The document discusses the worldwide population structure of the wheat stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst). Genetic analysis of 409 Pst isolates from around the world identified six distinct genetic groups. Pakistan, Nepal, and China showed high genetic diversity and evidence of recombination. The analysis also identified the likely sources of recent Pst invasions in different parts of the world, such as the Middle East, Europe, and Africa.
GS42 Item 2 Global FMD surveillance report, D.King, TPIExternalEvents
Presentation by Don King from The Pirbright institute to the 42nd General Session of the EuFMD, 20-21 April 2017
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/general-sessions/en/
GS42 Item 2 Global FMD surveillance report, D.King, TPIExternalEvents
Presentation by Don King from The Pirbright institute to the 42nd General Session of the EuFMD, 20-21 April 2017
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/general-sessions/en/
How To Talk To a Live Person at American Airlinesflyn goo
This page by FlynGoo can become your ultimate guide to connecting with a live person at American Airlines. Have you ever felt lost in the automated maze of customer service menus? FlynGoo is here to rescue you from endless phone trees and automated responses. With just a click or a call to a specific number, we ensure you get the human touch you deserve. No more frustration, no more waiting on hold - we simplify the process, making your travel experience smoother and more enjoyable.
Hidden Gems of Europe - DISCOVERING THE CONTINENT'S BEST-KEPT SECRETSKamil Uğraş TÜRKOĞLU
Europe, continent rich in history, culture, and natural beauty, is often synonymous with famous cities like Paris, Rome, and London. These iconic destinations attract millions of tourists every year, captivating them with their renowned landmarks, vibrant culture, and bustling urban life. However, beyond these well-trodden paths lie countless hidden gems waiting to be discovered. These lesser-known destinations offer unique experiences, authentic encounters, and breathtaking landscapes that often surpass the allure of their famous counterparts.
In "Hidden Gems of Europe," we embark on a journey to uncover these secret spots, exploring the heart and soul of Europe through its quaint villages, charming towns, and secluded natural wonders. This book aims to inspire travelers to look beyond the obvious and venture into the lesser-explored corners of the continent, where true adventure and discovery await.
How To Talk To a Live Person at American Airlinesflyn goo
This page by FlynGoo can become your ultimate guide to connecting with a live person at American Airlines. Have you ever felt lost in the automated maze of customer service menus? FlynGoo is here to rescue you from endless phone trees and automated responses. With just a click or a call to a specific number, we ensure you get the human touch you deserve. No more frustration, no more waiting on hold - we simplify the process, making your travel experience smoother and more enjoyable.
Hidden Gems of Europe - DISCOVERING THE CONTINENT'S BEST-KEPT SECRETSKamil Uğraş TÜRKOĞLU
Europe, continent rich in history, culture, and natural beauty, is often synonymous with famous cities like Paris, Rome, and London. These iconic destinations attract millions of tourists every year, captivating them with their renowned landmarks, vibrant culture, and bustling urban life. However, beyond these well-trodden paths lie countless hidden gems waiting to be discovered. These lesser-known destinations offer unique experiences, authentic encounters, and breathtaking landscapes that often surpass the allure of their famous counterparts.
In "Hidden Gems of Europe," we embark on a journey to uncover these secret spots, exploring the heart and soul of Europe through its quaint villages, charming towns, and secluded natural wonders. This book aims to inspire travelers to look beyond the obvious and venture into the lesser-explored corners of the continent, where true adventure and discovery await.
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Assessing the Influence of Transportation on the Tourism Industry in Nigeriagsochially
This research dissertation investigates the complex interplay between transportation and the tourism industry in Nigeria, aiming to unravel critical insights that contribute to the enhancement of the overall tourist experience. The study employs a multi-faceted approach, literature review establishes a robust theoretical framework, incorporating The Service Quality and Satisfaction Theory to guide the research questions and hypotheses.
The methodology involves the distribution of a structured questionnaire, ensuring a representative sample and facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the gathered data.
Key findings include the nuanced perceptions of transportation infrastructure adequacy, safety and security concerns, financial influences on travel decisions, and the cultural and ecological impacts of transportation choices. These findings culminate in a comprehensive set of recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in the Nigerian tourism industry. The findings contribute to the existing literature by providing actionable insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers in the Nigerian tourism sector.
The recommendations encompass gender-sensitive planning, infrastructure enhancements, safety measures, and strategic interventions to address financial constraints, ensuring a holistic and sustainable development of the tourism industry in Nigeria.
Author: Imafidon Osademwingie Martins
Wayanad-The-Touristry-Heaven to the tour.pptxcosmo-soil
Wayanad, nestled in Kerala's Western Ghats, is a lush paradise renowned for its scenic landscapes, rich biodiversity, and cultural heritage. From trekking Chembra Peak to exploring ancient Edakkal Caves, Wayanad offers thrilling adventures and serene experiences. Its vibrant economy, driven by agriculture and tourism, highlights a harmonious blend of nature, tradition, and modernity.
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1. The worldwide Pst population structure and
its temporal maintenance in Pakistan
Sajid Ali
The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
&
Aarhus University, Denmark
#bgri2014
2. In
the
context
of
invasion
Pst:
Puccinia
striiformis
f.sp.
tritici
PstS1
&
PstS2
2000
2003
Post-2000
Cases
of
recent
invasions
in
Pst
Australia
1979
South
American
Early
1900s
South African
population
1996
“Warrior-Kranich” type
strains in Europe
2011-present
North
American
Early
1900s
Virulence to Yr9
1986
1998
(Milus et al., 2006, Hovmøller et al., 2008; Wellings et al., 2004; Singh et al., 2004)
Population subdivision for this
long distance migrating
pathogen?
3. Worldwide
Pst
population
structure
Worldwide representative set of 409 isolates, selected from INRA, France and AU, Denmark collection
Genotyped with 20 SSR markers
4. FST values for geographically spaced populations
NWEurope
Mediterranean
Region
CentralAsia
EastAfrica
MiddleEast
Nepal
Pakistan
China
NW Europe - 0.420 0.380 0.500 0.380 0.370 0.410 0.390
Mediterranean Region 0.000 - 0.020 0.150 0.009 0.280 0.280 0.390
Central Asia 0.000 0.030 - 0.160 0.040 0.230 0.260 0.340
East Africa 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.140 0.380 0.280 0.540
Middle-East 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.000 - 0.260 0.250 0.360
Nepal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.220 0.210
Pakistan 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.450
China 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -
Non-significant FST values (> 0.01) are shown in bold.
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision
5. Assignment with STRUCTURE at different K-values
K2
K3
K4
K5
K7
K6
K8
China
Nepal
Pakistan
Middle-‐East
Central
Asia
Mediterranean
region
NW
Europe
East
Africa
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision
6. Discriminant analysis of
principal components
(ADEGENET)
Identification six distinct
genetic groups of Pst
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision
NW
Europe
China
Nepal
Pakistan
Central
Asia-‐
Mediterranean
region
Eigen
values’
contribution Number
of
clusters
C
Middle
East-‐
East
Africa
200
3
2
4
6
8
10
7. France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Azerbaijan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Kyrgyzstan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Eritrea G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Afghanistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Cyprus G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Iran
Israil G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Lebanon G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Turkey G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
MoroccoG1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Tunisia G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Nepal G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Pakistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
China G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
- Geographically spaced genetic groups identified
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision and source of recent invasions
Denmark G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Sources
of
these
recent
invasions?
Early 1900s
1979
1996
2003
2000
Early 1900s
8. FST Values
NWEurope
North
America
South
America
Mediterrane
anRegion
CentralAsia
SouthAfrica
EastAfrica
MiddleEast
Nepal
Pakistan
China
NW Europe - 0.039 0.001 0.420 0.380 0.498 0.500 0.380 0.370 0.410 0.390
North America 0.100 - 0.046 0.409 0.368 0.485 0.490 0.378 0.364 0.400 0.398
South America 0.410 0.100 - 0.435 0.396 0.514 0.511 0.393 0.379 0.416 0.405
Mediterranean Region 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.020 0.109 0.150 0.009 0.280 0.280 0.390
Central Asia 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.030 - 0.044 0.160 0.040 0.230 0.260 0.340
South Africa 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.190 - 0.229 0.160 0.298 0.314 0.419
East Africa 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 - 0.140 0.380 0.280 0.540
Middle-East 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.260 0.250 0.360
Nepal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.220 0.210
Pakistan 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.450
China 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -
FST for aggressive
strains
0.420 0.408 0.434 0.000 0.010 0.099 0.150 0.010 0.270 0.270 0.390
P-value for aggressive
strains
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.860 0.070 0.040 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000
Non-significant FST values (> 0.01) are shown in bold.
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision
9. STRUCTURE G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
America
China
Nepal
Pakistan
Middle-‐East
Central
Asia
Mediterranean
region
NW
Europe
South
Africa
PstS1
and
PstS2
PstS3
East
Africa
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
DAPC
Recent invasions
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Source of recent invasion
10. France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Azerbaijan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Kyrgyzstan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Eritrea G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Afghanistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Cyprus G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Iran
Israil G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Lebanon G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Turkey G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
MoroccoG1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Tunisia G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Nepal G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Pakistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
China G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
- Geographically spaced genetic groups identified
- Sources of recent invasions identified
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Worldwide population subdivision and source of recent invasions
Diversity
and
recombinaIon
in
the
worldwide
populaIons?
11. Recombination in Pakistan,
Nepal and China
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Diversity and recombination in worldwide populations
High genetic and genotypic
diversity in Pakistan, Nepal
and China
12. France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Azerbaijan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Kyrgyzstan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Eritrea G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Afghanistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Cyprus G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Iran
Israil G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Lebanon G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Turkey G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
MoroccoG1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Tunisia G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Nepal G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Pakistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
China G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
- Recombination and diversity in Himalayan and Near Himalayan regions
Diversity and recombination in PST worldwide populations
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
13. 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
4 5 6 7
Telialproduction
Weeks after inoculation
China
Nepal
Pakistan
Middle-East
Mediterranean
France
Telial progress curve for 56 PST
isolates according to their geographical
origin
Reduction in PST sexual reproduction ability in worldwide populations
(Ali et al. 2010; Fungal Genetics and Biology)
14. France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Azerbaijan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Kyrgyzstan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Eritrea G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Afghanistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Cyprus G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Iran
Israil G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Lebanon G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Turkey G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
MoroccoG1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Tunisia G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Nepal G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Pakistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
China G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Denmark G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
- Centre of diversity in Himalayan and Near Himalayan
- Reduction in sexual reproduction ability during ancestral invasion
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
Ancestral
relaIonship
of
worldwide
PST
populaIons
Reduction in PST sexual reproduction ability in worldwide populations
15. Ancestral relationship among worldwide populations
ChNpPkChNp Pk Ch Np PkCh NpPk
Ch Np Pk
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
ABC analyses with DIYABC (Cornuet et al., 2008)
16. The six genetic groups together
Ancestral relationship among worldwide populations
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
17. Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Nepal G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Pakistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
China G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Azerbaijan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Kyrgyzstan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Eritrea G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Afghanistan G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Cyprus G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Iran
Israil G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Lebanon G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Turkey G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Yemen G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
MoroccoG1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
France G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
Tunisia G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Early 1900s
1979
1996
Denmark G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
H
Un
2000
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
Mexico G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
?
- The worldwide spread with population subdivision and loss of sexual reproduction
- PST possibly originated in the Himalayan and Near Himalayan region
- Re-emergence linked with the recent invasions
Overall conclusions on worldwide populations
(Ali et al. 2014; PLOS Pathogens)
19. Development of rapid genotyping DNA extraction à Directly from infected lesion
(Ali et al. 2011; BMC Research Notes)
Pakistani
PST
population;
a
high
genetic
diversity
21. A high pathotypic diversity à 53 pathotypes out of 127 isolates tested
With varying virulence frequencies across locations
Location
Number of isolates
pathotyped
No. of different
pathotypes detected
No. of different
virulences detected
Khyber 18 14 16
Peshawar 4 2 13
Nowshera 5 3 15
Haripur 20 13 15
Abbottabad 14 10 15
Mansehra 5 5 15
Battal 24 18 17
Battagram 6 6 15
Attarshisha 16 11 12
Balakot 11 11 16
Skardu 4 4 17
Maximum no. of virulences tested - 26
Maximum no. of pathotypes observed 53 -
- Vr2, Vr6, Vr7, Vr8, Vr9 and VrSu in a high frequency
- Vr5, Vr15 detected
- AvrVicto detected
Pakistani
PST
population;
a
high
genetic
diversity
22. Comparison of eight temporally sampled populations
Locations
Sample size FST
between
2010 and 2011
Number of resampled MLGs and
their frequency over two years*
Peshawar 45 0.0719 1 (5:3)
Nowshera 35 0.0863 1 (13:1)
Abbottabad 52 0.2375 1 (1:11)
Mansehra 89 0.0522 2 (2:2) (1:6)
Battal 81 0.0740 0
Battagram 29 0.0661 0
Attarshisha 70 0.1359 0
Balakot 51 0.0609 1 (1:5)
(Ali et al. 2014; Molecular Ecology)
Pakistani
PST
population;
a
high
genetic
diversity
23. - Resistance genes deployment considering the information on worldwide
population subdivision and diversity
- Worldwide virulence structure to be re-analyzed
Overall conclusions and perspectives
- Future invasion risks assessment and management
- Broader perspective for breeders, considering invasions
- Role of sexual reproduction in PST biology in Pakistan and China
- What strategy to adapt while considering the Berberis spp.?
24. Current work:
- Wheat sampling in 2013 in all
major PST regions
- To be SSR genotyped
- Berberis sampling from the
Berberis zone
- Sequence characterization to
identify the species (and f.sp.)
HEC-Start-up
Research Grant
Rust-Fight
Danish Council
for Strategic
Research
The University of
Agriculture,
Peshawar, Pakistan
Pakistani
PST
population;
a
high
genetic
diversity
Current work
25. Thanks to
all those who contributed to the
worldwide yellow rust collection
French project: EMERFUNDIS, ANR 07-BDIV-003
European Integrated Project: BIOEXPLOIT, FOOD-
CT-2005-513959
Higher Education Commission, Pakistan