4. (2) You will find yourself behind
schedule at times, which forces you to
hurry. You can be required to make
decisions or take positions on topics
that have significance in your everyday
life in certain situations.
5. (5) The following tips on how one can
take a stand are suggested by Europe, a
non-governmental organization (NGO)
in Europe, on their “Take a Stand”
awareness campaign for civic
engagement launched in 2017.
10. TOLERATE AND RESPECT
(2)Other cultures and their beliefs
must be acknowledged and respected.
Support constructive integration and
start a conversation where it's needed.
12. BE OPEN-MINDED
(2)Find out other cultures, listen to
foreign music, watch foreign films, read
books, experience world cuisine, and
strive to understand other people’s
beliefs and perspectives.
19. For every claim that you voice out or write
about, you are required to prove your
judgement. Sufficiency of evidences to
support your conclusion is essential in
advocating your position on a topic.
20. Each of the following question consists of one
statement followed by two arguments.
You have to decide which one of them is
stronger and which one of them is weak.
21. 1. Should privately owned vehicles be banned in city centers
to avoid the problem of congestion?
Arguments:
I. No, this is an unrealistic solution as privately owned
vehicles have become a part and parcel of life.
II. Yes, people must use public transports as it will reduce
congestion and also reduce air pollution
Options:
A - Only argument I is strong.
B - Only argument II is strong.
C - Either I or II is strong.
D - Neither I nor II is strong
22. 2. Should there be capital punishment for those who are found
guilty of rape charges?
Arguments:
I. Yes, this is the only way to eliminate such atrocities on
women.
II. No, this will lead to more violence as culprits may even
kill the rape victims
Options:
A - Only argument I is strong.
B - Only argument II is strong.
C - Either I or II is strong.
D - Neither I nor II is strong.
23. 3. Should alcohol be banned to reduce the crime rate?
Arguments:
I. Yes, over the past decades, researchers have examined
the relationship between alcohol, drugs and crime
II. Yes, excessive drinking has the ability to lower
inhibitions, impair a person’s judgment and increase the
risk of aggressive behaviors.
Options:
A - Only argument I is strong.
B - Only argument II is strong.
C - Either I or II is strong.
D - Neither I nor II is strong.
24. 4. Should artists receive funding from the government in
order for them to continue their work?
Arguments:
I. Yes, arts preserve unique culture and heritage, passing
a country’s precious cultural character and traditions
along to future generations.
II. No, the country have to deal with other immediate
pressures that are more important than the field of arts.
Options:
A - Only argument I is strong.
B - Only argument II is strong.
C - Either I or II is strong.
D - Neither I nor II is strong.
25. 5. Should there be topics on sex education for high school students?
Arguments:
I. Yes, because it can reduce chances of AIDS.
II. No, students mind will divert.
Options:
A - Only argument I is strong.
B - Only argument II is strong.
C - Either I or II is strong.
D - Neither I nor II is strong.
26. Let us test your logic through answering
these riddles. Write all your answers first in a
separate sheet of paper before looking at the
answer key to check if they are correct. Have
fun!
27. 1. A man in a car can see three doors:
A bronze door, a silver door, and a golden
door. Which door should he open
first?
37. A claim without evidence is merely an
opinion. In order to defend a stand on a
particular issue or topic, your claim must be
embedded with adequate evidences.
OPINION VS. ARGUMENT
38. Facts not supported
with evidence
Facts supported with
evidence
Many students seek
assistance with their
writing skills at university.
Wonderland University (2016, p. 36) reports that
during the academic year, lecturers recommended
that 396 internal and 267 external students
should
seek assistance with their writing.
Writing academic
paragraphs is the most
important skill in academic
writing.
The Australian Association of Essay Writing (2012,
p.
129) claims that their research in five universities
shows that students are required to write
academic
paragraphs in 90% of their assessment tasks.
40. 1. Quotations (e.g. direct quotes, paraphrases,
summaries)
In its research project, the Literacy Foundation
(2014, p. 167) argues that “common punctuation
errors cause problems with meaning-making in
student writing”.
41. 2. Examples (e.g. illustrations of your points)
Many student writers have difficulty with some
aspects of punctuation. For example, researchers
(George et al., 2016; Jones & Brown, 2013; Smith,
2012) find that many students misuse commas, mix
up colons and
semicolons and use capital letters incorrectly.
42. 3. Statistics (e.g. facts, figures, diagrams)
The literacy Reference Group (2017, para.10)
finds that more than 60% of the
students who were assessed on their literacy
scale made errors in their
punctuation
45. Writing support statements
1. write support statement (sentence)
2. write the reasons /evidence to support
what you say (a number of sentences).
Put your most important reasons first.
46. Supporting Argument
A number of researchers have noted that assignment tasks
help students to learn the language of their subject (your
statement). For instance, Smith and Jones (2014, p. 27) find
that students who do assignments demonstrate a better use
of the terminology of their subject when they write in their
exams than students who do only exam assessment
(evidence to support your statement).
47. Writing about the opposing ideas
1. write a statement with the idea you disagree
with (the opposing idea)
2. write the reasons/evidence you have showing
how your position is better (a
number of sentences). Put your most important
reasons first.
48. Opposing Argument
Some educators argue that assignments are time
consuming to mark (your opposing statement).
However, evidence from student feedback surveys
finds that students value this feedback more than any
other learning experience in their courses (Jackson &
Peters, 2015) (counter evidence to support your
opposing position).
49. LEARNING TASK 1
Study the ads below and decide whether
you are in favor or against the particular
issues being raised. Then answer the
questions that follow. Write your answer in
pad paper.
53. 1. What is your stand?
2. What help you decide?
3. What did you use as the basis of decision-making?
4. If you would be given the opportunity to talk to someone
regarding the issues of materialism and pork barrel, whom
would you talk to? Why?
5. What would you tell him/her?
54. How to Detect Propaganda
Institute for Propaganda Analysis
55. (1) We are fooled by propaganda chiefly because we
don’t recognize it when we see it. It may be fun to be
fooled but, as the cigarette ads used to say, it is more
fun to know. We can more easily recognize
propaganda when we see it if we are familiar with the
seven common propaganda devices.
These are:
56. 1. The name-calling device.
2. The glittering-generalities device.
3. The transfer device.
4. The testimonial device.
5. The plain-folks device
6. The card-stacking device.
7. The band-wagon device.
57. (2) Why are we fooled by these devices? Because they appeal to our emotions
rather than to our reason. They make us believe and do something we would not
believe or do if we thought about it calmly, dispassionately. In examining these
devices, note that they work most effectively at those times when we are too lazy to
think for ourselves; also, they tie into emotions that sway us to be “for” or “against”
nations, races, religions, ideals, economic, and political policies and practices, and
so on through automobiles, cigarettes, radios, toothpastes, presidents, and wars,
With our emotions stirred, it may be fun to be fooled by these propaganda devices,
but it is more fun and infinitely more in our own interests to know how they work.
59. (3) “Name calling” is a device to make us form a judgment
without examining the evidence upon which it should be
based. Here the propagandist appeals to our hate and fear.
He does this by giving “bad names” to those individuals,
groups, nations, races, policies, practices, beliefs, and ideals
that he would have us condemn and reject. For centuries, the
name “heretic” was bad. Thousands were oppressed,
tortured, or put to death as heretics.
60. Anybody who dissented from popular or group belief or
practice was in danger of being called a heretic. In the light
of today’s knowledge, some heresies were bad and some
were good. Many of the pioneers of modern science were
called heretics; witnesses the cases of Copernicus, Galileo,
Bruno. Today’s bad names includes fascist demagogue,
dictator, red, financial oligarchy, communist, muck-raker,
alien, outside All rights reserved.
61. Anybody who dissented from popular or group belief or
practice was in danger of being called a heretic. In the light
of today’s knowledge, some heresies were bad and some
were good. Many of the pioneers of modern science were
called heretics; witnesses the cases of Copernicus, Galileo,
Bruno. Today’s bad names includes fascist demagogue,
dictator, red, financial oligarchy, communist, muck-raker,
alien, outside All rights reserved.
62. No part of this material may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic
or mechanical including photocopying – without
written permission from the DepEd Central Office.
First Edition, 2016. DEPED COPY 187 agitator,
economic royalist, utopian rabble-rouser, trouble-
maker, Tory, constitution wrecker.
63. (4) “Al” Smith called Roosevelt a communist by
implication when he said in his Liberty League speech,
“There can be only one capital, Washington, or
Moscow.” When Smith was running for the presidency,
many called him a tool of the pope, saying in effect,
“We must choose between Washington and Rome.”
That implied that Smith, if elected president, would
take his orders from the pope.
64. Recently Justice Hugo Black has been associated with
a bad name – Ku Klux Klan. In these cases, some
propagandists have tried to make us form judgments
without examining essential evidence and
implications. “Al Smith is a Catholic. He must never be
president.” “Roosevelt is a red. Defeat his program.”
“Hugo Black is or was a Klansman. Take him out of the
Supreme Court.”
65. (5) Use of bad names without presentation of
their essential meaning, without all their
pertinent implications, comprises perhaps the
most common of all propaganda devices. Those
who want to maintain the status quo apply bad
names to those who would change it.
66. For example, the Hearst press applies bad
names to communists and socialists. Those who
want to change the status quo apply bad names
to those who would maintain it. For example,
the Daily Worker and the American Guardian
apply bad names to conservative Republicans
and Democrats.
68. (6) “Glittering generalities” is a device by which the
propagandist identifies his program with virtue by use
of “virtue words.” Here he appeals to our emotions of
love, generosity, and brotherhood. He uses words
such as truth, freedom, honor, liberty, social justice,
public service, the right to work, loyalty, progress,
democracy, the American way, constitution defender.
These words suggest shinning ideals.
69. All persons of good will believe in these ideals. Hence,
the propagandist, by identifying his individual group,
nation, race, policy, practice, or belief with such ideals,
seeks to win us to his cause. As name calling is a
device to make us form a judgment to reject and
condemn, without examining the evidence, glittering
generalities is a device to make us accept and
approve, without examining the evidence.
70. (7) For example, use of the phrases, “the right to
work” and “social justice may be a device to
make us accept programs for meeting the labor
– capital problem which, if we examined them
critically, we would not accept at all.
71. (8) In the name-calling and glittering-generalities
devices, words are used to stir up our emotions and
to befog our thinking. In one device “bad words” are
used to make us mad; in the other “good words” are
used to make us glad. The propagandist is most
effective in the use of these devices when his words
make us create devils to fight or gods to adore.
72. By his use of the bad words, we 15personify as a “devil” some
nation, race, group, individual, policy, practice, or ideal; we
are made fighting mad to destroy it. By use of good words,
we personify as a god-like idol some nation, race, group, and
so on. Words that are bad to some are good to others or
may be made so. Thus, to some the New Deal is “a prophecy
of social salvation” while to others it is “an omen of social
disaster.”
73. (9) From consideration of names,
“bad” and “good”, we pass to
institutions and symbol, also “bad”
and “good.” We see these in the next
device.
75. (10) “Transfer” is a device by which the propagandist carries over
the authority, sanction, and prestige of something we respect and
revere to something he would have us accept. For example, most of
us respect and revere our church and our nation. If the propagandist
succeeds in getting church or nation to approve a campaign on
behalf of some program, he thereby transfers its authority, sanction,
and prestige to that program. Thus, we may accept something that
otherwise we might reject.
76. (11) In the transfer device, symbols are constantly used.
The cross represents the Christians Church. The flag
represents the nation. Cartoons such as Uncle Sam
represent a consensus of public opinion. Those symbols
stir emotions. At their very sight, with the speed of light,
is aroused the whole complex of feelings we have with
respect to church or nation.
77. A cartoonist, by having Uncle Sam disapprove a budget
for unemployment relief, would have us feel that the
whole United States disapproves relief costs. By drawing
an Uncle Sam who approves the same budget, the
cartoonist would have us feel that the American people
approve it. Thus, the transfer device is used both for and
against causes and ideas.
80. (12) The “testimonial” is a device to make us accept
anything from a patent medicine or a cigarette to a
program of national policy. In this device the
propagandist makes use of testimonials. “When I feel
tired, I smoke a Camel and get the grandest ‘lift’.” “We
believe the John Lewis plan of labor organization is
splendid; C. I. O. should be supported.”
81. This device works in reverse also; counter-
testimonials may be employed. Seldom are these
used against commercial products such as patent
medicines and cigarettes, but they are constantly
employed in social, economic, and political
issues. “We believe that the John Lewis plan of
labor organization is bad; C. I. O. should not be
supported.”
85. (13) “Plain folks” is a device used by politicians, labor
leaders, businessmen, and even by ministers and
educators to win our confidence by appearing to be
people just like ourselves – “just plain folks among the
neighbors.” In election years especially candidates show
their devotion to little children and the common, homey
things of life.
87. They go to country picnics; they attend service at the old
frame church; they pitch hay and go fishing; they show
their belief in home and mother. In short, they would win
our votes by showing that they’re just as ordinary as the
rest of us – “just plain folks,’ – and, therefore, wise and
good. Businessmen are often “plain folks” with the
factory hands. Even distillers use the device. “It’s your
price.”
91. (14)“Card-stacking” is a device in which the
propagandist employs all the arts of deception to
win our support for himself, his group, nation,
race, policy, practice, belief or ideal. He stacks the
card against the truth. He uses under emphasis
and over-emphasis to dodge issues and evade
facts. He resorts to lies, censorship, and
distortion.
92. He omits facts. He offers false testimony. He
creates a smoke-screen of clamor by raising a
new issue when he wants an embarrassing matter
forgotten.” He draws a red herring across the trail
to confuse and divert those in quest of facts he
does not want revealed.
93. By the card-stacking device, a mediocre candidate, through
the “build-up,” is made to appear an intellectual titan; an
ordinary prize fighter a probable world champion; a
worthless patent medicine a beneficent cure. By means of
this device propagandists would convince us that a ruthless
war of aggression is a crusade for righteousness. Some
member nations of the Non-Intervention Committee send
their troops to intervene in Spain. Card-stacking employs
sham, hypocrisy, effrontery.
97. (15)The “band wagon” is a device to make us follow the
crowd, to accept the propagandist’s program end masse.
Here his theme is: “Everybody’s doing it.” His techniques
range from those of medicine show to dramatic spectacle.
He hires a hall, fills a great stadium, marches a million men
in parade. He employs symbols, colors, music, movement,
all the dramatic arts. He appeals to the desire, common to
most of us, to “follow the crowd.”
98. Because he wants us to follow the crowd in
masses, he directs his appeal to groups held
together by common ties of nationality, religion,
race, environment, sex, vocation. Thus
propagandists campaigning for or against a
program will appeal to us as Catholics,
Protestants, or Jews: as members of the Nordic
race or as Negroes;
99. as farmers or as schoolteachers; as housewives or as
miners. All the artifices of flattery are used to harness the
fears and hatreds, prejudices and biases, convictions and
ideals common to the group; thus emotion is made to push
and pull the group on to the band wagon. In newspaper
articles and in the spoken word this device is also found.
“Don’t throw your vote away. Vote for our candidate. He’s
sure to win.” Nearly every candidate wins in every election –
before the votes are in.
103. (16)Observe that all in these devices our emotion is
the stuff with which propagandists work. Without it
they are helpless; with it, harnessing it to their
purposes, they can make us glow with pride or burn
with hatred, they can make us zealots in behalf of the
program they espouse. Propaganda as generally
understood is expression of opinion or action by
individuals or groups with reference to predetermined
ends.
104. 2 To say this is not to condemn emotion, an
essential part of life, or to assert that all
predetermined ends of propagandists are “bad.”
What we mean is that the intelligent citizen does
not want propagandists to utilize his emotions,
even to the attainment of “good” ends, without
knowing what is going on.
105. 1 He does not want to be “used in the
attainment of ends he may later consider
“bad.” He does not want to be gullible. He
does not want to be fooled. He does not want
to be duped, even in a “good” cause.
106. (17)Keeping in mind the seven common
propaganda devices, turn to today’s newspaper
and almost immediately you can spot examples
of them all. At election time or during any
campaign, “plain folks” and “band wagon” are
common.
107. “Card-stacking” is hardest to detect because it is
adroitly executed or because we lack the information
necessary to nail the lie. A little practice with the daily
newspapers in detecting these propaganda devices
soon enables us to detect them elsewhere – in radio,
newsreel, books, magazines, and in expressions of
labor unions, business groups, churches, schools,
political parties.
108. Summary:
The different propaganda devices are intended to fool
people into buying products they may not really need,
need, so one should be wary of general words. These
words do not really inform much about the product,
and are used only to make the reader respond
emotionally and mindlessly into buying the product.
109. These are some arguments/premises that
students have given to support the idea that
there is nothing wrong with eating meat.
Write 1 if you agree that it support the
conclusion that it is acceptable to eat meat
and write 2 if it is not.
110. 1. Meat contains protein, and we need protein to survive.
2. We are created higher than animals.
3. It is ok to eat meat because lots of people eat meat; because
everyone around me eat meat.
4. Eating meat can help me avoid certain diseases.
5. We are animals, and it is ok for animals to eat animals.
112. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper:
❖ What is the difference between an argument and an opinion?
1-2 __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
113. ❖ Name the three ways to support your
claim.
3 ____________________________
4 ____________________________
5 ____________________________
114. ❖ Why is it important to be aware with the different propaganda
techniques?
6-7 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
❖ Enumerate the three ways on how to do citations.
8 ____________________________
9 ____________________________
10 ___________________________
116. Write your stand on this issue: Philippines’ claim on the South China Sea
Defend it by writing a short paragraph containing Introduction, Body and
Conclusion.
Example:
Introduction (Claim)
Body:
Reason 1:
Evidences: ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Reason 2:
Evidences: ___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Conclusion (Restatement of Claim)
117. Rubrics for Position Paper
Criteria Description Points
Obtained
Position
Statement
The author’s position/stand
was strongly and clearly
stated.
5
Premises
Organization
The outline was thoroughly
developed and in logical order
that makes it easy to follow the
writer’s train of thought.
10
Properly Cited
Evidences
Two or more properly cited
evidences were given based on
facts, statistics, real-life
experience and examples.
5
Total Score 20
Editor's Notes
This lesson will teach you how to be assertive by taking a stands on the important subject that affects your choices as a students and as a person
To improve your thinking capacity and emotional health, values that you hold dear will be expose and emphasize.
As a result you will be thought to make choices and takes stands on issues that affects your future success.
(1) As a student in the 21st century, you are all affected by global trends that have a significant impact on you as an individual and as a citizen.
(3) Change is all around us, and it happens at a rapid pace.
(4) Lets get you started on being prepared for these situations initially by carefully considering how you can take a stand and applying them in the learning tasks you will be asked to accomplish this week.
(2) So often people seat back and say nothing when something really needs to be said. It could be an idea, suggestion, observation and criticism. But for some reason we don’t want to speak up. They may be afraid of hurting another person? looking mean or foolish.
(1) So sometimes it seems like staying silent is the wiser choice. Speaking up can not only help you but also help others.
(3) Everyone deserves to be heard. The strongest force you can have to change the world is speaking up for yourself and for others especially when they might not yet have courage to do so for themselves.
(1) WHEN you speak up do it with an intention not for attention.
(2) There were always be some people who won’t appreciate your opinion and they might criticize you for it. But then again you just have to …
(4) Do they matter? So speaking up is an important form of honesty. Silence may seems like the best way to avoid conflict but may be sometimes avoiding it isn’t the best thing for you or those around you.
So the greater good should be the priority
(3) And speaking up can shape someone else entire life.
Second…
Keep an open mind!
(3) We live in a world filled with conflict! Opinions and world views, likes and dislikes are us varied as the number you missed on this planet.
So to show respect we have to choose to accept that every human is imperfect!
(3) We love anyway not just part of our differences, not ignoring than either. But we love anyway because in our differences in stepping toward others, in listening to them and respecting themfor who they are without trying to change them, we can closer to creating more beautiful world we all want to have.
Number 3 be open-minded…Explore the world
(3) So if you want to be more open-minded, the 1st thing you have to do is embrace something that is completely foreign and unknown to you.
(1) Keep an open mind about the things that you have never done before. Moreover…
Number 4 is show solidarity
(3) Volunteer and participate in charitable programs. We are stronger when we work together.
So each of us are part of the human family and we are all interconnected and interdependent.
(3) So we must see ourselves in others and collaboratively work conditions.
(3) Volunteer and participate in charitable programs. We are stronger when we work together.
And lastly be active!
(3) We all have to be good. But it is not enough to just to be good, we must be good for something, we must contribute good to the world.
(4) How nice it is the the world could be a better place because of you. Right? This is what we called active citizenship.
(2) Active citizenship can be as a small as a campaign to clean up your streets, setting up community pantries, or as big as educating young people like you about democratic values, skills and participations .
(4) Make meaningful contributions to society, choose service and involvement.
SO THOSE are the 5 tips on how you can take a stand
These supplementary details can be obtained from various resources that you need to dig out.
There are a number of ways you can support your claims in writing by using
information/evidence from the work of (significant) writers and researchers. The
following are three of the most common techniques:
When you have sorted out the position you will take in your essay, you will write a
number of paragraphs to provide support for your stance. It is also equally valuable
to find information that does not support your stance and argue against those
opposite points of view. Statements that you use to do this can follow a simple
pattern:
In defending your position, it is necessary to avoid the different propaganda
techniques that mostly used by people as a trick. Being aware of these could also help a lot in determining which argument is anchored with facts and which is not.
So there are two issues being indicated here.
The 1st one is about materialism is the tendency to believe that consumer goods and services provide the greatest source of satisfaction.
So if you first to the importance we attached to word possessions. Some suggest it is a good thing like material consumption helps wastes the level of civilization and make life better, while others say that it leads to negative feelings like self centeredness and un happiness.
The second topic is about pork barrel. It also negatively refers to politicians spending tax payer money on their constituents formerly to generate political support. So some says pork barrel is important in order to help people in need especially locally. However, it opens door for corruption. So instead of giving it to people or organizations in need, we should have been the beneficiaries of the pork, the budget and the Filipino people taxes who funded the pork all goes to the pockets of corrupt officials
Based on these two issues you have to answer the following questions.
Transfer is when a symbol that carries respect, authority, sanction, and prestige is used along with and idea or argument to make it look more acceptable.
For example, Pepsi is famous for using different celebrities in their huge ad campaigns.
Testimonial uses famous personalities to recommend a product to the target audience.
Testimonials are also quotations or endorsement which connect a famous and respectable person with a product to item
They have front-porch campaigns. For the newspaper men they raid the kitchen cupboard, finding there some of the good wife’s apple pie.
For example, an ad might show a family seated around the dinner table eating a specific brand of ham. This is a scene that is relatable to almost everyone.
They go to country picnics; they attend service at the old frame church; they pitch hay and go fishing; they show their belief in home and mother.
Present themselves as an “average joe” who can relate to his followers and its trustworthy.
A convincing method to show that they are just common people
A convincing method to show that they are just common people
Example: Companies use card stacking to show why their product or services are better than the competition.
A politician will show up at an event where there is media coverage to gain positive publicity.
He makes the unreal appear real and the real appear unreal. He lets half-truth masquerade as truth.
Card stacking means giving the positive side of your own main point of view, but none of the positive points for your opponent position.
You will see politicians use this technique in a speech before an election to win favor or votes
Example: Elections: People are more likely to vote for the candidate that they think is winning. Fashion: Many people begin wearing a certain style of clothing as they see others adopt the same fashions.
Influencing people by telling then how everyone is using the same product or it is true to the same ideology.
This encourage people to take the same cause or action.
1 Without the appeal to our emotion – to our fears and to our courage, to our selfishness and unselfishness, to our loves and to our hates – propagandists would influence few opinions and few actions.
2 He wants to know the facts and among these is included the fact of the utilization of his emotions.
