This document summarizes the key concepts and frameworks covered in a course on welfare, citizenship, and social rights. It discusses four learning outcomes centered around analyzing and assessing models of social rights provision. It then reviews definitions of human rights and citizenship, theories of welfare regimes, and different types of social rights relating to health, education, and compensation. The document concludes with suggestions for revising content relating to linking citizenship, social policy, and understandings of equality.

1. Concluding session
Johan Nordensvard
j.o.nordensvard@soton.ac.uk
Room: 4069; Murray-building

2. Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course students should be able to:
1/ Discuss the core concepts associated with the
analysis of welfare, citizenship and social rights
2/ Assess the main arguments for and against
different models of social rights and welfare provision
3/ Identify the main institutions and actors involved in
the delivery of social rights and mitigating social risks
4/ Analyse social problems using a key theoretical
framework/core concept covered in the course.

3. Mainstream definition of Human
Rights
Human rights are:
• universal legal guarantees
• protecting individuals and groups
• against actions and omissions
• that interfere with fundamental freedoms,
entitlements and human dignity.
• Human rights law obliges governments and other
duty-bearers to do certain things and prevents
them from doing others.
3

4. Four ideas of human rights
(Dembour, 2010)
• This contribution proposes that
• “natural scholars” conceive of human rights as
given;
• “deliberative scholars” as agreed upon;
“protest scholars” as fought for;
• “discourse scholars” as talked about.

5. Human Development (Dean, 2007)
• Human rights have been linked to poverty
reduction with the publication Human
Development Report 2000 (UNDP, 2000).
• Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize winning economist
have linked human rights and human
development.
• Sen’s argument was that rights nourish our
freedom, while development nourishes our
capabilities (see also Sen, 1999).

6. Rights to human development
• Creating incentive structures, furnishing appropriate
regulation and facilitating participation.
• Human Development Report 2000 slip into the
discourse of new public managerialism (Clarke and
Newman, 1997; Clarke, 2004; Braathen, 2005)
• Rights to social development are to be achieved
through technocratic processes, requiring such
managerial techniques as self-assessment,
benchmarking and culture change (Dean, 2007).

7. Opportunities (Dean, 2007)
• “If poverty is a violation of rights, the
potential of a human rights approach is that it
can politicise that gap between the promise
offered by international human rights
instruments and the reality of world poverty
(e.g. Lister, 2004). “

8. What is Citizenship? citizenship
Full membership in a political
community
It could also be defined as a legal
status in a political community
connected with rights (political, civil
and social) and to some degree duties
(pay tax and obey the law) (Smith,
2002:105).
Smith, R.M. (2002) Modern Citizenship in E.F. Isin and B.S. Turner (Editors) Handbook of Citizenship Studies,
London/Thousands Oaks / New Dehli, Sage Publications

9. LDW Citizenship
• Liberal-democratic /Westphalia (LDW)
Citizenship
• The city is a nation state and the rule is liberal
democratic (Purcell, 565:2003).
1 A blood-based system of citizenship (jus
sanguinis)
2 A territorial-based system of citizenship (Jus
soli). (Brubaker, 1992)
Social rights have been linked to membership in
a national political community

10. Types of Citizenship
• T.H. Marshall: citizenship is the
status enjoyed by a person who
is a full member of a community
• Three components of
citizenship:
– Civil citizenship
– Political citizenship
– Social citizenship

11. Different kinds of social rights
Enabling rights (Health care, old-age pensions,
rehabilitations, family counselling)
Opportunity rights (pre-primary education, primary and
secondary
education, higher education and educational counselling)
Re-distribute and Compensatory rights (War injury benefits,
low income rights, unemployment compensation and
rights violation compensation)

12. Nation state and social policy
• Social policy could be seen as the study of
social services and the welfare state. Social
services are the core. Example: Housing,
health, social work, education (Spicker,
1995)
• Social policy could be seen both as the
action to promote human well-being and
the study of it (Alcock, 1997).

13. Different modes of welfare
From the state to a mixed economy of welfare - Four sectors:
Voluntary- Extensive and often predates the welfare state
Private - Occupational welfare - Private insurance
Based on individual ability to pay
Based on individual employment status
Informal - based on family care networks
Based on individual ability to care
Public- Traditional welfare state
Based on peoples (collective) willingness to contribute
through the tax system

14. Moral economy (Scott, 1976)
• Risk sharing is of utter importance (crop
failure, illness, water shortage and natural
disaster)
• Community/households develop reciprocal
exchanges of resources between households
and members of households.
• Communities and households are dependent
on subsistence farming, rainfall and limited
technology

16. Esping – Andersen´s (1990) models of
welfare regimes
• In “The three worlds of welfare capitalism” (1990),13 Esping-Andersen
presents a typology of 18 countries within the Organisation of Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD)
• ‘‘Regime’’ refers to a set of rules, institutions and structured interests that
constrain individuals through compliance procedures
Esping-Andersen defined a modern capitalist
welfare state to be based on principles / score system:
• De-commodification of labor (the extent to which an individual’s welfare is
reliant upon the market, particularly in terms of pensions, unemployment
benefit and sickness insurance)
• Social stratification (the role of welfare states in maintaining or breaking
down social stratification)
• Private–public mix (the relative roles of the state, the family, the voluntary
sector and the market in welfare provision)

17. Different approaches
Liberal
Social rights in a liberal state rely on markets to allocate social
rights emphasizing civil and political rights (Isin and Turner,
3:2002).
Focus on private welfare (individual ability to pay) and informal
welfare (individual ability to care)
Social Democratic
Universalism means that social transfers and welfare
services (including healthcare services) are granted for everyone
on the basis of (social) citizenship. Social Democratic promote an
equality of the highest standards of welfare services and social
transfers.

18. Three Welfare Regimes
Corporatist / Conservative
In Corporatist states, the social rights are important, but
they are not universally available. (Isin and Turner, 3:2002).
Focus on occupational welfare (individual ability to pay) and
informal welfare (individual ability to care).
‘Status differentiating’’ welfare programmes in which
benefits are often earnings-related, administered through
the employer and geared towards maintaining existing social
patterns. The role of the family is also emphasised and the
redistributive impact is minimal.

19. Enabling rights
• 9/ A right to health?
• 10/ Post code lottery (Social determinants of health inequalities)
• 11/ United Nation, World Bank, and Global health
• 12/ Shkreli, Wu-Tang Clan and Aids (Capitalism)
Opportunity rights
• 13/ Bullingdon club: meritocracy and equality of opportunity
• 14/ An opportunity society? Social mobility in the UK and elsewhere
• 15/ What would a fair education system look like?
• 16/ Sponsor a Child
Redistributive and compensatory rights
• 17/ Benefit streets and the welfare state
• 18/ Job Centre Plus
• 19/ Micro credits
• 20/ Conditional cash transfers

20. Suggestions to revise
How does different rights relate to each other?
Is there linkage between citizenship and social policy/welfare? Should it be
liberal (Selective) or social democratic (universal)?
What are the understanding of equality in citizenship in relation to the
outcome of the welfare/social policy
How do we understand citizenship/welfare in relation to gender, nationalism,
class or age in developed and developing countries?
What are the nature of education policy and social policy/safety nets in
discussed developing countries

21. Revise
• Go through the two mock exams and my
suggestions to revise
• Be focused!