoff using resistors R1 and R2. It then describes the construction and working of a complementary symmetry class B push-pull amplifier, which uses two transistors with identical but opposite parameters. The input signal is applied to the common base, and during the positive half cycle one transistor conducts while the other is reverse biased, and vice versa for the negative half cycle.
8 march ppt
This document discusses three terminal integrated circuit regulators and field effect transistors (FETs). It provides details on the construction, working, characteristics and classification of FETs. Specifically, it describes how a FET is a three terminal solid state device that uses an electric field to control current flow. Applying a reverse voltage between the gate and source depletes the channel, reducing the drain current. The output and transfer characteristics of FETs are also outlined.
Power
This document discusses different types of amplifiers, including voltage amplifiers and power amplifiers. It describes how power amplifiers are needed to drive devices that require high power output, and uses power transistors designed to dissipate heat. Power amplifiers convert DC input power to AC output power. The document also classifies amplifiers based on their input, output, frequency response, biasing condition, and transistor configuration. It provides details on Class A, B, AB, and C amplifiers, describing their operating characteristics, efficiency, applications, and graphical representations.
Magnetic
Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape to record data in an electrical form that can be reproduced. It consists of a recording head that creates a magnetic pattern on the tape in response to an electrical signal. The tape has a coating of iron oxide particles and is transported past the head by a tape mechanism. A reproducing head then detects the magnetic pattern and converts it back to the original electrical signal. The tape recorder allows for recording over a wide frequency range with low distortion and no time lost for processing.
Indcap
This document discusses different types of variable capacitors and inductors. It describes that variable capacitors have capacitance that can be varied by rotating a shaft, and includes ganged and trimmer capacitors. Inductors are coils that produce a magnetic field opposing changes in current through the coil. Types of inductors include air core, iron core, and ferrite core inductors. The document also covers voltage ratings of capacitors, tolerance of capacitors, and mutual inductance between two coils.
Dc meter
1. The digital capacitance meter uses a constant current source to charge an unknown capacitor at a uniform rate, generating a ramp voltage.
2. When the ramp voltage reaches an upper threshold, it disables the clock pulses to the counter. When the capacitor discharges below a lower threshold, it re-enables the clock pulses.
3. The number of clock pulses counted is proportional to the time taken to charge the capacitor, which is determined by its capacitance value. The meter converts the count into a capacitance reading.
Chemsensor
The document discusses chemical sensors and carbon monoxide sensors. It describes the construction of carbon monoxide sensors, which consist of three electrodes in an electrolyte: a working electrode made of platinum, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The working electrode oxidizes carbon monoxide gas that diffuses through a waterproof membrane. The current produced is proportional to the carbon monoxide concentration. It also discusses actuators and electromechanical actuators (DC motors), describing their basic parts and working principles.
Ce cb cc
The document discusses transistor equivalent circuits using h-parameters. It explains that a transistor can be represented as a "black box" with input and output ports, and dependent and independent variables. It then provides the hybrid equivalent circuits for three transistor configurations:
1) Common base (CB) configuration, where VEB and IC depend on IE and VCB.
2) Common emitter (CE) configuration, where VBE and IC depend on IB and VCE.
3) Common collector (CC) configuration, where VBC and IE depend on IB and VEC.
For each configuration, it derives the dependent variable equations and shows the corresponding hybrid equivalent circuit.
Recommended
24.02
The document discusses crossover distortion that can occur in a class B push-pull amplifier if it is not properly biased. It explains that the transistors do not turn on at zero voltage, leading to distortion. To avoid this, the circuit is biased beyond cutoff using resistors R1 and R2. It then describes the construction and working of a complementary symmetry class B push-pull amplifier, which uses two transistors with identical but opposite parameters. The input signal is applied to the common base, and during the positive half cycle one transistor conducts while the other is reverse biased, and vice versa for the negative half cycle.
8 march ppt
This document discusses three terminal integrated circuit regulators and field effect transistors (FETs). It provides details on the construction, working, characteristics and classification of FETs. Specifically, it describes how a FET is a three terminal solid state device that uses an electric field to control current flow. Applying a reverse voltage between the gate and source depletes the channel, reducing the drain current. The output and transfer characteristics of FETs are also outlined.
Power
This document discusses different types of amplifiers, including voltage amplifiers and power amplifiers. It describes how power amplifiers are needed to drive devices that require high power output, and uses power transistors designed to dissipate heat. Power amplifiers convert DC input power to AC output power. The document also classifies amplifiers based on their input, output, frequency response, biasing condition, and transistor configuration. It provides details on Class A, B, AB, and C amplifiers, describing their operating characteristics, efficiency, applications, and graphical representations.
Magnetic
Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape to record data in an electrical form that can be reproduced. It consists of a recording head that creates a magnetic pattern on the tape in response to an electrical signal. The tape has a coating of iron oxide particles and is transported past the head by a tape mechanism. A reproducing head then detects the magnetic pattern and converts it back to the original electrical signal. The tape recorder allows for recording over a wide frequency range with low distortion and no time lost for processing.
Indcap
This document discusses different types of variable capacitors and inductors. It describes that variable capacitors have capacitance that can be varied by rotating a shaft, and includes ganged and trimmer capacitors. Inductors are coils that produce a magnetic field opposing changes in current through the coil. Types of inductors include air core, iron core, and ferrite core inductors. The document also covers voltage ratings of capacitors, tolerance of capacitors, and mutual inductance between two coils.
Dc meter
1. The digital capacitance meter uses a constant current source to charge an unknown capacitor at a uniform rate, generating a ramp voltage.
2. When the ramp voltage reaches an upper threshold, it disables the clock pulses to the counter. When the capacitor discharges below a lower threshold, it re-enables the clock pulses.
3. The number of clock pulses counted is proportional to the time taken to charge the capacitor, which is determined by its capacitance value. The meter converts the count into a capacitance reading.
Chemsensor
The document discusses chemical sensors and carbon monoxide sensors. It describes the construction of carbon monoxide sensors, which consist of three electrodes in an electrolyte: a working electrode made of platinum, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The working electrode oxidizes carbon monoxide gas that diffuses through a waterproof membrane. The current produced is proportional to the carbon monoxide concentration. It also discusses actuators and electromechanical actuators (DC motors), describing their basic parts and working principles.
Ce cb cc
The document discusses transistor equivalent circuits using h-parameters. It explains that a transistor can be represented as a "black box" with input and output ports, and dependent and independent variables. It then provides the hybrid equivalent circuits for three transistor configurations:
1) Common base (CB) configuration, where VEB and IC depend on IE and VCB.
2) Common emitter (CE) configuration, where VBE and IC depend on IB and VCE.
3) Common collector (CC) configuration, where VBC and IE depend on IB and VEC.
For each configuration, it derives the dependent variable equations and shows the corresponding hybrid equivalent circuit.
C apacitor sem i
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. It consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. The capacitance of a capacitor is its ability to store electrical energy and is measured in Farads. There are two main types of capacitors: fixed capacitors and variable capacitors. Fixed capacitors include non-electrolytic capacitors like mica, ceramic, and plastic film capacitors as well as electrolytic capacitors.
Bsc i
1) A wirewound potentiometer consists of a resistive wire wound on insulating material, with the resistance value depending on the wire diameter, length, and cross-section.
2) Potentiometers are used to control volume, balance, linearity and brightness in TV sets and amplifiers. They are also used in various types of meters.
3) Resistor color codes use colored bands to indicate the resistance value, with the first two bands representing digits and the third band representing a multiplier, while the fourth band indicates the tolerance.
29 sept ppt
1. The common emitter (CE) amplifier circuit uses an NPN transistor with a signal (Vs) to be amplified, a source resistance (Rs), and a load resistance (Rl) across which the amplified output voltage is obtained.
2. The dependent variables of the CE amplifier (Vbe and Ic) can be expressed in terms of the independent variables (Ib and Vce) using hybrid parameters.
3. The key equations for the CE amplifier are: current gain (Aie) equals -hfe/(1+hoeRl), input impedance (Zie) equals hie + hreAieRl, where hfe, hie, hre, and hoe are
24.02
The document discusses crossover distortion that can occur in a class B push-pull amplifier if it is not properly biased. It explains that the transistors do not turn on at zero voltage, leading to distortion. To avoid this, the circuit is biased beyond cutoff using resistors R1 and R2. It then describes the construction and working of a complementary symmetry class B push-pull amplifier, which uses two transistors with identical but opposite parameters. The input signal is applied to the common base, and during the positive half cycle one transistor conducts while the other is reverse biased, and vice versa for the negative half cycle.
15 jan ppt
This document discusses class B power amplifiers, specifically class B push pull amplifiers. It describes the construction of a class B push pull amplifier using two identical transistors and two transformers. The input signals to the transistor bases are 180 degrees out of phase via transformer Tr1. During operation, either transistor T1 or T2 will be forward biased and conduct depending on the input signal polarity, while the other is reverse biased. This results in an amplified output signal. The efficiency of a class B push pull amplifier is calculated to be 78.5% due to both transistors conducting for only half of each input cycle. Advantages include high efficiency and distortion-free output, while disadvantages include using two bulky/expensive transformers and potential distortion
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
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C apacitor sem i
A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in the form of an electric charge. It consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric. The capacitance of a capacitor is its ability to store electrical energy and is measured in Farads. There are two main types of capacitors: fixed capacitors and variable capacitors. Fixed capacitors include non-electrolytic capacitors like mica, ceramic, and plastic film capacitors as well as electrolytic capacitors.
Bsc i
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2) Potentiometers are used to control volume, balance, linearity and brightness in TV sets and amplifiers. They are also used in various types of meters.
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2. The dependent variables of the CE amplifier (Vbe and Ic) can be expressed in terms of the independent variables (Ib and Vce) using hybrid parameters.
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The document discusses crossover distortion that can occur in a class B push-pull amplifier if it is not properly biased. It explains that the transistors do not turn on at zero voltage, leading to distortion. To avoid this, the circuit is biased beyond cutoff using resistors R1 and R2. It then describes the construction and working of a complementary symmetry class B push-pull amplifier, which uses two transistors with identical but opposite parameters. The input signal is applied to the common base, and during the positive half cycle one transistor conducts while the other is reverse biased, and vice versa for the negative half cycle.
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This document discusses class B power amplifiers, specifically class B push pull amplifiers. It describes the construction of a class B push pull amplifier using two identical transistors and two transformers. The input signals to the transistor bases are 180 degrees out of phase via transformer Tr1. During operation, either transistor T1 or T2 will be forward biased and conduct depending on the input signal polarity, while the other is reverse biased. This results in an amplified output signal. The efficiency of a class B push pull amplifier is calculated to be 78.5% due to both transistors conducting for only half of each input cycle. Advantages include high efficiency and distortion-free output, while disadvantages include using two bulky/expensive transformers and potential distortion
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