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20 Years of Java
- 9. Agenda • It’s 2015 • Java has been around for 20 years. • Longer if you count the alphas/betas of Java 1.0
- 20. Oops… too far
- 25. 1991-1993 • Project “Green” at Sun Microsystems • A portable architecture for home electronics • Remote controls?
- 26. 1994 • I’m still at university • Scraped together enough money to build a high performance mini tower PC • Pentium 90 • “Wow! CPU frequencies are, like, in the FM the FM band these days”
- 29. 1994 • At the same time in Santa Clara • Oak has better applications than programming remote controls • Deal with Netscape finalizing
- 30. 1994 • At the same time in Santa Clara • Oak has better applications than programming remote controls • Deal with Netscape finalizing • Write once / run everywhere
- 31. 1994 • At the same time in Santa Clara • Oak has better applications than programming remote controls • Deal with Netscape finalizing • Write once / run everywhere • “Network aware” language
- 32. 1995-1996 • 1995 was the year where Internet suddenly meant “The World Wide Web” • 1996: JDK 1.02 • The first JDK released by Sun • Java in Netscape Navigator
- 38. 1996 • Internship at Ericsson Medialab • “Play with Ericsson’s future” • Use “cutting edge technology” to do something with media on demand
- 39. 1996 • Internship at Ericsson Medialab • “Play with Ericsson’s future” • Use “cutting edge technology” to do something with media on demand
- 42. 1996 • Basically Spotify • … and Netflix • … in an Applet
- 43. 1996 • Basically Spotify • … and Netflix • … in an Applet • … with mpeg hardware cards
- 44. 1996 • Java 1.0
- 45. 1996 • Java 1.0 • Pure byte code interpretation • University professor suddenly proud of his interpreted toy language, not ashamed as previously • “If Java gets away with it, I can” • But did it?
- 46. 1996 • Java 1.0 • Pure byte code interpretation • University professor suddenly proud of his interpreted toy language, not ashamed as previously • “If Java gets away with it, I can” • But did it? • Java Memory Model (broken)
- 47. 1996 • Java 1.0 • Pure byte code interpretation • University professor suddenly proud of his interpreted toy language, not ashamed as previously • “If Java gets away with it, I can” • But did it? • Java Memory Model (broken) • Thread.stopand all its friends (@deprecated)
- 48. 1996 • Java 1.0 • Pure byte code interpretation • University professor suddenly proud of his interpreted toy language, not ashamed as previously • “If Java gets away with it, I can” • But did it? • Java Memory Model (broken) • Thread.stopand all its friends (@deprecated) • “Very 1.0”
- 51. 1996 • Appeal Software Solutions is founded in Stockholm - All members had extensive Java experience, having used the language from the start - Java Consulting - … and … *sigh* UML/RUP
- 52. 1996
- 53. 1996
- 54. 1996
- 56. 1997 • Java on the client side not really taking off • Write once / run everywhere does, however • And no buffer overruns • And no pointers • And automatic memory management • == fast application development • The JDK is a great library for development
- 57. 1997 • Java on the client side not really taking off • Write once / run everywhere does, however • And no buffer overruns • And no pointers • And automatic memory management • == fast application development • The JDK is a great library for development • The dawn of application servers
- 58. 1997 • Java on the client side not really taking off • Write once / run everywhere does, however • And no buffer overruns • And no pointers • And automatic memory management • == fast application development • The JDK is a great library for development • The dawn of application servers • Prehistoric trail toward Java EE
- 59. 1997 • Java 1.1 • Inner classes • JavaBeans • JDBC • RMI • Limited Reflection (non runtime) • The first JITs • (Symantec on Windows) • SERIALIZATION – THE HORROR!
- 62. 1998 • JDK 1.2 • Swing • strictfp • JIT introduced in the classic VM • Collections API • JDK triples in size: 1520 classes, 59 packages
- 63. 1998 • JDK 1.2 • Swing • strictfp • JIT introduced in the classic VM • Collections API • JDK triples in size: 1520 classes, 59 packages
- 65. JavaOne 1998 • Sun Microsystems presents the HotSpot virtual machine again – “WTF! This is slide-by-slide the exact same presentation as last year!?!” – We can’t wait any longer. Let’s build our own VM. How hard can it be?
- 68. Productize a narrower domain? • Server-side usage only. Headless. – We need to help the early app server vendors get performance and scalability • No interpreter – “startup time doesn’t matter on the server anyway”
- 69. 1998 • BEA Acquires WebLogic • Weblogic becomes one the first drivers for J2EE specification
- 70. 1998
- 71. 1998 • TowerJ • Excelsior JET • Convert byte code to C code and run gcc • Fundementally incompatible with a runtime language • Rakes in $$$ anyway
- 72. 1999 • Appeal Software Solutions finance JRockit development • Hunting for VC • In August we sell the first part of our souls • We spend nights reading academic papers • Jalapeño (to become Jikes RVM)
- 73. 2000 • Java is now the fastest growing programming language in the world • Dot com bubble • NASDAQ hits 5.000 just before the tech wreck
- 74. 2000 • The Java License • You can’t call yourself “Java” without a Java license • You need to pass the TCK test suite – Not available without license • To get a Java License you need a “value add”
- 77. The Java License
- 80. The Java License • What’s a “value add”? – Superior performance! – What? You didn’t like that?
- 81. The Java License • What’s a “value add”? – Superior performance! – What? You didn’t like that? – OK… Let’s see… Err.. “managability”
- 82. The Java License
- 83. 2000 • JDK 1.3 “Kestrel” – HotSpot released before, April 1999 J2SE JVM – But Kestrel bundles HotSpot with JDK – JNDI – JPDA – RMI/Corba – JavaSound
- 84. 2000 • Q1 2000 – JRockit 1.0 released – “Very 1.0” – N x M green threads hybrid – We actually sell some licenses • We are stupid enough to write it in the year end financial statement
- 85. 2001
- 86. 2001 • Appeal Virtual Machines is broken out from Appeal Software Solutions • Appeal Virtual Machines finally gets its Java License! • “Managability value add” • Static compiler mindset still very strong • Very hard to sell adaptive runtimes as concept
- 87. 2001 • BEA wants performance and scalability YESTERDAY • We take time to help them out • Start cooperating on benchmarks
- 90. 2001 • JavaOne 2001 • I was mostly in San Mateo getting JRockit to run on IA64 in binary translation mode
- 91. 2002
- 92. 2002 • JDK 1.4 “Merlin” – First platform developed under JCP – assert keyword – Regexps (sorta like Perl but not really) – Exception.getCause() – NIO – Logging API – Image I/O – XML – IPv6
- 93. 2002 • Valentine’s day: BEA acquires Appeal Virtual Machines • Now: how do we make money? • Eventually we found 4 value adds
- 94. 2002 • Valentine’s day: BEA acquires Appeal Virtual Machines • Now: how do we make money? • Eventually we found 4 value adds
- 95. 2002 • Value add #1 – CCE/SE – Implement BEA’s multi tier support process
- 96. 2002 • Value add #2 – Managability – JSR works starts on JSR-174 – Management console is the first part of Java Mission Control to get out there
- 99. 2003-2004 • Some hardware observations are in order – Clock rate curves start to flatten out – Multi cores, NUMA, hyperthreading
- 100. 2003-2004 • Some hardware observations are in order – Clock rate curves start to flatten out – Multi cores, NUMA, hyperthreading – Java still has explicit Threads
- 101. 2003-2004 • Some hardware observations are in order – Clock rate curves start to flatten out – Multi cores, NUMA, hyperthreading – Java still has explicit Threads – In-order execution is a bad idea for JITs
- 102. 2003-2004 • Some hardware observations are in order – Clock rate curves start to flatten out – Multi cores, NUMA, hyperthreading – Java still has explicit Threads – In-order execution is a bad idea for JITs Execution Time = Runtime Overhead + Program Runtime
- 103. 2004 • JDK 5.0 (“Tiger”, JSR-176) – Number scheme changed from 1.x – Biggest Java release so far! – Generics – Annotations – Autoboxing/ unboxing – Enums – Varargs (Object… ) – Static imports – java.util.concurrent
- 105. 2004 • x86_64 released – not the Itanium, still 64 bit – For the first time in history AMD eats Intel’s lunch – Full backwards compatibility towards IA32 – Adoption (recognize the parallel to Java) – Wider register bandwidth – 2x the number of registers – EXABYTES of virtual memory space
- 106. The Benchmark Wars
- 107. The Benchmark Wars • SPECjvm98 was the benchmark since time immemorial • SPECjbb2000, 2005 • SPECJAppServer • Running SPECjbb2005 is a quantifiable management goal
- 108. The Benchmark Wars • Brought real world optimizations – Compressed references – Non contiguous heaps for 32 bits – External and internal heap compaction – Concurrent GC – Biased locking – Large pages – NUMA – Prefetch heuristics – Using vectorized hardware instructions SSE3/4 – Partial Escape Analysis – Off heap storage prototypes
- 109. The Benchmark Wars • Brought real world optimizations – Compressed references – Non contiguous heaps for 32 bits – External and internal heap compaction – Concurrent GC – Biased locking – Large pages – NUMA – Prefetch heuristics – Using vectorized hardware instructions SSE3/4 – Partial Escape Analysis – Off heap storage prototypes
- 110. The Benchmark Wars • All this from a few semi-synthetic benchmarks • Competition leads to Java server side performance being pushed to where it’s never been before • “Performance releases” not always great for stability, though
- 112. 2004 • Meanwhile at Appeal Virtual Machines – Value add #3 – Deterministic GC – QoS level for pause times – Modern applications want low latency rather than throughput – Telco, finance sectors went wild
- 115. 2004 • JSR-174 gets finalized • Mission Control ships with its first versions – Production time zero overhead monitoring – Limited flight recordings (JRA) – Extremely cheap – Just use data available from the runtime already
- 117. Memory Leak Detector
- 118. 2005 Halftime
- 119. 2006
- 120. 2006 • Sun Microsystems not doing all too well? • JavaFX is going on. – Mobile phones are everything. – It gets a bit quiet from our side of the scene.
- 121. 2006 • Apache Harmony – Needed to rewrite classes from scratch – IBM and others contribute a lot of code • Asks for Java license which it doesn’t get – Field of use restrictions claimed not compliant with JCP rules • Various JCP fights ensue • Sun opens up JVM/JDK sources under GPL v2
- 122. 2006 • JDK 6.0 (December, JSR-270) “Mustang” – javax.scripting(built in Rhino integration) – Compiler API – JDBC 4.0 – Dynamic languages, JSR-292 up for review
- 123. Fantom Fortress BeanShell Jaskell ANTLR JudoScript ABCL Erjang X10 myForth jdart jgo Nice Gosu Jacl
- 124. 2006 • Dynamic languages are becoming trendy • JRuby leads the growth • JSR-292, invokedynamic • BEA, IBM, Sun all in the process – We contribute substantially to the spec • The polyglot JVM effort is starting to be coordinated • Bytecode is basically serialized Java – No runtime-only dispatch
- 126. 2006 • Virtualization is becoming trendy • “The JVM is just a specialized operating system for running Java” • BEA Starts building JRockit Virtual Edition (VE) – Value add #4
- 127. 2006
- 128. 2006 • Why is virtualized Java powerful? – Removal of abstraction – Zero copy I/O – Move everything we can to userland – Minimize syscalls – Threads can protect memory from other threads • Cheap read barriers for low latency GC! – But device drivers? – That’s what we have the Hypervisor for – Heavily encouraged by the investment banking industry
- 129. 2007 • Apache requests TCK • The JCP stalls • JRockit needs to hedge its bets, and can run Harmony after a few months • BEA/Sun Java license discussions • No language updates for the forseeable future?
- 132. 2008 • Oracle acquires BEA • JRockit engineering works closely with ExaData and the Oracle server stacks • JRockit becomes default Oracle JVM
- 133. 2008 • Oracle acquires BEA • JRockit engineering works closely with ExaData and the Oracle server stacks • JRockit becomes default Oracle JVM • Oracle forces the move from VMWare to Xen for Jrockit VE.
- 137. 2010 • Oracle acquires Sun! • HotRockit? • JRockit VE dies :-(
- 140. 2011 • Sadly, still no new Java release since 2006 • IBM joins the OpenJDK • Harmony retires
- 141. 2011 • Sadly, still no new Java release since 2006 • IBM joins the OpenJDK • Harmony retires • Marcus comes back to the Language team
- 142. 2011 • Java 7 “Dolphin” – Plan “A” – Initial (native) implementation of invokedynamic bytecode – Compressed oops default – Project Coin • Try-with-resource, switch on strings, binary literals, underscores, multi catch with | separators – Concurrency utilities finalized (JSR-166) – NIO-2 (JSR-203)
- 143. 2011 • Java 7 extremely well received by community! • Tipping point and community goodwill • Oracle’s second JavaOne extremely well received
- 144. JVM Architecture observation • We have the backwards compatibility still • We will always maintain it – In some ways, things might change, e.g. Jigsaw, but fundamental compatibility will always be there
- 146. 2011-2012 • Java 8 development starts picking up speed • Nashorn project officially starts • JMC / servicability port to HotSpot completes, part of Java 8 (7u40) • Better build and test infrastructure
- 147. 2013 • Crunch mode
- 149. 2014 • Java 8 (released March 18) – Biggest and best Java release ever – Perm gen removal – Type annotation – Unsigned integer math – Repeated annotations – Date and Time API (JSR-310) – Nashorn
- 150. 2014
- 151. 2014
- 152. 2014 List<?> costBeforeTax = Arrays.asList(100, 200, 300, 400, 500); for (Integer cost : costBeforeTax) { double price = cost + .25*cost; System.out.println(price); }
- 153. 2014 List<?> costBeforeTax = Arrays.asList(100, 200, 300, 400, 500); costBeforeTax.stream(). map((cost) -> cost .25*cost). forEach(System.out::println);
- 154. 2014 List<?> costBeforeTax = Arrays.asList(100, 200, 300, 400, 500); costBeforeTax.parallelStream(). map((cost) -> cost .25*cost). forEach(System.out::println);
- 155. 2014 • …and the build process • ./configure; make – 5 minutes – HUGE breakthrough for productivity
- 156. 2015
- 157. 2015 • Java 9 in the works – Jigsaw – JShell REPL (Project Kulla) – Nashorn partial ES6 support, huge performance improvements
- 158. 2015 • After Java 9 – Value types (project Valhalla) – Foreign function interface (project Panama) – Arrays 2.0 – Deterministic and Low Latency GC – More open source JVM implementations: J9, dynamic language applications.
- 159. 2015 • Java is vibrant again! • Java 8 is awesome! • Java 9 had an awesome JavaOne 2015 • Join the JCP!
- 160. Q & A?