2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
220707 지승현 About Ensemble Distillation.pdf
1. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
About Ensemble Distillation
Nam et al., (KAIST), Improving Ensemble Distillation With Weight
Averaging and Diversifying Perturbation, ICML 2022
Nam et al., (KAIST), Diversity Matters When Learning From Ensembles, Ne
urIPS 2021
1
지승현 발표
22.07.07.
2. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
목차
1. Deep Ensemble, Fitting and Distillation
2. Diversifying Students with Input Perturbation
3. Averaging Students (LatentBE)
4. Experiment
5. Reviewer’s comments
6. Conclusion
2
3. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
1. Deep Ensemble, Fitting and Distillation
– Ensemble
– Ensemble이란 동일 데이터에 대해 학습된 여러 모델을 취합하여 더 좋은 결과를 내는 방법
– 이는 마치 ‘다수결의 원리’와 같이 작동 (aggregating predictions)
– 딥러닝 모델들을 취합한 경우 Deep Ensemble이라 부름
– Deep Ensemble은 일반적으로 성능이 향상되는 방법으로 알려짐 (Lakshminarayanan et al., 2017)
– 이 때 각 모델들이 서로 다양(Diverse)할 경우 성능이 증대되는 것으로 알려짐 (Fort et al., 2019)
3
4. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
1. Deep Ensemble, Fitting and Distillation
– Interpretation as Fitting
– Input data 차원에서 Ensemble을 해석하자면 다음과 같다.
– Training data = {𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, 𝑥4}, Test data = {𝑥𝑡} 라고 할 때,
– Training data에 대해 학습한 경우 (좌)와 같이 다양한 모델이 만들어질 수 있다.
– 이를 취합할 경우(중), 학습된 각 모델 보다 성능이 높아질 수 있다.(우)
4
Y
5. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
1. Deep Ensemble, Fitting and Distillation
– Ensemble Distillation
– 거대한 모델을 여러 개 Ensemble하는 것은 과다한 비용을 초래한다.
→ Knowledge Distillation을 통해 이를 해결하자.
• 거대 모델을 Teacher, 목표 모델을 Student로 놓으면
• Student가 Teacher의 prediction을 정답으로 하여 Supervised 학습하는 방법
– Ensemble Distillation : 여러 Teacher로 여러 Student를 각각 학습하여 Ensemble하는 방법
5
6. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
1. Deep Ensemble, Fitting and Distillation
– Problem of Ensemble Distillation
– 딥러닝은 training error을 0으로 만드는 함수를 Modeling 한다.
– 따라서 training data에 대해서 학습된 Teacher들은 training data
에 대해 모두 동일한 output을 predict한다. (상)
– 각 Student들이 학습할 정답은 모두 동일해진다 (하)
→ 따라서 training data에 대해 Distillation할 경우 Student들은
충분히 Diverse하지 않다.
→ Ensemble은 각 모델이 Diverse할 때 효과적이므로, 본 방법으론
Ensemble이 잘 기능하는 Students를 학습할 수 없다.
6
Y
Y
7. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
2. Diversifying Students with Input Perturbation
– Naï
ve approach
– Students가 Teacher’s same prediction으로 학습하는 것이 문제
– 그렇다면 Input data에 Perturbation을 주면 어떨까?
– Perturbed input 𝑥 + 𝜖 에 대해 Teacher은 서로 다른 prediction (상)
– 따라서 Students가 서로 다른 정답으로 Supervised learning (하)
– 𝜖 가 너무 커지면 Input data와 아예 다른 분포를 띌 수도 있음
→ 적절한 크기의 Perturbation 𝜖 를 설정해야 한다.
7
Y
𝑓𝜃1
𝑥 + 𝜖 ≠ 𝑓𝜃2
𝑥 + 𝜖 ≠ 𝑓𝜃3
𝑥 + 𝜖
𝑓𝜃1
𝑥 = 𝑓𝜃2
𝑥 = 𝑓𝜃3
𝑥
Teacher’s loss : σ𝑖(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑓𝜃𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
𝑥𝑖 )
Student’s loss : σ𝑖(𝑓𝜃𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ
(𝑥𝑖) − 𝑓𝜃𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑥𝑖 )
8. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
2. Diversifying Students with Input Perturbation
– Diverse datapoints matters
– 특정 값 범위 내에서 최적의 데이터포인트 𝑥 + 𝜖 를 찾는 것으로 문제전환
– 이 때 𝑥 + 𝜖 의 조건:
1) Teachers가 서로 다양하게 predict하는 지점 (diverse)
2) Students’ Ensemble이 잘 기능하지 않는 지점 (not diverse)
– 𝐷𝑖𝑣(∙) 가 모델들의 Diversity (KL divergence의 크기에 비례) 를 측정할 수
있는 함수라고 한다면,
𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑥 − 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑥
– 를 통해 𝑥 + 𝜖 이 좋은 조건인지 판별할 수 있다.
– 𝜖 는 다음과 같은 Gradient based method로 탐색할 수 있다.
𝜖 ∝ ∇𝑥(𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑥 − 𝐷𝑖𝑣 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, 𝑥 )
8
Y
9. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
3. Averaging Students (LatentBE)
– Averaging weights
– 기존의 Ensemble distillation은 Students를 각각 학습하고 이들을 취합하여 Ensemble 수행
– 그러나 이는 Students들을 모두 inference에 사용하여 여전히 느림
→ 따라서 Students의 가중치를 평균을 내어 하나의 Averaged Student를 만든다.
– 본 논문의 제안방법인 LatentBE의 전신 BE는 다음과 같이 Student를 만든다.
– 𝜽가 Student를 학습할 ‘Seed weight’라고 한다면, 각 Student weight 𝜽𝒎은
𝜽𝒎 = 𝜽 ∘ 𝒓𝒎𝒔𝒎
– 이 때 Averaged weight는 다음과 같다.
𝜽𝑨𝒗𝒈 = 𝜽 ∘
𝟏
𝒎
𝒊
𝒎
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒊
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10. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
3. Averaging Students (LatentBE)
– 기존에 Averaging method가 없었던 이유
– Students를 단순히 Averaging 하게되면 성능이 크게 하락함 (우, BE-2)
– 기존에는 Students가 제각기 local minima를 형성하며 서로의 연관성이 존재하지 않음 (좌, BE-2)
– LatentBE에서는 이를 방지하기 위해 모델별 𝒓, 𝒔를 모두 동일하게 초기화
→ 𝜽 ∘ 𝒓𝒎𝒔𝒎들은 단일 point에서 출발하여 제각기 학습
→ 따라서 이들은 학습되더라도 동일 subspace에 존재하여 Averaging할 수 있게 된다.
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11. Soongsil Univ. DSAI Lab.
4. Experiment
– Ensemble Distillation에서는 SOTA 달성
– KD + LatentBE는 KD에 비해 메모리를 현저히 적게 쓰는 방법
– 그럼에도 KD + LatentBE 방법을 통해 KD와 유사 성능 달성
– Diversifying method를 통해 추가 성능 향상
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5. Reviewer’s comments
– Diversity에 대한 의문
– 만약 Teachers가 Ensemble을 위해 잘 구성되어 있다면, 이미 Diversified member일 것이다.
– a perturbation maximumly change one teacher's decision may not change another’s.
→ 동일 training data로 학습된 Teachers는 서로 그다지 diverse하지 않다.
→ Test data에 대해 발생하는 minor한 class probability가 robustness를 만드므로,
Perturbation은 Distillation에 도움이 된다.
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6. Conclusion
– 요약
– Ensemble Distillation은 Teachers의 지식을 Student에게 잘 전달하는 것이 핵심
– Distillation을 위해 Input data에 Perturbation을 적절히 주입
– Students가 서로 Diverse 해야하므로, Perturbation은 이들이 not Diverse한 지점을 공략
– 각 Students가 동일 가중치로 Initialize되면 Averaging이 원활
– 발표자의 사견
– Ensemble을 Stochastic process로 해석하고, Ensemble의 중요 조건을 이에 잘 적용
– Perturbation 개념을 정확하게 사용, Student’s Diversity 조건을 정확하게 Objective로 사용
– Residual connection behave like Ensemble이라는 주장이 있는데, (Veit et al., 2016) 각 레
이어별로 점진적인 학습 혹은 레이어별 점진적인 Distillation이 효과적일 수도 있을 것으로 사료
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