This document discusses how 21st century transformations in manufacturing are making production more distributed and accessible through desktop technologies. It provides examples of low-cost 3D printers, scanners, and CNC machines that allow for desktop manufacturing. New paradigms are bringing producers and consumers closer together through mass-customization, design-to-order, and individualized production. Democratized production models could open up manufacturing to more distributed and small-scale production that is less defined by traditional design values.

1. 21 st Century transformations in manufacturing John Marshall All the links in this presentation and many more can be found On the ‘ Make It Yourself ’ page of the Designed Objects Wiki at: http://designedobjects.pbwiki.com/MIY

2. Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA 5000) $500,000

3. http://www.modelin3d.com/ Desktop rapid prototyping V-Flash™ Desktop Modeler $9,995

4. http://www.desktopfactory.com/ Desktop rapid prototyping Desktop Factory 125ci 3D Printer $4,995

5. Model 1 Fab@Home Fabber $2,400 http://www.fabathome.org/ DIY fabbing (rapid prototyping)

6. RepRap 1.0 "Darwin" € 400 http://www.reprap.org/ DIY rapid prototyping

7. Candyfab 4000 $500 http://www.candyfab.org/ - a DIY 3D sugar printer project

8. http://www.david-laserscanner.com/ DIY 3D scanning

9. http://www.bigbluesaw.com/ http://www.emachineshop.com/ Web-based manufacturing

10. http://www.ponoko.com/ - Online manufacturing & distribution

11. http://www.fluidforms.at/ Online individualised design (sort of)

12. http://www.fabjectory.com/ Web-based character building

13. http://ogle.eyebeamresearch.org/ 3D object grabbing

14. http://www.instructables.com/ Web-based how-tos http://www.makezine.com/ Magazine & web-based how-tos

15. Future Factories Holy Ghost http://www.futurefactories.com

16. NIO Architecten - Watermark - www.nio.nl

17. Simon Husslein Warp www.husslein.net Geoffrey Mann Flight - Take Off www.mrmann.co.uk

18. Justin Marshall Coded Ornament www.justinmarshall.co.uk Tavs Jørgensen Motion in Form www.oktavius.co.uk

19. GERSHENFELD, N., 2005. Fab: the coming revolution on your desktop - from personal computers to personal fabrication. New York: Basic Books. STERLING, B., 2005. Shaping things. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

20. Desktop manufacturing Personal fabrication Mass-customised production Design to order Individualised production Democratised production Open Source design New enterprises have been established to meet the engineering technology needs of diverse industries. A more distributed model of digital production is now available that more readily affords small scale manufacturing . New production paradigms have brought producers and consumers into a closer relationship. 3D printing will eventually allow a mass audience to manufacture physical items at home directly from the computer desktop. All this affords the potential wide distribution of objects whose function is not defined by the values of established design discourses . http://designedobjects.blogspot.com/