2. 1. Significance and features of the securities
market.
2. The concept of shares and their types.
preferred and common shares.
3. The role of shares in the development of
joint-stock companies.
4. Conditions for issuing shares of joint-
stock companies.
3. Capital Formation: The securities market provides a platform
for raising capital for businesses and governments,
facilitating economic growth and development.
Investment Opportunities: It offers investors, both individuals
and institutions, various investment opportunities to earn
returns on their capital, diversifying their investment
portfolios.
Liquidity: The securities market offers liquidity, allowing
investors to buy and sell securities easily, providing flexibility
and access to funds when needed.
Price Discovery: It helps in determining the price of securities
through the forces of demand and supply, reflecting the
market's view of the value of different investments.
Risk Management: Through various financial instruments, the
securities market enables participants to manage and hedge
against risks.
4. Variety of Instruments: Includes stocks, bonds, derivatives,
and other financial instruments.
Market Participants: Involves a wide range of participants
including individual investors, institutional investors, market
makers, and regulators.
Regulation: Governed by strict regulations and monitored by
regulatory authorities to protect investor interests and
maintain market integrity.
Market Types: Consists of primary and secondary markets,
where securities are issued and traded respectively.
Global Connectivity: Modern securities markets are
interconnected globally, allowing for cross-border
investments and diversification.
5. Concept of Shares: Shares represent
ownership units in a company. When an
investor buys shares, they effectively own a
part of the company proportional to the
number of shares held. This ownership comes
with certain rights, such as receiving
dividends and voting at shareholders'
meetings.
6. Common Shares: These shares grant ownership
rights, including voting rights on corporate
matters. Common shareholders are entitled to
dividends, which are variable and not guaranteed.
In the event of liquidation, they receive assets last
after all debts and preferred shareholders are paid.
Preferred Shares: Preferred shareholders have a
higher claim on dividends and assets in the event
of liquidation compared to common shareholders.
Dividends for preferred shares are usually fixed
and paid out before those to common
shareholders. However, preferred shares typically
do not carry voting rights.
7.
8. A financial market is a platform where
businesses and investors look forward to
raising funds to grow their ventures and reap
good returns on investments. In this
marketplace, the buyers get appropriate
sellers, and the sellers crack a good deal by
having the best buyers for their financial
products.
9. These markets are classified into different kinds
based on varied parameters. However, the major
classifications are based on the nature of the
claim, claim maturity, delivery time, and
organizational structure. For example, based on
the nature and type of claim, a financial market is
classified as a debt or equity market. While the
former is where the exchange
of bonds and debentures occurs between
investors, the latter is where investors deal with
equities.
11. Def. A portion of ownership in a corporation.
It is a way for a corporation to raise money.
Also known as shares or equities.
12. Stockowners can earn a profit in two ways:
1. Dividends: portions of a corporation’s
profit. They are paid out to stockholders of
many corporations every quarter (3
months). The higher the corporate profit,
the higher the dividend. If a corporation
makes no profit, there is no dividend.
13. The second way stockholders earn money:
2. Capital Gain: When a stock holder sells
stock for more than he or she paid for it.
Ex. I buy a share of Kodak stock for $20.
The value of the stock increases to $21, and
I sell it for a profit of $1.
When a stock holder sells stock for less than
he or she paid, it is a capital loss.
14. Stock value increases and decreases according
to the company’s performance and how
people think the company will do in the
future.
Stock value goes up when a company has good
sales or invented a new product.
Stock value goes down if a company has to lay
off people, doesn’t sell much or does not
make a profit.
15. Can you lose everything in the market?
If you are foolish, yes. If you invest more
than you can afford to lose, and the stock
loses value, you are in trouble.
But, if you invest only what you can afford,
and diversify your investments (buy stock of
many different companies), you can do very
well. If you diversify, even if one investment
loses money, the others will still be okay.
And, stock prices go up and down a lot. If you
lose money today, the stock can still go up
tomorrow. You only lose if you sell!
16. The smart stock strategy is to invest over the
long term. Diversify your portfolio (buy a lot
of different stock) and let the stock price
increase over time. Even if stocks go down, it
is okay- just wait until they go back up. The
market as a whole always goes back up.
Some people play the market like a casino;
they gamble on quick money. They may get
lucky, but it is VERY RISKY! One bad move,
and you lose all you invest.
17. Income Stock: stock that pays dividends at
regular times in a year
Growth Stock: pays few to no dividends. All
profits are reinvested in the business. Owners
of growth stock are interested in making
money through capital gains.
The company determines what stock it offers.
18. Stockholders are part owners of the company,
and as such have a say in decisions the
company makes. But, since most companies
have thousands of shareholders with millions
of shares, most stockholders have little say in
the company.
Controlling Share: Owning 50% of a
company’s stock. This person controls the
company.
19. Common Stock: stockholders are voting
owners of the company.
But, most people own such a small percent of a
company’s shares, they do not wish to vote
on company decisions.
Preferred Stock: stockholders do not vote in
company decisions, but receive dividends
before owners of common stock.
20. As mentioned, the main types of stock are
common and preferred stock. Common stock
is something like version 1.0 of stock — it’s
often called ordinary stock or ordinary
shares, too. It’s the most basic type of stock
that there is, and entitles shareholders to
voting rights and often, dividends.
21. Preferred stock, the other main type of stock,
doesn’t typically grant shareholders voting
rights, which is perhaps the most important
distinction between preferred versus common
stock. Preferred stock does, however, usually
give shareholders dividend distributions —
and preferred stockholders may even get
priority over common stockholders when
dividends are doled out, and if or when a
company goes belly-up and its assets are
liquidated.
22. So, large-cap stocks refer to common stocks
of relatively large companies. Usually, a
“large” capitalization for purposes of
identifying large-cap stocks means a market
capitalization of at least $10 billion. Some
examples of large-cap stocks could include
Microsoft (MSFT), Apple, (AAPL), ExxonMobil
(XOM), Walmart (WMT), and Coca-Cola (KO).
23. Размер пакета
голосующих
акций, %
Дополнительные права, предоставляемые пакетом голосующих акций
1 - ознакомиться с информацией, содержащейся в реестре акционеров АО;
- обратиться в суд с иском на Совет директоров (и/или исполнительный орган) о возмещении
убытков, причиненных обществу, если эти убытки общество понесло по вине данного органа
2 - внести предложения в повестку дня очередного общего собрания акционеров;
- выдвинуть своих кандидатов в Совет директоров и ревизионную комиссию общества (не более
общего числа членов каждого из этих органов)
10 -требовать созыва внеочередного общего собрания акционеров;
- требовать проведения внеочередной проверки (ревизии) финансово-хозяйственной деятельности
общества;
- ознакомиться со списком участников общего собрания акционеров.
25+1 может блокировать решения общего собрания акционеров по вопросам изменения Устава,
реорганизации и ликвидации АО и заключения обществом крупных сделок, связанных с
отчуждением имущества – пакет называется блокирующим, т.к. многие решения принимаются при
квалифицированном большинстве
30 может полностью определять решения на общем собрании акционеров, проводящегося взамен
несостоявшегося
50+1 может контролировать проведение общего собрания акционеров и принимать на нем необходимые
ему решения (за исключением изменений Устава, реорганизации и ликвидации общества и
совершении крупных сделок) – пакет называется контрольным
75+1 может осуществлять полный контроль за всей деятельностью общества без исключения – пакет
называется абсолютным
24. Mid-cap stocks are shares of companies with
mid-level market capitalizations, typically
between $2 billion and $10 billion. Examples
of mid-cap stocks could include Under
Armour (UAA), Foot Locker (FL), Fair Isaac
Corporation (FICO), Chewy (CHWY), and
DocuSign (DOCU).
25. Small-cap stocks are — you guessed it —
companies with relatively small market
capitalizations, usually under $2 billion.
There are a multitude of small-cap stocks on
the market, as most companies don’t climb to
market capitalizations of more than $2
billion, let alone $10 billion.
26. A value stock is, in effect, the opposite of a
growth stock. Value stocks are, for lack of a
better term, a value for investors, as they may
be undervalued by the market because a
company may not be as new or exciting as a
firm in growth mode. Value stocks are and
have been a favorite of famed investors like
Warren Buffett over the years.
27. International stocks are shares of companies
that are not based in the U.S. They can be
used to diversify a portfolio or gain exposure
to foreign economies, which may expect
faster growth than the U.S., and thus,
generate higher potential returns for
investors.
28. International stocks are shares of companies
that are not based in the U.S. They can be
used to diversify a portfolio or gain exposure
to foreign economies, which may expect
faster growth than the U.S., and thus,
generate higher potential returns for
investors.
29. Blue-chip stocks are shares of big, well-
known companies with established histories
of growth and profitability. That may include
aforementioned companies like Coca-Cola or
Microsoft, which are both large-cap and
blue-chip stocks.
30. Income stocks are called such because they
drive income for shareholders, usually
through relatively high dividend distributions.
Income stocks tend to be low-risk
investments that offer steady, regular income
streams for investors, even if they don’t
usually see high amounts of appreciation in
terms of share price. Income stocks could
include shares of utility companies, telecom
companies, real estate firms, or even waste
management companies.
31. Stock Exchanges: markets where businesses
buy and sell stock. Most industrialized
nations have one. The U.S. has several.
In the U.S. the two largest are The New York
Stock Exchange (aka. Wall Street), which
represents the oldest and largest corps. in
the country. The NASDAQ in Chicago
represents newer companies.
32. Stockbroker: licensed intermediary between
buyers and sellers of stock
Brokerage Firms: businesses which specialize
in trading stock.
Daytrader: stockbrokers who buy and sell
large amounts of stock very quickly to turn a
profit in one day’s trading. (get it?)
33. Economists describe the stock market activity
as being a:
◦ Bull Market: steadily
◦ rising stock market over time
◦ Bear Market: steadily falling stock
market over time
34. With thousands of publicly owned
corporations, selling billions of shares of
stock, it is impossible to keep track of how
the market is doing as a whole. Stock
Performance Indexes are used to look at parts
of the stock market to make a generalization
about the market as a whole.
35. The Dow Jones Industrial Average
The Dow is an index that shows how 30
companies in various industries change in
value from day to day.
The S&P 500
The S&P is an index that tracks the
performance of 500 different stocks.
By watching the indexes, we can tell if it is a
Bull or Bear market, and when to invest or
not!
36. Thank you for attention!
Khamdamov Shoh-Jakhon Rakhmatovich
sh.xamdamov@tsue.uz
