The document discusses the production of ammonia via the Haber process. Key points:
- Ammonia is produced by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen gases over an iron catalyst at high temperature (450°C) and pressure (200 atm).
- The balanced equation for the reaction is: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
- Unreacted gases are recycled in the process. Ammonia is then cooled to be liquified.
This document provides information about a chemistry GCSE exam involving questions on the periodic table, reactions of elements, preparation of salts, electrolysis, exothermic reactions, and hydrated sodium carbonate. The questions assess knowledge of key concepts like periodic trends, writing balanced equations, describing preparation methods and observations, redox reactions, and stoichiometry calculations. Step-by-step working is shown for multi-part questions involving calculations.
This document consists of a 14 page chemistry exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exam contains multiple choice and free response questions testing knowledge of topics including:
- Gases in air and common air pollutants
- Classification of oxides
- Reactions of zinc and uses of zinc
- Electrochemistry of galvanic cells
- Allotropes and uses of oxygen
- Acid-base reactions involving iodine
- Structures and properties of group 14 elements
- Contact process for sulfuric acid production
- Hydrocarbon reactions to form alcohols
This document consists of exam questions related to chemistry. It includes 14 pages of multiple choice and free response questions testing knowledge of topics like the composition of air, classification of oxides, properties of metals like zinc and their compounds, organic compounds and reactions, and industrial processes like the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. The exam is for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 exam questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollution, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, organic compounds, and calcium compounds. Diagrams and tables are provided, and students are to show workings, complete equations, and answer short questions.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a chemistry test. It consists of 7 multi-part questions covering various chemistry topics such as:
- Transition elements and the extraction of iron
- Reactivity of metals with water and acids
- Acids, bases and pH
- Oxides and their reactions
- Structures of carbon, silicon and germanium compounds
- Contact process for making sulfuric acid
- Combustion reactions and cell reactions
- Cracking of hydrocarbons
The questions require students to identify substances, write equations, describe processes, explain concepts, make predictions and draw structural formulas. An answer sheet is provided for students to write their responses.
This document provides instructions for candidates taking an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It includes the exam paper with multiple choice and free response questions covering topics like the periodic table, chemical reactions, organic compounds, and atmospheric pollution. Candidates are to write their answers directly on the exam paper and show all working for calculations and diagrams.
This document contains the mark scheme for the May/June 2006 International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for students' answers, including identifying acceptable alternative responses. The mark scheme also indicates the minimum marks required to achieve different overall grades. CIE will not enter into discussions about the mark scheme.
This document consists of a 14-page chemistry exam paper from the University of Cambridge International Examinations. The exam paper contains 8 multi-part chemistry questions testing students' knowledge of topics including the properties of gases, calcium carbonate, the Haber process, food chemistry, and reaction rates. It also includes a periodic table of elements.
This document provides information about a chemistry GCSE exam involving questions on the periodic table, reactions of elements, preparation of salts, electrolysis, exothermic reactions, and hydrated sodium carbonate. The questions assess knowledge of key concepts like periodic trends, writing balanced equations, describing preparation methods and observations, redox reactions, and stoichiometry calculations. Step-by-step working is shown for multi-part questions involving calculations.
This document consists of a 14 page chemistry exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exam contains multiple choice and free response questions testing knowledge of topics including:
- Gases in air and common air pollutants
- Classification of oxides
- Reactions of zinc and uses of zinc
- Electrochemistry of galvanic cells
- Allotropes and uses of oxygen
- Acid-base reactions involving iodine
- Structures and properties of group 14 elements
- Contact process for sulfuric acid production
- Hydrocarbon reactions to form alcohols
This document consists of exam questions related to chemistry. It includes 14 pages of multiple choice and free response questions testing knowledge of topics like the composition of air, classification of oxides, properties of metals like zinc and their compounds, organic compounds and reactions, and industrial processes like the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. The exam is for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 exam questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollution, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, organic compounds, and calcium compounds. Diagrams and tables are provided, and students are to show workings, complete equations, and answer short questions.
This document appears to be an exam paper for a chemistry test. It consists of 7 multi-part questions covering various chemistry topics such as:
- Transition elements and the extraction of iron
- Reactivity of metals with water and acids
- Acids, bases and pH
- Oxides and their reactions
- Structures of carbon, silicon and germanium compounds
- Contact process for making sulfuric acid
- Combustion reactions and cell reactions
- Cracking of hydrocarbons
The questions require students to identify substances, write equations, describe processes, explain concepts, make predictions and draw structural formulas. An answer sheet is provided for students to write their responses.
This document provides instructions for candidates taking an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It includes the exam paper with multiple choice and free response questions covering topics like the periodic table, chemical reactions, organic compounds, and atmospheric pollution. Candidates are to write their answers directly on the exam paper and show all working for calculations and diagrams.
This document contains the mark scheme for the May/June 2006 International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for students' answers, including identifying acceptable alternative responses. The mark scheme also indicates the minimum marks required to achieve different overall grades. CIE will not enter into discussions about the mark scheme.
This document consists of a 14-page chemistry exam paper from the University of Cambridge International Examinations. The exam paper contains 8 multi-part chemistry questions testing students' knowledge of topics including the properties of gases, calcium carbonate, the Haber process, food chemistry, and reaction rates. It also includes a periodic table of elements.
This document is a 14-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 multi-part questions testing knowledge of topics including fossil fuels, salt preparations, the periodic table, electrolysis of molten aluminum, esters and fats, and corrosion protection of steel structures. Blank pages are included at the end for calculations and diagrams.
This document is the cover sheet and first 7 pages of a chemistry exam. It provides instructions for candidates to write their details, not use additional materials, and answer all questions. The exam consists of 7 multi-part chemistry questions testing understanding of topics like the contact process for sulfuric acid production, precipitation reactions, electrolysis, polymers, and stoichiometry.
This document consists of a 14 page chemistry exam with multiple choice and free response questions covering topics like the halogens, redox reactions, organic chemistry, acid-base reactions, and metals/alloys. It includes diagrams of lab setups and reagents/products. The exam provides space for students to show their work and includes a periodic table reference.
This document is a chemistry exam paper that consists of 7 questions testing knowledge of various chemistry concepts. It provides instructions for candidates on how to answer the questions, including writing in boxes provided and not writing in barred code or grey areas. It also lists the number of marks allocated for each question or part of a question. Finally, it states that the exam paper is made up of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
This document is a chemistry exam paper consisting of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages. It contains questions on topics such as the Contact Process for making sulfuric acid, properties of manganese, Period 3 elements, alkenes, and electrolysis of copper sulfate. The exam is marked out of a total number of marks given at the end of each question.
The document discusses CIE's use of variant question papers for some popular assessments with large candidatures. It explains that while the content and question types remain the same, there are now two variants of the question paper, mark scheme, and principal examiner's report for one component. Centres will use only one variant, but this provides access to more past examination material. It includes a diagram showing the relationship between the question papers, mark schemes, and reports for the two variants. The document also provides contact information for questions about these changes.
The document discusses changes made by CIE to use different variants of some question papers for assessments with large candidatures, where previously there was only one variant, in order to provide more past examination material. It explains that the content and question types remain unchanged between variants, and that the relationships between question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner's reports have been established. Candidates will typically only see one variant of a question paper for their country.
Marking scheme-chemistry-perfect-score-module-form-4-set-4Mudzaffar Shah
The document provides a marking scheme for an exam on acids, bases, and salts. It includes:
1) 11 multiple choice questions on acid-base concepts like neutralization reactions, ions present, calculating molarity, and distinguishing between strong/weak acids.
2) 9 more multiple choice questions testing identification of solutions, gas tests, and acid/base properties.
3) 10 essay questions requiring explanations of acid/base definitions, calculations of standard solutions, titration procedures, comparisons of acid types, and writing hypotheses and procedures for experiments.
4) Rubrics for grading lab reports with criteria like correctly recording burette readings, setting up tables, stating observations/inferences, and comparing
Chemistry perfect-score-module-form-4-set-4Mudzaffar Shah
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water. Bases are defined as substances that can neutralize acids to produce salts and water.
It discusses the properties of strong acids and bases versus weak acids and bases. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate.
The document also discusses monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acids based on the number of hydrogen ions they can donate. Equations are provided for the dissociation of several common acids like nitric acid, ethanoic acid, carbon
This document consists of a 13-page chemistry exam from 2007 including:
1) Questions about techniques to separate mixtures, the structure of magnesium bromide, and extracting zinc.
2) Questions involving the properties of alcohols, rates of reaction, and organic reactions.
3) A periodic table of the elements printed on page 16.
The document is a mark scheme that provides the requirements and basis for how examiners will award marks for the October/November 2013 series of the Cambridge International Examinations 0620 Chemistry exam. It shows the expected answers and level of understanding required to achieve each mark. The mark scheme should be read along with the exam question paper and examiner report to understand how marks were allocated.
This document contains mark schemes for Chemistry examinations from June 2004, including:
- The mark scheme and maximum marks for multiple choice, core, and extended papers.
- Details on how examiners were instructed to award marks and handle unexpected responses.
- Grade thresholds for each exam component.
- Sample exam questions and answers with marks allocated.
The document is the mark scheme for the October/November 2013 International GCSE Chemistry exam. It provides the answers and allocation of marks for questions 1 through 7 on the exam. For each question or part, it specifies the correct answer and gives explanations for awarding partial or full marks. The mark scheme is intended to clarify the requirements of the exam and the basis for how examiners awarded marks to student responses.
The document describes changes made by the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) to question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE now uses two similar but distinct variants for some question papers instead of just one. The content and standard assessed remains the same between variants. Centres will receive both variants, allowing access to more past exam material. The relationship between question papers, mark schemes, and examiner reports is shown in a table. Any questions about these changes should be directed to CIE Customer Services. The titles of the variant items should clearly indicate which variant they correspond to.
This document contains the mark scheme for the October/November 2013 Cambridge International Examinations IGCSE Chemistry exam. It provides the answers and level of detail required to receive marks for each question on the exam. The mark scheme is intended to guide teachers and students on the requirements of the exam and serves as the basis for how examiners will award marks to student responses.
The document contains summaries of several diagrams showing different scientific processes and experiments. It provides answers to questions about the diagrams, identifying variables, materials, observations, and conclusions. The key information summarized is that the document contains expert summaries and explanations of multiple scientific diagrams and experiments.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 multi-part chemistry questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollutants, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, combustion reactions, organic compounds, and properties of group 1 and transition metals. It also includes a copy of the periodic table.
The document discusses the use of variant question papers by CIE (Cambridge International Examinations) for some of their popular assessments. It explains that while the content and standard of assessment remains the same, there are now two variants of the question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports available for one component. This provides centers with more past examination material than usual to access. It includes both variants in the document. It also provides contact information for any questions about these changes and instructions for identifying the relevant parts of the document.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 exam questions testing students' knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollution, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, combustion reactions, organic compounds, and properties of calcium chloride. Diagrams and tables are provided to aid in answering multiple-choice and written response questions.
This document provides instructions for candidates taking an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It includes:
1. Instructions for candidates to write their details and to answer all questions.
2. A 15 page exam paper with multiple choice and structured questions covering topics like the periodic table, chemical reactions, organic compounds, acids and bases, electrolysis and fertilizers.
3. A notice that the exam consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document is a 14-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 multi-part questions testing knowledge of topics including fossil fuels, salt preparations, the periodic table, electrolysis of molten aluminum, esters and fats, and corrosion protection of steel structures. Blank pages are included at the end for calculations and diagrams.
This document is the cover sheet and first 7 pages of a chemistry exam. It provides instructions for candidates to write their details, not use additional materials, and answer all questions. The exam consists of 7 multi-part chemistry questions testing understanding of topics like the contact process for sulfuric acid production, precipitation reactions, electrolysis, polymers, and stoichiometry.
This document consists of a 14 page chemistry exam with multiple choice and free response questions covering topics like the halogens, redox reactions, organic chemistry, acid-base reactions, and metals/alloys. It includes diagrams of lab setups and reagents/products. The exam provides space for students to show their work and includes a periodic table reference.
This document is a chemistry exam paper that consists of 7 questions testing knowledge of various chemistry concepts. It provides instructions for candidates on how to answer the questions, including writing in boxes provided and not writing in barred code or grey areas. It also lists the number of marks allocated for each question or part of a question. Finally, it states that the exam paper is made up of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
This document is a chemistry exam paper consisting of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages. It contains questions on topics such as the Contact Process for making sulfuric acid, properties of manganese, Period 3 elements, alkenes, and electrolysis of copper sulfate. The exam is marked out of a total number of marks given at the end of each question.
The document discusses CIE's use of variant question papers for some popular assessments with large candidatures. It explains that while the content and question types remain the same, there are now two variants of the question paper, mark scheme, and principal examiner's report for one component. Centres will use only one variant, but this provides access to more past examination material. It includes a diagram showing the relationship between the question papers, mark schemes, and reports for the two variants. The document also provides contact information for questions about these changes.
The document discusses changes made by CIE to use different variants of some question papers for assessments with large candidatures, where previously there was only one variant, in order to provide more past examination material. It explains that the content and question types remain unchanged between variants, and that the relationships between question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner's reports have been established. Candidates will typically only see one variant of a question paper for their country.
Marking scheme-chemistry-perfect-score-module-form-4-set-4Mudzaffar Shah
The document provides a marking scheme for an exam on acids, bases, and salts. It includes:
1) 11 multiple choice questions on acid-base concepts like neutralization reactions, ions present, calculating molarity, and distinguishing between strong/weak acids.
2) 9 more multiple choice questions testing identification of solutions, gas tests, and acid/base properties.
3) 10 essay questions requiring explanations of acid/base definitions, calculations of standard solutions, titration procedures, comparisons of acid types, and writing hypotheses and procedures for experiments.
4) Rubrics for grading lab reports with criteria like correctly recording burette readings, setting up tables, stating observations/inferences, and comparing
Chemistry perfect-score-module-form-4-set-4Mudzaffar Shah
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water. Bases are defined as substances that can neutralize acids to produce salts and water.
It discusses the properties of strong acids and bases versus weak acids and bases. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate.
The document also discusses monoprotic, diprotic, and triprotic acids based on the number of hydrogen ions they can donate. Equations are provided for the dissociation of several common acids like nitric acid, ethanoic acid, carbon
This document consists of a 13-page chemistry exam from 2007 including:
1) Questions about techniques to separate mixtures, the structure of magnesium bromide, and extracting zinc.
2) Questions involving the properties of alcohols, rates of reaction, and organic reactions.
3) A periodic table of the elements printed on page 16.
The document is a mark scheme that provides the requirements and basis for how examiners will award marks for the October/November 2013 series of the Cambridge International Examinations 0620 Chemistry exam. It shows the expected answers and level of understanding required to achieve each mark. The mark scheme should be read along with the exam question paper and examiner report to understand how marks were allocated.
This document contains mark schemes for Chemistry examinations from June 2004, including:
- The mark scheme and maximum marks for multiple choice, core, and extended papers.
- Details on how examiners were instructed to award marks and handle unexpected responses.
- Grade thresholds for each exam component.
- Sample exam questions and answers with marks allocated.
The document is the mark scheme for the October/November 2013 International GCSE Chemistry exam. It provides the answers and allocation of marks for questions 1 through 7 on the exam. For each question or part, it specifies the correct answer and gives explanations for awarding partial or full marks. The mark scheme is intended to clarify the requirements of the exam and the basis for how examiners awarded marks to student responses.
The document describes changes made by the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) to question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE now uses two similar but distinct variants for some question papers instead of just one. The content and standard assessed remains the same between variants. Centres will receive both variants, allowing access to more past exam material. The relationship between question papers, mark schemes, and examiner reports is shown in a table. Any questions about these changes should be directed to CIE Customer Services. The titles of the variant items should clearly indicate which variant they correspond to.
This document contains the mark scheme for the October/November 2013 Cambridge International Examinations IGCSE Chemistry exam. It provides the answers and level of detail required to receive marks for each question on the exam. The mark scheme is intended to guide teachers and students on the requirements of the exam and serves as the basis for how examiners will award marks to student responses.
The document contains summaries of several diagrams showing different scientific processes and experiments. It provides answers to questions about the diagrams, identifying variables, materials, observations, and conclusions. The key information summarized is that the document contains expert summaries and explanations of multiple scientific diagrams and experiments.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 multi-part chemistry questions testing knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollutants, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, combustion reactions, organic compounds, and properties of group 1 and transition metals. It also includes a copy of the periodic table.
The document discusses the use of variant question papers by CIE (Cambridge International Examinations) for some of their popular assessments. It explains that while the content and standard of assessment remains the same, there are now two variants of the question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports available for one component. This provides centers with more past examination material than usual to access. It includes both variants in the document. It also provides contact information for any questions about these changes and instructions for identifying the relevant parts of the document.
This document is a 16-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains 7 exam questions testing students' knowledge of topics including the periodic table, atmospheric pollution, acid-base reactions, extraction of metals, combustion reactions, organic compounds, and properties of calcium chloride. Diagrams and tables are provided to aid in answering multiple-choice and written response questions.
This document provides instructions for candidates taking an International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It includes:
1. Instructions for candidates to write their details and to answer all questions.
2. A 15 page exam paper with multiple choice and structured questions covering topics like the periodic table, chemical reactions, organic compounds, acids and bases, electrolysis and fertilizers.
3. A notice that the exam consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document is a chemistry exam from Puntland State of Somalia consisting of 9 sections with a total of 100 marks. It covers various chemistry concepts such as the electronic configurations of elements, chemical equations, enthalpy, organic compounds, and industrial processes like the Haber process. The exam tests the students' understanding of fundamental chemistry principles through multiple choice and structured questions requiring explanations and calculations.
The document provides a marking scheme for a chemistry exam involving manufactured substances in industry. It includes questions on industrial processes like the Haber process and contact process, polymers, alloys, composites, and an experiment on the rusting of iron and steel. The marking scheme provides the answers and scoring rubrics for questions assessing students' understanding of key concepts and ability to plan experiments.
1) The document provides questions and information about polymers, hydrocarbons, and organic chemistry concepts like cracking and fractional distillation.
2) It discusses the production of ethanol from crude oil by cracking hydrocarbons to produce ethene, then converting ethene to ethanol, as well as ethanol production by fermenting sugar from sugar cane.
3) The document also discusses environmental issues with disposing of polymers like polyethene and options for disposal like landfilling, incineration, and recycling.
The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron orbital in an atom that is at equilibrium. The atomic radius tends to decrease as one progresses across a period from left to right because the effective nuclear charge increases, thereby attracting the orbiting electrons and lessening the radius. The atomic radius usually increases while going down a group due to the addition of a new energy level (shell). However, diagonally, the number of electrons has a larger effect than the sizeable radiu
This document provides information about chemistry questions and answers from a 2014 exam in Kedah, Malaysia. It includes the question paper for Module 2 Chemistry, with 50 multiple choice questions and answers. It also includes the mark scheme and answers for the paper. The document discusses the questions asked, the correct answers, and the number of marks awarded for each part of each question. It provides a detailed breakdown of the questions, expected answers and marking criteria for the chemistry exam.
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 solved past paper . For solved papers for over 10 years along with thousands of resources, join yearly membership : www.smartexamresources.com. USE coupon code: FREEDOM40 to get 40% discount on all products that you purchase
The document contains marking schemes for Chemistry Paper 1, 2 and 3 for a diagnostic academic examination held in August 2017. The marking schemes provide the answers to questions in the papers and the marks allocated for each part of the questions. It also contains rubrics describing how marks are awarded for parts of questions involving explanations or descriptions. The marking schemes allow examiners to consistently apply marks to students' responses during marking to ensure fair and accurate assessment.
IRJET - Anti-Corrosion Effect of Curcuma Longa on Petroleum Drilling Equipmen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using turmeric to inhibit corrosion of petroleum drilling equipment exposed to acidic environments. Mild steel samples were immersed in 0.1M hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid solutions both with and without turmeric for one month. Visual observation, weight loss measurements, and SEM analysis were used to analyze corrosion. Results showed turmeric reduced corrosion in both acid solutions as indicated by less visible corrosion, lower weight loss, and smoother steel surfaces compared to acid solutions without turmeric. This suggests turmeric has potential as a natural corrosion inhibitor that could help maintain drilling equipment integrity in acidic downhole conditions.
This document contains the marking scheme for Paper 2 Chemistry Set 2 for JUJ Pahang 2019. It includes 10 questions testing various chemistry concepts. The marking scheme provides the answers and sub-marks for each question. For example, Question 1 has 9 sub-marks testing concepts such as the periodic table, ionic compounds, and chemical bonding. In total, the paper tests 109 sub-marks across all questions. The marking scheme is detailed, providing the answers and sub-marks allocated for each part of every question on the exam.
1) The document provides a chemistry exam for Class XII students with three sections - multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and descriptive answer questions.
2) The multiple choice section contains 16 questions testing concepts across the chemistry curriculum.
3) The short answer section contains 8 questions requiring students to provide explanations, equations, or names for various chemistry concepts.
4) The descriptive answer section provides 3 essay questions where students must explain processes, properties, or reactions in fuller detail. The exam aims to comprehensively test students' understanding of chemistry.
The document is the mark scheme for the October/November 2013 International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It provides the answers and allocation of marks for questions 1 through 7 on the exam. For each question or part of a question, it specifies the marks awarded for correct responses. It also provides guidance to examiners on acceptable alternative answers and use of examiners' discretion. The mark scheme is intended to be used along with the exam paper and examiner's report to ensure fair and consistent marking of students' responses.
Revision form 4_topic_-_manufactured_substances_in_industryFaDhirul Yusuf
This chemistry worksheet discusses manufactured substances in industry. It provides information on the manufacturing processes of sulphuric acid, ammonia, steel, and other substances. Students are asked questions to test their understanding of industrial chemistry concepts like chemical reactions, catalysts, and the properties and uses of manufactured materials. Diagrams of industrial processes and molecular structures are included to help explain key ideas.
The document discusses the use of variant question papers for some of CIE's most popular assessments. It explains that CIE uses two closely related variants of some question papers to provide more past examination material to students. For each variant, there is a corresponding mark scheme and examiner's report. The document contains both variants of the materials so that all centers have access to them. It provides guidance on how to identify which variant a particular paper belongs to based on labels at the top of the page. Anyone with additional questions should contact CIE's customer service team.
The document discusses the use of variant question papers for some of CIE's most popular assessments. It explains that CIE uses two closely related variants of some question papers to provide more past examination material to students. For each variant, there is a corresponding mark scheme and examiner's report. The document contains both variants of the materials so that all centers have access to them. It provides information on how to identify which variant a particular paper belongs to based on labels at the top of the page. Anyone with additional questions should contact CIE customer services.
This 16 page document consists of a specimen paper for a Cambridge International Examinations science exam. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of science concepts across various topics, including plants, elements, forces, and the human body. Diagrams and tables are provided alongside some questions.
Balancing equations worksheet and key, balancing equations, grade level varies, found on another site. This is high school level practice. This may be used for advanced chemistry practice, as well.
A student conducted an experiment using aluminium, iron, and copper metals and their sulfate salt solutions. Aluminium was found to be the most reactive metal as it displaced both iron and copper from their aqueous solutions. When barium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions were mixed, a white precipitate formed through a double displacement reaction. Heating lead nitrate produces yellow-brown lead oxide and brown nitrogen dioxide gas. Heating ferrous sulfate turns it from light green to brown and produces sulfurous oxide gas.
[To download this presentation, visit:
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
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Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Discover innovative uses of Revit in urban planning and design, enhancing city landscapes with advanced architectural solutions. Understand how architectural firms are using Revit to transform how processes and outcomes within urban planning and design fields look. They are supplementing work and putting in value through speed and imagination that the architects and planners are placing into composing progressive urban areas that are not only colorful but also pragmatic.
Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
Dive into this presentation and learn about the ways in which you can buy an engagement ring. This guide will help you choose the perfect engagement rings for women.
Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
In this article, we will dive into the extraordinary life of Ellen Burstyn, where the curtains rise on a story that's far more attractive than any script.
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Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
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BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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2. 1 Aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth’s crust, making up approximately 8% of the crust. The ore is first purified and the metal is then extracted from the purified ore by electrolysis.
3. a) Explain what you understand by the term “electrolysis”. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2] b) Name the ore from which aluminium is extracted. ___________________________ [1]
4. a) Explain what you understand by the term “electrolysis”. Electrolysis is the breaking down / decomposing / splitting of a substance by passing electricity through it. [2] b) Name the ore from which aluminium is extracted. Bauxite – accept alumina [1]
5. c) The electrolysis of the purified ore is carried out in the Hall-Héroult cell. In this cell the anode and cathode are made of graphite. The electrolyte is molten aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite, Na 3 AlF 6 .
6. (i) Explain what is meant by each of the terms below: Anode _____________________ [1] Cathode ___________________ [1] Electrolyte _________________ [2]
7. (i) Explain what is meant by each of the terms below: Anode is the positive electrode [1] Cathode is the negative electrode [1] Electrolyte is the substance through which the electricity passes [1] and is broken down [1]
8. (ii) Give two reasons why graphite is a suitable material from which to make the anode and cathode. _____________________________ __________________________ [2] (iii) Why is the aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite? __________________________ [2]
9. (ii) Give two reasons why graphite is a suitable material from which to make the anode and cathode. Graphite is a good conductor [1] and is cheaper (than platinum)/inert [1] (iii) Why is the aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite? The molten cryolite lowers the melting point of the aluminium oxide / so reducing costs / saving energy [1] increase conductivity [1]
10. d)(i) Name the products formed a the electrodes during electrolysis and give balanced, ionic equations for the reactions taking place. Anode Cathode Name of Product Balanced ionic equation
11. d)(i) Name the products formed a the electrodes during electrolysis and give balanced, ionic equations for the reactions taking place. Anode Cathode Name of Product Oxygen [1] Aluminium [1] Balanced ionic equation 2O 2- -> O 2 + 4e - [1] 6O 2- -> 3O 2 + 12e - [2] Al3+ 3e- -> Al [2] Or 4Al 3+ + 12e - -> 4Al [2]
12. (ii) At which electrode is reduction taking place? Explain your answer. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [3]
13. (ii) At which electrode is reduction taking place? Explain your answer. Reduction is taking place at the cathode [1]. Reduction is the gain of the electrons [1] the aluminium ions are gaining electrons [1]
14. e) Aluminium is an extremely important metal with widespread uses. Give two uses of aluminium and the property on which each use depends. Use ______________________ [1] Property __________________ [2] Use ______________________ [1] Property __________________ [2]
15. e) Aluminium is an extremely important metal with widespread uses. Give two uses of aluminium and the property on which each use depends. Use overhead power cables [1] Property low density / good conductor [1] Use Alloy [1] Property low density (but high strength) [1] Use saucepans [1] Property good thermal conductor [1]
16. f) Aluminium is widely recycled. Suggest two reasons why aluminium metal is recycled. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]
17. f) Aluminium is widely recycled. Suggest two reasons why aluminium metal is recycled. Aluminium is expensive to extract from its ore/cheaper to recycle [1] Bauxite reserves are running out/reduces landfill [1]
18. 2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product.
19. 2a) A solution of zinc sulphate may be prepared by the addition of an excess of one of the following substances A, B, C or D to dilute sulphuric acid. As well as zinc sulphate solution, each reaction produces at least one other product. Hydrogen [1] Water [1] Water [1] Carbon Dioxide [1] Water [1]
20. (i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5] (ii) write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B _______________________ [2] D _______________________ [2]
21. (i) Complete boxes 1 to 5 in the diagram to show the names of the other products in the reactions. [5] (ii) Write balanced, symbol equations for the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with substances: B ZnO + H 2 SO 4 -> ZnSO 4 + H 2 O [2] D ZnCO 3 + H 2 SO 4 -> ZnSO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2 [2]
22. (iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]
23. (iii) Give two observations that you would make when the reaction in method D was complete. Gas production stops/fizzing stops [1] No more solid reacts/solid remaining [1]
24. b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid. (i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? __________________________ [1]
25. b) Sulphuric Acid is a strong acid. (i) What is the pH of a sample dilute sulphuric acid? 0 – 2 [1]
26. (ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis. Name Formula Ion present in all acids Ion present in all alkalis
27. (ii) Give the name and the formulae of the ions present in all acids and alkalis. Name Formula Ion present in all acids Hydrogen [1] H 3 O + /H + (aq) Ion present in all alkalis Hydroxide [1] OH - (aq)
28. (iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. __________________________ [2]
29. (iii) Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. H + + OH - -> H 2 O [2]
30. c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid. (i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. __________________________________ _______________________________ [6] Quality of written communication [2]
31. c) It was decided to use substance D to make zinc sulphate by adding an excess of zinc carbonate to sulphuric acid. (i) Explain giving experimental detail, how a pure, dry sample of zinc sulphate, ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, could be prepared from this completed reaction. Filter [1] heat [1] to evaporate some water/to concentrate the solution [1] allow to cool [1] and recrystallise [1] filter [1] dry between two sheets of filter paper / dessicator / low temp oven [1] Quality of written communication [2]
32. (ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: ______________________ Result: ______________________ ___________________________ [3]
33. (ii) A sample of zinc sulphate crystals is dissolved in water. Describe how you would test for the presence of the sulphate ion in this solution. Reagent: barium chloride (sodium) [1] Result: white [1] precipitate [1]
34. d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution. (i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? ___________________________ [1]
35. d) Substance C, zinc hydroxide, was used to prepare zinc sulphate solution. (i) Zinc hydroxide reacts with both acids and alkalis. What term is used to describe this property of zinc hydroxide? Amphoteric [1]
36. (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. ___________________________ [3] (iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? ___________________________ [1]
37. (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of zinc hydroxide with sodium hydroxide solution. [3] Zn(OH) 2 + 2NaOH -> Na 2 ZNO 2 + 2H 2 O Allow: Zn(OH) 2 + 2NaOH -> Na 2 ZN(OH) 4 And: Zn(OH) 2 + 2OH - -> Zn(OH) 2- 4 (iii) what other metal hydroxide reacts in a similar way with acids and alkalis? Aluminium (hydroxide) [1]
38. 3 Many scientists contributed to the development of the Periodic Table of the elements. a) Define what is meant by the term “element”. _____________________________ ___________________________ [2]
39. 3 Many scientists contributed to the development of the Periodic Table of the elements. a) Define what is meant by the term “element”. A (pure) substance which cannot be broken down [1] by chemical means [1] or contains only one type [1] of atom [1]
40. The following list shows a selection of elements from the Periodic Table. Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all. Aluminium Chlorine Magnesium Neon Oxygen Phosphorus Silicon Sodium sulphur
41. b) From the elements list choose: (i) two elements in the same Group of the Periodic Table. __________ and __________ [2] (ii) three metallic elements __________, __________ and __________ [3]
42. b) From the elements list choose: (i) two elements in the same Group of the Periodic Table. Oxygen [1] and Sulphur [1] (ii) three metallic elements Magnesium [1], Sodium [1] and Aluminium [1]
43. (iii) an element with seven electrons in the outer shell __________________________ [1] (iv) a semi-metal and give a reason why it can be classified in this way. Element ______________________ Reason _______________________ __________________________ [2]
44. (iii) an element with seven electrons in the outer shell Chlorine [1] (iv) a semi-metal and give a reason why it can be classified in this way. Element Silicon [1] Reason It has properties of both metals and non-metals, e.g. it conducts electricity [1]
45. c) Element X reacts vigorously with cold water to produce a compound with formula XOH and hydrogen gas. In which Group of the Periodic Table is element X found? __________________________ [1]
46. c) Element X reacts vigorously with cold water to produce a compound with formula XOH and hydrogen gas. In which Group of the Periodic Table is element X found? Group I / Group l / alkali metals [1]
47. d) Atoms are extremely small. The radius of a hydrogen atom is approximately 0.000 000 000 1 m. Atoms of different elements are of different sizes. (i) how does the atomic size change on going down Group II? ___________________________ [1]
48. d) Atoms are extremely small. The radius of a hydrogen atom is approximately 0.000 000 000 1 m. Atoms of different elements are of different sizes. (i) how does the atomic size change on going down Group II? It increases [1]
49. (ii) How does the atomic size change on moving across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine? ___________________________ [1]
50. (ii) How does the atomic size change on moving across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine? It decreases [1]
51. e)(i) Barium is a typical Group II element. Complete the table below to show the formulae of the compounds named. [3] Name of Compound Formula of Compound Barium oxide Barium chloride Barium sulphate
52. e)(i) Barium is a typical Group II element. Complete the table below to show the formulae of the compounds named. [3] Name of Compound Formula of Compound Barium oxide BaO Barium chloride BaCl 2 Barium sulphate BaSO 4
53. (ii) Using your knowledge of the Periodic Table, predict whether barium will react more vigorously or less vigorously than calcium. Explain your answer. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [2]
54. (ii) Using your knowledge of the Periodic Table, predict whether barium will react more vigorously or less vigorously than calcium. Explain your answer. Barium will react more vigorously [1] (than calcium). Barium is below Ca in Group II/the reactivity increases as the group is descended [1]
55. (iii) Write a balanced, symbol equation to show how barium reacts with cold water. __________________________ [2]
56. (iii) Write a balanced, symbol equation to show how barium reacts with cold water. Ba + 2H 2 O -> Ba(OH) 2 + H 2 [2]
57. 4a) Ammonia is used in many household cleaning products. It has a very strong penetrating smell. State two other physical properties of ammonia. __________________________ [2]
58. 4a) Ammonia is used in many household cleaning products. It has a very strong penetrating smell. State two other physical properties of ammonia . Gas / low melting point / low boiling point [1] Higher than air [1] (very) soluble in water [1] colourless [1] Max [2]
59. b) The diagram shows some of the essential reactions and industrial processes associated with ammonia.
60. (i) Describe a chemical test for ammonia, giving the result of the test. _____________________________ ___________________________ [3] (ii) Name the compound A. ___________________________ [1]
61. (i) Describe a chemical test for ammonia, giving the result of the test . Hydrogen chloride / concentrated hydrochloric acid [1] white [1] smoke/fumes/solid [1] (ii) Name the compound A. Ammonium Chloride [1]
62. (iii) Describe the production of ammonia in the Haber-Bosch process. Your answer should include the name of the catalyst used, the approximate temperature and pressure and a balanced, symbol equation. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________ [7]
63. (iii) Describe the production of ammonia in the Haber-Bosch process. Your answer should include the name of the catalyst used, the approximate temperature and pressure and a balanced, symbol equation. The key points of this answer are: nitrogen [1] hydrogen [1] catalyst – iron [1]*, temperature – 450 o C ± [1]*, pressure – 200 atm ± [1]*, N 2 + 3H 2 ≈ 2NH 3 [2]* reversible arrow not essential to cool to liquify ammonia [1] unreacted gases recycled [1] Max [7] from [9]. * Are essential parts.
64. c) Garden lawn fertiliser often contains ammonium nitrate in addition to iron(II) sulphate, which is used to kill moss. (i) write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of ammonia and nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate. ___________________________ [2]
65. c) Garden lawn fertiliser often contains ammonium nitrate in addition to iron(II) sulphate, which is used to kill moss. (i) write a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction of ammonia and nitric acid to produce ammonium nitrate. NH 3 + HNO 3 -> NH 4 NO 3 [2]
66. (ii) Describe, giving practical details, how you would prove that lawn fertiliser pellets contain iron(II) sulphate and not iron(III) sulphate. Give the expected result. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [5]
67. (ii) Describe, giving practical details, how you would prove that lawn fertiliser pellets contain iron(II) sulphate and not iron(III) sulphate. Give the expected result. Add water [1], add ammonia solution/NaOH solution [1], green [1], ppt [1], red brown (ppt) indicates Fe 3+ [1]
68. (iii) State two environmental problems which occur when excess fertiliser is leached out of the soil and into lakes and rivers. _____________________________ __________________________ [2]
69. (iii) State two environmental problems which occur when excess fertiliser is leached out of the soil and into lakes and rivers. Eutrophication [1] Contamination of water supply [1]
70. d) Ammonia is used to manufacture nitric acid. This process involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia and occurs in three stages. Stage 1 _____________________ Stage 2 _____________________ Stage 3 _____________________[6]
71. d) Ammonia is used to manufacture nitric acid. This process involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia and occurs in three stages. Stage 1 4NH 3 + 5O 2 -> 4NO + 6H 2 O Stage 2 2NO + O 2 -> 2NO 2 Stage 3 4NO 2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O -> 4HNO 3
72. (ii) Name the material used as a catalyst in this process. ___________________________ [1] (iii) Which stage, 1, 2 or 3 involves use of the catalyst? ___________________________ [1]
73. (ii) Name the material used as a catalyst in this process. Platinum / platinum-rhodium [1] (iii) Which stage, 1, 2 or 3 involves use of the catalyst? Stage 1 [1]
74. 5a) The label below is taken from a bottle of sparkling mineral water and shows the presence and concentration of ions in mg per litre.
75. (i) Which one of these ions is present in the greatest concentration? ___________________________ [1] (ii) Which of these ions is needed to makes strong teeth and healthy bones? ___________________________ [1]
76. (i) Which one of these ions is present in the greatest concentration? Hydrogen carbonate [1] (ii) Which of these ions is needed to makes strong teeth and healthy bones? Calcium [1]
77. (iii) This water is “sparkling”. What gas is used to make it fizzy? _______________________________ [1] (iv) Use the information from the label to give the name and formula of two compounds which could be present in this mineral water. [4] Name ___________ Formula __________ Name ___________ Formula __________
78. (iii) This water is “sparkling”. What gas is used to make it fizzy? Carbon dioxide [1] (iv) Use the information from the label to give the name and formula of two compounds which could be present in this mineral water. [4] Name Calcium sulphate [1] Formula CaSO 4 [1] Name Calcium chloride [1] Formula CaCl 2 [1]
79. (v) An open bottle of sparkling mineral water was placed in the fridge for a day, and another placed in sunlight. Which bottle of water will be less fizzy at the end of the day? Explain your answer. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [3]
80. (v) An open bottle of sparkling mineral water was placed in the fridge for a day, and another placed in sunlight. Which bottle of water will be less fizzy at the end of the day? Explain your answer. Bottle in sunlight [1] increase in temperature [1] decrease solubility of gases [1]
81. (vi) Describe how you would find the approximate pH of the sparkling mineral water. _____________________________ ___________________________ [2]
82. (vi) Describe how you would find the approximate pH of the sparkling mineral water. Universal solution /pH paper [1] compare colour to pH chart [1]
83. b) 25cm 3 samples of water A, B, C and D were tested with soap solution. The volume of soap solution required to produce a lather that lasted for a minute was recorded. Fresh samples of each were boiled and tested again with soap solution. The results are shown below. Water Sample Volume of soap solution required (cm 3 ) before boiling Volume of soap solution required (cm 3 ) after boiling A 5.0 5.0 B 1.0 1.0 C 11.0 6.0 D 9.0 1.0
84. i) What is meant by the term “hard water”? _________________________ [2] (ii) Which of the four samples contains temporary hardness only? _________________________ [1]
85. i) What is meant by the term “hard water”? Does not later [1] easily with soap [1] (ii) Which of the four samples contains temporary hardness only? Sample D [1]
86. (iii) Which of the four samples contains both permanent and temporary hardness? Explain your answer. _____________________________ _____________________________ __________________________ [3]
87. (iii) Which of the four samples contains both permanent and temporary hardness? Explain your answer. Sample C [1] some [1] hardness remained / removed on boiling [1]
88. (iv) Give a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction taking place when sample D is boiled. ___________________________ [2] (v) Ion exchange can be used to soften hard water. Explain, in terms of ions, how this method works. ______________________________ ___________________________ [3]
89. (iv) Give a balanced, symbol equation for the reaction taking place when sample D is boiled. Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 -> CaCO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 [2] (v) Ion exchange can be used to soften hard water. Explain, in terms of ions, how this method works. Calcium ions in hard water [1] exchanged [1] with Na + ions [1] on resin
90. 6a) Butane is a hydrocarbon fuel used in many small lighters in which the gas is ignited using a spark from a flint.
91. (i) What is meant by the term “hydrocarbon”? ___________________________ [2] (ii) To which homologous series does butane belong? ___________________________ [1]
92. (i) What is meant by the term “hydrocarbon”? Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms [1] only [1] (ii) To which homologous series does butane belong? Alkanes [1]
93. (iii) Draw the structural formula of butane showing all the bonds in the compound. [2]
94. (iii) Draw the structural formula of butane showing all the bonds in the compound. [2] H H H H I I I I H – C – C – C – C – H I I I I H H H H
95. b) Petrol is a hydrocarbon fuel burnt in car engines. It is obtained from crude oil and consists mainly of octane. (i) Name the two products formed when octane burns completely in a plentiful supply of air. ___________________________ [2]
96. b) Petrol is a hydrocarbon fuel burnt in car engines. It is obtained from crude oil and consists mainly of octane. (i) Name the two products formed when octane burns completely in a plentiful supply of air. Carbon dioxide [1] water/steam [1]
97. (ii) If a car engine is not serviced correctly the octane does not burn completely. Name the poisonous product formed in this reaction. ___________________________ [1] (iii) Name the industrial method used to obtain petrol from crude oil. ___________________________ [1]
98. (ii) If a car engine is not serviced correctly the octane does not burn completely. Name the poisonous product formed in this reaction. Carbon monoxide [1] (iii) Name the industrial method used to obtain petrol from crude oil. Fractional [1] distillation [1]
99. c) Liquid octane can be thermally cracked in the laboratory using the apparatus shown below.
100. (i) Why is it possible to collect the products over water? _______________________________ [1] (ii) What is meant by the term “cracking”? _______________________________ [2]
101. (i) Why is it possible to collect the products over water? Not very soluble in water/insoluble [1] (ii) What is meant by the term “cracking”? Breaking down large molecules [1] into smaller molecules [1]
102. (iii) When octane, C 8 H 18 , is cracked, ethene and one other hydrocarbon is produced. Write a balanced, symbol equation for the cracking of octane. ______________________________ ___________________________ [2]
103. (iii) When octane, C 8 H 18 , is cracked, ethene and one other hydrocarbon is produced. Write a balanced, symbol equation for the cracking of octane. C 8 H 18 -> C 2 H 4 + C 6 H 14 [2]
104. (iv) Ethene is an alkene. Describe a chemical test which could be used to prove than an alkene was produced. State the result of the test. _________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ [3]
105. (iv) Ethene is an alkene. Describe a chemical test which could be used to prove than an alkene was produced. State the result of the test. (bubble into) bromine water [1] red brown to [1] colourless / decolourised [1]
106. d) “Gasochol” is an alternative fuel which contains up to 20% ethanol. The ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugar cane. (i) Draw the structural formula of ethanol showing all the bonds in the compound. [2]
107. d) “Gasochol” is an alternative fuel which contains up to 20% ethanol. The ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugar cane. (i) Draw the structural formula of ethanol showing all the bonds in the compound. [2]
108. (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the combustion of ethanol in a plentiful supply of air. _______________________________ [2] (iii) Describe how ethanol is produced by fermentation. __________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ [4]
109. (ii) Write a balanced, symbol equation for the combustion of ethanol in a plentiful supply of air. C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 -> 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O[2] (iii) Describe how ethanol is produced by fermentation. The key points of this answer are: sugar/grapes, yeast, exclude air, control temperature, CO 2 produced (Max [4] from [5])
110. (iv) Give one other use of ethanol, apart from as a fuel. ___________________________ [1]
111. (iv) Give one other use of ethanol, apart from as a fuel. Alcoholic beverage / solvent [1]