1. The study measured antibody levels in 510 individuals who received two doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. It found high levels of antibodies in nearly all vaccinated individuals, with previously infected individuals and those with fever producing the highest levels.
2. Adverse events after vaccination were mostly mild, including pain at the injection site, fever, headache and fatigue. A few individuals had severe allergic reactions.
3. Antibody levels were lower in individuals with autoimmune disorders compared to others, suggesting their immune response may be impaired. The study provides evidence that mRNA vaccines effectively induce antibody production against SARS-CoV-2.
Post vaccination -Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome -Adultskomalicarol
Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in adults
(MIS-A) is gaining recognition among adult physicians. MIS-A is
a rare but important syndrome that can be difficult to distinguish
from severe COVID-19. MIS- A can occur following vaccination
for SARS-CoV-2 is not reported till date.
These slides talk about the top few candidates in the COVID-19 vaccine race. There are currently around 200 candidates in R&D, a handful of which has entered clinical trials. The top runners are AstraZeneca, Pfizer, & Moderna.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Research and Treatment of COVID-19 - EUCYTJensonAlbert
Current strategies to treating severely infected patients rely on repurposing therapies approved for other diseases. Additionally, there has been increased support in developing new antibodies, drugs, and vaccines which will block viral entry to cells, block viral replication, or delay the host immune system response. For more information, please visit : https://eucyt.com/
Post vaccination -Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome -Adultskomalicarol
Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in adults
(MIS-A) is gaining recognition among adult physicians. MIS-A is
a rare but important syndrome that can be difficult to distinguish
from severe COVID-19. MIS- A can occur following vaccination
for SARS-CoV-2 is not reported till date.
These slides talk about the top few candidates in the COVID-19 vaccine race. There are currently around 200 candidates in R&D, a handful of which has entered clinical trials. The top runners are AstraZeneca, Pfizer, & Moderna.
Objective: To generate preliminary information about of enteroviruses and Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in patients with aseptic meningitis in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Method: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 89 aseptic meningitis patients from different Khartoum Hospitals
(Mohammed Alamin Hamid Hospital, Soba Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, Alban Gadeed Teaching Hospital and Police Hospital) within February to May 2015. Among these 89 patients, 43 (48%) were males and 46 (52%) were females. The patient’s age ranged between 1 day and 30 years old. The collected specimens were assayed to detect enteroviruses and EV71 RNA using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Research and Treatment of COVID-19 - EUCYTJensonAlbert
Current strategies to treating severely infected patients rely on repurposing therapies approved for other diseases. Additionally, there has been increased support in developing new antibodies, drugs, and vaccines which will block viral entry to cells, block viral replication, or delay the host immune system response. For more information, please visit : https://eucyt.com/
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Efficacité de l'hydroxychloroquine et de l'azithromycineSociété Tripalio
Etude de l'IHU Méditerranée sur l'efficacité du couple hyroxychloroquine et azithromycine contre le coronavirus. Les résultats montrent une forte diminution de la mortalité de la maladie.
Die britische Regierung räumt ein, dass Impfstoffe das natürliche Immunsystem von Doppelgeimpften geschädigt haben. Die britische Regierung hat zugegeben, dass Sie nach einer Doppelimpfung nie wieder eine vollständige natürliche Immunität gegen Covid-Varianten – oder möglicherweise gegen andere Viren – erlangen können. Sehen wir also zu, wie die „echte“ Pandemie jetzt beginnt! In seinem „COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Report“ (Woche 42) räumt das britische Gesundheitsministerium auf Seite 23 ein, dass „die N-Antikörperspiegel bei Menschen, die sich nach zwei Impfdosen infizieren, niedriger zu sein scheinen“. Es heißt weiter, dass dieser Rückgang der Antikörper im Wesentlichen dauerhaft ist. Was bedeutet das? Wir wissen, dass Impfstoffe eine Infektion oder Übertragung des Virus nicht verhindern (tatsächlich zeigt der Bericht an anderer Stelle, dass geimpfte Erwachsene jetzt viel wahrscheinlicher infiziert werden als ungeimpfte). Die Briten stellen nun fest, dass der Impfstoff die Fähigkeit des Körpers beeinträchtigt, nach einer Infektion Antikörper zu bilden, nicht nur gegen das Spike-Protein, sondern auch gegen andere Teile des Virus. Insbesondere scheinen geimpfte Personen keine Antikörper gegen das Nukleokapsid-Protein, die Hülle des Virus, zu bilden, das ein entscheidender Teil der Reaktion bei ungeimpften Personen ist. Langfristig sind die Geimpften deutlich anfälliger für eventuelle Mutationen im Spike-Protein, auch wenn sie bereits einmal oder mehrmals infiziert und geheilt wurden. Die Ungeimpften hingegen werden eine dauerhafte, wenn nicht sogar dauerhafte Immunität gegen alle Stämme des angeblichen Virus erlangen, nachdem sie auch nur einmal auf natürliche Weise damit infiziert wurden. Quelle: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1027511/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-42.pdf Die
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Efficacité de l'hydroxychloroquine et de l'azithromycineSociété Tripalio
Etude de l'IHU Méditerranée sur l'efficacité du couple hyroxychloroquine et azithromycine contre le coronavirus. Les résultats montrent une forte diminution de la mortalité de la maladie.
Die britische Regierung räumt ein, dass Impfstoffe das natürliche Immunsystem von Doppelgeimpften geschädigt haben. Die britische Regierung hat zugegeben, dass Sie nach einer Doppelimpfung nie wieder eine vollständige natürliche Immunität gegen Covid-Varianten – oder möglicherweise gegen andere Viren – erlangen können. Sehen wir also zu, wie die „echte“ Pandemie jetzt beginnt! In seinem „COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Report“ (Woche 42) räumt das britische Gesundheitsministerium auf Seite 23 ein, dass „die N-Antikörperspiegel bei Menschen, die sich nach zwei Impfdosen infizieren, niedriger zu sein scheinen“. Es heißt weiter, dass dieser Rückgang der Antikörper im Wesentlichen dauerhaft ist. Was bedeutet das? Wir wissen, dass Impfstoffe eine Infektion oder Übertragung des Virus nicht verhindern (tatsächlich zeigt der Bericht an anderer Stelle, dass geimpfte Erwachsene jetzt viel wahrscheinlicher infiziert werden als ungeimpfte). Die Briten stellen nun fest, dass der Impfstoff die Fähigkeit des Körpers beeinträchtigt, nach einer Infektion Antikörper zu bilden, nicht nur gegen das Spike-Protein, sondern auch gegen andere Teile des Virus. Insbesondere scheinen geimpfte Personen keine Antikörper gegen das Nukleokapsid-Protein, die Hülle des Virus, zu bilden, das ein entscheidender Teil der Reaktion bei ungeimpften Personen ist. Langfristig sind die Geimpften deutlich anfälliger für eventuelle Mutationen im Spike-Protein, auch wenn sie bereits einmal oder mehrmals infiziert und geheilt wurden. Die Ungeimpften hingegen werden eine dauerhafte, wenn nicht sogar dauerhafte Immunität gegen alle Stämme des angeblichen Virus erlangen, nachdem sie auch nur einmal auf natürliche Weise damit infiziert wurden. Quelle: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1027511/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-42.pdf Die
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pharma Pcd Franchise in Jharkhand - Yodley Lifesciences
2021.04.05.21254934v1.full.pdf
1. 1
Levels of produced antibodies after vaccination with mRNA vaccine; effect of previous
infection with SARS-CoV-2
Theocharis Konstantinidis1,2*
, Stavroula Zisaki1
, Ioannis Mitroulis3
, Eleni Konstantinidou4
,
Eftychia G. Kontekaki1
, Gioulia Romanidoui5
, Alexandros Karvelas2
, Ioanna Nanousi1
,
Leonidas Lazidis1
, Dimitrios Cassimos6
, Christina Tsigalou2
, George Martinis1
, Maria
Panopoulou2
1. Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100
Alexandroupolis, Greece
2. Laboratory of Microbiology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of
Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
3. First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
4. Blood Transfusion Center, General Hospital of Drama
5. Nephrology Department, General Hospital “Sismanogleio” Komotini
6. Pediatric Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis
Short title: Vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies
Key words: Vaccination; COVID-19; anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; SARS-CoV-2;
Corresponding author: Dr. Theocharis Konstantinidis MD, PhD
Post Address: Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
Corresponding author email: tkonsta@med.duth.gr
All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
(which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint
this version posted April 7, 2021.
;
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.21254934
doi:
medRxiv preprint
NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice.
2. 2
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the immunogenic effect of mRNA vaccine against SARS-
CoV-2. This study included 510 participants who received mRNA vaccine. The measurement
of anti-Covid-19 antibodies was performed using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG quantitative
assay (Abbott). Overall, mean title of anti-Spike antibodies was 19319.2±1787.5 AU/ml.
Vaccination induced a robust immunogenic response in previous infected with SARS-CoV-2
compared. Additionally, individuals that were asymptomatic after vaccination produced lower
levels of antibodies compared to feverish individuals. In conclusion, remarkable high level of
anti-Spike Covid-19 antibodies was found after vaccination.
.
All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
(which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint
this version posted April 7, 2021.
;
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.21254934
doi:
medRxiv preprint
3. 3
1. Introduction
The novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) due to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) is an emerging global health problem that reported for the first
time in Wuhan, China in December 2019 [1]. Due to person-to-person transmission, the
infection was rapidly spread worldwide.
Vaccination is a safe, and effective method of protecting against infectious diseases. Vaccines
train the immune response to recognize and neutralize an infectious agent. On account of the
long-standing vaccination programs during childhood and adults large epidemics of infectious
diseases have reduced worldwide [2].
The insufficient the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic control require rapid development of vaccines.
There are lots of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates, based on several different mechanisms
of action are currently in development or finished phase III trial [3,4]. Since December 2020,
several vaccines have been authorized worldwide. In Greece, vaccination was started from
Healthcare professionals, and on 13 March 2021, 1.283.472 doses of vaccines were used [5].
The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among
persons who take 2 doses of mRNA vaccine in Thrace region and explore risk factors for any
adverse events.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study design
This study was performed at the University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis and
Democritus University of Thrace in Alexandroupolis, Greece. The study protocol was approved
by the local committee of ethics and deontology in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki
(Number 1070/11-01-2021).
2.2. Study population
This study included 510 persons, both uninfected (n=487) and previously infected persons
(n=23) with confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR, occurring 2 to 3.5 months prior to vaccination.
All persons were vaccinated with mRNA (BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine. Serum
samples were collected before vaccination and 1 month after second dose. The period of
sampling was from 10 February to 16 March 2021.
2.3. IgG Testing
The measurement of anti-Covid-19 antibodies was performed using the Abbott Architect
i1000SR instrument (Abbott Diagnostics, IL, USA) using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG
All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
(which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
The copyright holder for this preprint
this version posted April 7, 2021.
;
https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.21254934
doi:
medRxiv preprint
4. 4
quantitative kit and following manufacturer’s instructions. The assay is a chemiluminescent
microparticle immunoassay for qualitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs type IgG against
the CoV-2 Spike protein (Sp) in human serum. Quantitative results >50 AU/ml are reported as
positive in accordance with the Abbott-determined positivity cutoff of 50 AU/ml.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally
distributed data. The counting data were expressed by rate (%). Mann Whitney U test was used
for independent samples and Wilcoxon test for paired sample analysis. The P value < 0.05
indicated a statistically significant difference.
3. Results
3.1. Safety assessment
Overall, 510 persons were enrolled in the study. The demographic data is presented in Table 1.
Summary data (numbers and percentages) for participants with any adverse events shown that
the most common were local adverse events; the injection-site event was pain after injection
were noted in 114 participants (22.5%) after the first dose and/or the second dose, and they
resolved over the following 1 to 5 days. The most common system adverse events were fever-
95 (18.6%), headache-78 (15.3%), myalgias-68 (13.3%), arthralgia-12 (2%), fatigue-57
(11.2%), and lymphadenopathy-22 (4.3%) (Table 1). The severe adverse events leading to
discontinuation of the second dose injections were recorded in 3/510 (0.59%) participants, who
present severe allergic reactions. Only one woman developed delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Initially started as macular on 4th
day after vaccination, but subsequently developed
maculopapular lesions with symmetrical distribution on the extremities.
3.2. The immunogenic effect
Overall, the immunization with administration of two doses were completed in 507 participants
(99,4%). Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibodies were detected in 508 out of 510 (99,6 %)
with mean value 19319.2±1787.5 AU/ml. Participants who suffered from COVID-19 had
higher levels of anti-Spike antibodies in comparison to non-infected 25599.5±10646.8 vs
19221.3±1803.66, p=0.049, respectively (Figure 1A). Moreover, COVID-19 patients had
developed higher levels of anti-Spike antibodies after vaccination 593.7±379.2 vs
25599.5±10646.8 AU/ml, p<0.00001 (Figure 1B). Patients with fever developed higher titer of
anti-Spike Abs in comparison to asymptomatic participants (28899.6±4831.01 vs
14685.9±214.1 p< 0,00001) Figure 1C. Moreover, patients with autoimmune disorders had
lower titer of anti-Spike Abs than general population in a statistically significant manner
6311.18±557.1 vs 19319.2±1787.5 AU/ml.
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5. 5
4. Discussion
This study provides evidence of short-term efficacy of the mRNA vaccine in preventing
symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in an adult population in Thrace region, Greece. Overall,
in this study, only three severe adverse events after receipt of the first vaccine that led to
postpone the second dose has been reported. The adverse events after receipt of
Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in the United States, were reported in 4,393 (0.2%) cases.
Among these, cases of severe allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis. were recorded [6]. The
cases of acute onset of a single lymphadenopathy (supraclavicular or Axillary) after
intramuscular administration of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine, recorded in 20
participants in this study. These results are in line with previously reported by O R Mitchell et
al., and Fernández-Prada et al [7,8].
The mean value of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in patients with autoimmune disorders in
this study was lower than in general population (6311.18±557.1 vs 19319.2±1787.5 AU/ml).
The data on specific COVID-19 vaccine response in patients under immunosuppressive therapy
is poorly until now. Immunosuppressive therapy in patients with autoimmune disorders or
transplantation may impair vaccine responses. This data were previously shown on vaccination
of immunosuppressive patients predominantly focus on influenza and pneumococcal vaccines
[9]. A limitations of the study is the relatively small group of vaccinated patients after SARS
CoV infection.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, and validation, T..K..; laboratory
investigation, S.Z., E.K., E.G.K. and I.N.; clinical data curation, I.M., G.R., and D.C.; writing—
original draft preparation, T.K. I.M; writing—review and editing, C.T., D.C, T.K. and I.M;
supervision, G.M., and M.P.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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6. 6
Références
[1] Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from
Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine
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[2] Cassimos DC, Effraimidou E, Medic S, Konstantinidis T, Theodoridou M, Maltezou HC.
Vaccination Programs for Adults in Europe, 2019. Vaccines (Basel) 2020;8.
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010034.
[3] Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, et al. Efficacy and
Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine
2021;384:403–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389.
[4] Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV,
Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based
heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised
controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet 2021;397:671–81.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8.
[5] Vaccination against SARS-Cov-19. emvolio.gov.gr n.d. https://emvolio.gov.gr/ (accessed
March 13, 2021).
[6] CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Food and Drug Administration. Allergic Reactions
Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
Vaccine - United States, December 14-23, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2021;70:46–51. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7002e1.
[7] Mitchell OR, Dave R, Bekker J, Brennan PA. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
following COVID-19 vaccination: an increasing presentation to the two-week wait neck
lump clinic? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.02.002.
[8] Fernández-Prada M, Rivero-Calle I, Calvache-González A, Martinón-Torres F. Acute
onset supraclavicular lymphadenopathy coinciding with intramuscular mRNA
vaccination against COVID-19 may be related to vaccine injection technique, Spain,
January and February 2021. Euro Surveill 2021;26. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-
7917.ES.2021.26.10.2100193.
[9] Arnold J, Winthrop K, Emery P. COVID-19 vaccination and antirheumatic therapy.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keab223.
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7. 7
Table 1. Demographical, clinical, and adverse events data of study population
CVD- Cardiovascular diseases
Non-Infected
n= 487
COVID-19
n= 23
Overall
n= 510
Age 48.4±2.5 47.1±2.3 47.5±2.5
Male 147 (30.2%) 6 (26.1%) 153 (30%)
Female 340 (69.8%) 17 (73.9%) 357 (70%)
Occupational Risk
Healthcare Workers 457 (93,8%) 23 (100%) 480 (94%)
Underlying disease
CVD 18 (3,7%) 1 (4.3%) 19 (3,7
Hypertension 22 (4,5%) 2 (8.3%) 24 (4,7%)
Diabetes mellitus 17 (3,5%) 2 (8.3%) 19 (3,7%)
Cancer 6 (1,2%) - 6 (1,2%)
Autoimmune diseases 15 (3.1%) - 15 (2.9%)
Adverse events
No Adverse Events 184 (38,1%) 5 (21%) 189 (37%)
Solicited Local
Pain 106 (21,9%) 8 (34,8%) 114 (22,5%)
Swelling
Lymphadenopathy 20 (4,1%) 2 (8,7%) 22 (4,3%)
Supraclavicular 3 (0,6%) - 3 (0,59%)
Axillary 17 (3,5%) 2 (8,7%) 19 (3,75%)
Systemic Adverse Events
Fever 90 (18.5%) 5 (21.7%) 95 (18,2%)
Shiver 79 (16.2%) 5 (21.7%) 84 (16.5%)
Headache 74 (15.9%) 4 (17.4%) 78 (15.3%)
Fatigue 54 (11.1%) 3 (13%) 57 (11.2%)
Nausea/vomiting 15 (3.1%) - 15 (2.9%)
Myalgia 64 (13.1%) 4 (17.4%) 68 (13.3%)
Arthralgia 8 (1.6%) 4 (17.4%) 12 (2.4%)
Hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
reaction
1 (0,2%) - 1 (0,19%)
Edema 3 (0,6%) - 3 (0,59%)
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8. 8
Figures
Figure 1. The immunogenic effect of mRNA vaccine.
A- Levels of antibodies after vaccination. Comparison of controls vs COVID-19 patients
B- Levels of antibodies in COVID-19 patients before and after vaccination
C- Levels of antibodies after vaccination in asymptomatic persons vs systemic adverse
events (fever) persons
The date is presenting as log2. *- p=0.049, ****- p<0.0001
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