The document describes a study that used a stated preference discrete choice model to understand how consumers value different airline service attributes. Researchers surveyed 325 airline passengers traveling between Portugal's airports in Madeira and Oporto. Passengers participated in a choice experiment that asked them to choose between hypothetical airlines varying in price, penalties, food service, comfort, flight frequency, and reliability. The study aims to provide useful information to airline companies and regulators about consumer preferences for airline attributes.
This document discusses strategies for managing distribution channels and supply chain management. It covers topics such as the strategic role of distribution, types of distribution channels, factors that influence channel structure choices, managing channel relationships, and initiatives to improve supply chain efficiency through approaches like Efficient Consumer Response programs. Samsung is provided as an example of a company that implemented a strategy of focusing on higher-end retail channels and product lines to build its brand image and competitiveness.
This chapter discusses extensions of demand and supply analysis including simultaneous shifts in supply and demand. It explains how simultaneous changes can lead to indeterminate effects on equilibrium price and unambiguous changes in quantity. The chapter also covers price controls, quantity restrictions, and other government policies that interfere with market prices and quantities. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like rationing and shortages that can result from price ceilings.
Sean Dowling presented on using technology-enhanced personal learning environments (PLEs) to support mobile learning. Some key points:
1. Lifelong learning involves both formal and informal learning throughout one's life to improve knowledge and skills. Informal learning occurs through everyday experiences and is often mobile in nature.
2. Learning trajectories can be disrupted when learners are mobile due to competing demands, limited access to existing knowledge, and poor recall of original experiences.
3. PLEs, consisting of customized web-based tools, services, and resources, can help address these challenges by allowing learners to record experiences for later reflection, access recommendations and collaborations, and receive notifications.
This document contains the portfolio of DM Zinn Design Solutions, which provides interior design, architecture, and graphic design services. It showcases residential design projects including single-family homes, multi-family attached homes, as well as kitchen and bathroom tile pattern designs. Floor plans, elevations, and 3D renderings are presented for various residential projects along with AutoCAD sketches. Contact information is provided to connect with the design firm.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para crear un modelo 3D de un templo utilizando AutoCAD. Explica cómo dividir la pantalla en dos ventanas, crear capas para diferentes componentes del modelo, y utilizar comandos como Presspull, Extrude y Revolve para generar sólidos 3D como la fachada, el muro, las ventanas, columnas y más. También describe cómo agregar detalles como marcos de ventanas, vidrios y escaleras lineales al modelo 3D completo del templo.
The document provides details on Frank Miller's interior architecture portfolio, including experience, projects, and qualifications. It outlines his 20+ years of experience in high-end hospitality, residential, and commercial interior design. Key projects discussed include hotels, resorts, and residential spaces where he served as the lead designer or project designer.
This document discusses strategies for managing distribution channels and supply chain management. It covers topics such as the strategic role of distribution, types of distribution channels, factors that influence channel structure choices, managing channel relationships, and initiatives to improve supply chain efficiency through approaches like Efficient Consumer Response programs. Samsung is provided as an example of a company that implemented a strategy of focusing on higher-end retail channels and product lines to build its brand image and competitiveness.
This chapter discusses extensions of demand and supply analysis including simultaneous shifts in supply and demand. It explains how simultaneous changes can lead to indeterminate effects on equilibrium price and unambiguous changes in quantity. The chapter also covers price controls, quantity restrictions, and other government policies that interfere with market prices and quantities. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like rationing and shortages that can result from price ceilings.
Sean Dowling presented on using technology-enhanced personal learning environments (PLEs) to support mobile learning. Some key points:
1. Lifelong learning involves both formal and informal learning throughout one's life to improve knowledge and skills. Informal learning occurs through everyday experiences and is often mobile in nature.
2. Learning trajectories can be disrupted when learners are mobile due to competing demands, limited access to existing knowledge, and poor recall of original experiences.
3. PLEs, consisting of customized web-based tools, services, and resources, can help address these challenges by allowing learners to record experiences for later reflection, access recommendations and collaborations, and receive notifications.
This document contains the portfolio of DM Zinn Design Solutions, which provides interior design, architecture, and graphic design services. It showcases residential design projects including single-family homes, multi-family attached homes, as well as kitchen and bathroom tile pattern designs. Floor plans, elevations, and 3D renderings are presented for various residential projects along with AutoCAD sketches. Contact information is provided to connect with the design firm.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para crear un modelo 3D de un templo utilizando AutoCAD. Explica cómo dividir la pantalla en dos ventanas, crear capas para diferentes componentes del modelo, y utilizar comandos como Presspull, Extrude y Revolve para generar sólidos 3D como la fachada, el muro, las ventanas, columnas y más. También describe cómo agregar detalles como marcos de ventanas, vidrios y escaleras lineales al modelo 3D completo del templo.
The document provides details on Frank Miller's interior architecture portfolio, including experience, projects, and qualifications. It outlines his 20+ years of experience in high-end hospitality, residential, and commercial interior design. Key projects discussed include hotels, resorts, and residential spaces where he served as the lead designer or project designer.
Brand Equity and Customer Satisfaction as the Mediation of Advertisement infl...IOSRJBM
This research includes explanatory research, samples are taken form Garuda Indonesia Airline international Passenger inbound and outbound flight conducted at several Indonesian International Airport Soekarno Hatta Jakarta, Ngurah Rai Denpasar, Airport Hongkong and Changi Airport Singapore, altogether there are 350 respondents. The Design of non probability sample selection is accidental sampling with the criteria : those who fly international route at least twice a year, Indonesian citizen (not foreigner), and they may also fly non Garuda flights as well, the exogenous variables are advertisement and service quality, the endogenous variables are brand equity and customer satisfaction. Analysis methoed using SEM-PLS and software SmartPLS. The result has several conclusion, First, Advertisement and service quality will increase brand equity, Service quality is very dominant to explain brand equity compared to advertisement, Second, Service quality and brand equity will increase customer satisfaction. Brand equity plays an importamt role to explain consumer’s satisfaction compared to service quality. Third, service quality, brand equity, and customer satisfaction will increase consumer’s loyality. The Loyality of the international passenger of Garuda Indonesia Airline will remain high if supported by strong brand equity and high consumer satisfaction, as a result from service quality granted and the effect of advertisement program which is carried out intensively. Consumer satisfacti
How can airlines improve the customer experience, revive brand loyalty and undo the effects of years of cost-cutting?
Read more and watch videos>> http://bit.ly/FoAT
This article proposes a new framework and process called consumer experience modeling (CEM) to better understand consumer perspectives on experiences. CEM analyzes consumer interactions within their networks, including important consumer-to-consumer interactions that influence their experiences. The framework shifts the focus from the firm to the consumer. An example uses CEM to analyze the "gap year travel" experience, identifying value enhancers and inhibitors from the consumer perspective. This provides insights beyond the traditional firm focus and informs future marketing initiatives within the experience domain.
This document provides an overview of techniques for airline revenue management that have been developed between 1982 and 2001. It summarizes the key concepts and approaches for the seat inventory control problem, which involves allocating a flight's finite seat capacity to maximize revenue over time. The document outlines static and dynamic, single-leg and network solution methods. Static single-leg approaches determine optimal booking limits for fare classes based on demand forecasts, while dynamic methods use booking data over time. Network solutions optimize across connected flight segments simultaneously.
1. The document discusses the fundamentals of marketing, including identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably. It also discusses the importance of good customer service based on Southwest Airlines' success over 33 years.
2. Key aspects of marketing discussed include market segmentation, identifying customer requirements, and targeting customers based on demographics and psychographics. Airlines must segment the market between business and leisure travelers.
3. The document analyzes business and leisure traveler customer requirements and priorities. It also discusses advantages for airlines in serving the leisure market, such as using larger aircraft and achieving higher load factors and annual utilization.
[Open Engineering] Airlines Performance and Eflciency Evaluation%0Ausing a MC...Miguel Beirão Miranda
This document presents a study that uses a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology to evaluate the performance and efficiency of different airline carriers. Specifically, it analyzes six European airlines, including both legacy carriers and low-cost carriers, across four key performance areas: transport performance, business performance, personnel performance, and environmental performance. Key performance indicators are identified for each area and weights are assigned through expert input. The MCDA tool MACBETH is then used to score the airlines based on their data for the indicators, allowing comparison of efficiency across carriers. The results show low-cost carriers generally achieving higher scores for transport performance due to higher passenger volumes, load factors, and available seat kilometers.
This document summarizes a study on surge pricing in transportation network economies. It begins by explaining how dynamic pricing allows prices to change quickly based on demand without significant costs. Dynamic pricing is common in sharing economies and industries with digital sales. The transportation industry, including ridesharing services, uses dynamic pricing where prices surge to match supply and demand. However, consumers have complained about excessive surge pricing in some cases. The document aims to analyze surge pricing as a potential case of excessive pricing and how authorities should regulate dynamic prices. It provides background on dynamic pricing applications and benefits across industries before focusing on its use and effects in the transportation sector.
AirMarkets is a computational microsimulation platform that models global air transportation demand and supply. It reproduces the decision-making behavior of individual air passengers to forecast demand, load factors, and revenue for any flight or set of flights. AirMarkets accounts for consumer behaviors, preferences, and the availability of air transportation options to estimate how many passengers will travel between any city pair and how much they will pay. It is an agent-based model that represents individual passengers, available flight networks, and business models to enable "what if" analysis of new aircraft, services, and strategies.
Running head: MANAGEMENT
1
MANAGEMENT
2
Operations Management in Airline Industry
Name
Course
Tutor
College
Date
Airline industry has a positive impact on the people’s way of living. It has now become a very essential service hard to picture how life would be without it. It has changed on the way people operate in the world of business because now time taken to travel long distances is very short. It is now possible to do business in some areas which were considered to be remote way back. It provides the necessary transportation network in the whole world therefore its acknowledged for the success of businesses and growth of the tourism industry (ATAG, 2005).
Aviation industry is a major source of employment and by paying taxes it contributes much to the economy. It has been experiencing a considerable growth in the last decades. Its approximately above seventy-fold as the time the first airliner flew (ATAG, 2005). That huge growth experienced is due to many factors. One of them is increase in disposable income which has led to improved living standards in the world.
The growth is also as a result of improved aviation laws and open- sky negotiations between different governments. It has led to discovery of new markets making travel affordable and easier. Increased demand due to high levels of confidence in air travel as a proved safe means of travel has also contributed to the enormous growth.
Due to increased competition, airfares have reduced therefore low cost in traveling. Globalization has also played major role as the distance traveled has increased since people are doing business everywhere due to stable political and social climate. These factors are expected to improve further thus increased no of traffic in air travel. It is now to the companies in the industry to utilize the advantage of the available opportunities and improve in the management of their work.
Most of the airlines are owned by the government but now there is an emerging trend of movement to commercial, independent public companies. This has led to increased number of commercial companies thus increased pressure on management in increased profits, reduction of cost and revenue increment.
The operators in this industry survive in a very competitive and dynamic environment. First this industry was created for the service of delivering mails. There has been massive evolution into very complicated operations of transport to passengers and cargo. All these improvements come with a very complex operating strategies and a lot of competition.
To attain a considerable growth, it is important for the airline companies to study the conditions prevailing in the market. This industry involves very high investment costs, operation in a geographically dispersed market and tough huddles imposed by the regulator. Therefore this has led to huge investment in operations techniques and information.
The industry has been divided into different sectors. They include ope.
The Future of Airline Retail - Fast Future Report 19 07 11Rohit Talwar
This document summarizes key discussions from an airline retail conference. Six main challenges were identified: 1) continued economic uncertainty, 2) deepening customer insight, 3) driving innovation to increase customer relationships and revenue, 4) leveraging new technologies, 5) rethinking traditional offerings, and 6) evaluating revenue sharing between airlines, airports, and suppliers. New technologies like Wi-Fi, seatback displays, tablets, and smartphones were discussed as ways to engage customers, sell virtual products, and drive additional revenue. Traditional aspects like brochures, retail carts, and food were also discussed in terms of innovation.
This document outlines a research proposal that examines the effects of the 2009 economic downturn on Emirates Airlines as a high-cost carrier. The proposal includes objectives to identify impacts on high-cost airlines during the recession, compare customer numbers before and after, and provide recommendations. The methodology involves secondary research on aviation data and a questionnaire distributed to Emirates Aviation College students and staff. The analysis section presents survey results on travel habits, class of travel, and opinions on measures airlines could take in a recession. The conclusion finds prices dropped as fewer people traveled. Recommendations include calculating pre- and post-recession rate changes and precisely measuring industry impacts.
This document discusses applying e-CRM strategies to the airline industry. It defines key terms like CRM and e-CRM, discusses the business drivers for adopting e-CRM, and outlines benefits it can provide like increased revenue and lower costs. The document also provides a four step approach to successful e-CRM implementation, emphasizing clear strategy, technology alignment, employee training, and performance measurement.
This document discusses how companies should balance their choice of transportation modes. It begins by providing context on the increased global trade and importance of transportation. It then discusses the trade-off between responsiveness and efficiency for different transportation modes like air, road, rail, etc. Key determinants that influence transportation mode selection are identified as cost, speed, safety, environmental impact, and inventory/facility location. The document will analyze these transportation modes and determinants in depth through literature review and company examples to demonstrate how companies can balance transportation needs, costs, and environmental/social responsibilities.
Computer usage in hotel and foodservice management educationRobbinson Willis
This document discusses the importance of technology and the internet for the tourism and hospitality industries. It provides two strategic frameworks for analyzing the impact of the internet - the 4Ps model and a PEST analysis. The 4Ps model addresses how consumer expectations are shifting with the internet as a product. The PEST analysis looks at the political, economic, social and technological factors affecting the development and use of the internet in these industries. An example is also given of how Hilton Hotels Group uses technological innovations and information systems to gain benefits. Overall, the document analyzes how the tourism and hospitality sectors can leverage information technologies and the internet to improve operations, marketing and gain competitive advantages.
The document discusses the history and concepts of algorithmic marketing. It begins by explaining how the rise of digital marketing created an environment requiring millions of micro-decisions that cannot be made efficiently without algorithms. It then discusses how algorithmic marketing automates marketing processes in areas like product, promotion, price, and placement. The document also provides historical examples that helped establish algorithmic marketing, such as how online advertising exchanges developed and how airlines pioneered revenue management systems. Finally, it proposes a framework for programmatic marketing services involving data collection, feature transformation, objective-driven modeling and decision-making, and feedback loops.
Airport enterprise innovation performance is a crucial issue that planners, decision makers and managers should focus in order to drive the airport enterprise performance towards sustainable development. The strategic infrastructure needs, and investments need to include improvements across all major factors that affect the innovation dimension of sustainable development.
Key objective of the paper is to highlight the challenges in airport enterprise management towards sustainable development in terms of innovation improvement. A performance evaluation towards innovation and sustainable development framework is adopted and a case study application highlights the crucial role of airport enterprise management performance innovation dimension towards sustainable development. Conventional wisdom is to stimulate the interest on topic and promote a framework addressing to evaluate airport enterprise management performance towards innovation and sustainable development.
This document discusses airlines' pricing strategies and origin-destination (O-D) markets. It begins with an introduction to the growth of the airline industry and importance of pricing. It then reviews various theoretical pricing strategies used by airlines, including demand-based pricing, cost-based pricing, and service-based pricing. It also discusses the specific pricing strategies used by full-service carriers (FSCs) and low-cost carriers (LCCs). FSCs offer multiple fare classes and use techniques like dynamic pricing and restrictions to discriminate between passenger types. LCCs primarily offer single fares that increase closer to departure and focus on removing ancillary services to keep base fares low. The document aims to evaluate how air
Brand Equity and Customer Satisfaction as the Mediation of Advertisement infl...IOSRJBM
This research includes explanatory research, samples are taken form Garuda Indonesia Airline international Passenger inbound and outbound flight conducted at several Indonesian International Airport Soekarno Hatta Jakarta, Ngurah Rai Denpasar, Airport Hongkong and Changi Airport Singapore, altogether there are 350 respondents. The Design of non probability sample selection is accidental sampling with the criteria : those who fly international route at least twice a year, Indonesian citizen (not foreigner), and they may also fly non Garuda flights as well, the exogenous variables are advertisement and service quality, the endogenous variables are brand equity and customer satisfaction. Analysis methoed using SEM-PLS and software SmartPLS. The result has several conclusion, First, Advertisement and service quality will increase brand equity, Service quality is very dominant to explain brand equity compared to advertisement, Second, Service quality and brand equity will increase customer satisfaction. Brand equity plays an importamt role to explain consumer’s satisfaction compared to service quality. Third, service quality, brand equity, and customer satisfaction will increase consumer’s loyality. The Loyality of the international passenger of Garuda Indonesia Airline will remain high if supported by strong brand equity and high consumer satisfaction, as a result from service quality granted and the effect of advertisement program which is carried out intensively. Consumer satisfacti
How can airlines improve the customer experience, revive brand loyalty and undo the effects of years of cost-cutting?
Read more and watch videos>> http://bit.ly/FoAT
This article proposes a new framework and process called consumer experience modeling (CEM) to better understand consumer perspectives on experiences. CEM analyzes consumer interactions within their networks, including important consumer-to-consumer interactions that influence their experiences. The framework shifts the focus from the firm to the consumer. An example uses CEM to analyze the "gap year travel" experience, identifying value enhancers and inhibitors from the consumer perspective. This provides insights beyond the traditional firm focus and informs future marketing initiatives within the experience domain.
This document provides an overview of techniques for airline revenue management that have been developed between 1982 and 2001. It summarizes the key concepts and approaches for the seat inventory control problem, which involves allocating a flight's finite seat capacity to maximize revenue over time. The document outlines static and dynamic, single-leg and network solution methods. Static single-leg approaches determine optimal booking limits for fare classes based on demand forecasts, while dynamic methods use booking data over time. Network solutions optimize across connected flight segments simultaneously.
1. The document discusses the fundamentals of marketing, including identifying and satisfying customer needs profitably. It also discusses the importance of good customer service based on Southwest Airlines' success over 33 years.
2. Key aspects of marketing discussed include market segmentation, identifying customer requirements, and targeting customers based on demographics and psychographics. Airlines must segment the market between business and leisure travelers.
3. The document analyzes business and leisure traveler customer requirements and priorities. It also discusses advantages for airlines in serving the leisure market, such as using larger aircraft and achieving higher load factors and annual utilization.
[Open Engineering] Airlines Performance and Eflciency Evaluation%0Ausing a MC...Miguel Beirão Miranda
This document presents a study that uses a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology to evaluate the performance and efficiency of different airline carriers. Specifically, it analyzes six European airlines, including both legacy carriers and low-cost carriers, across four key performance areas: transport performance, business performance, personnel performance, and environmental performance. Key performance indicators are identified for each area and weights are assigned through expert input. The MCDA tool MACBETH is then used to score the airlines based on their data for the indicators, allowing comparison of efficiency across carriers. The results show low-cost carriers generally achieving higher scores for transport performance due to higher passenger volumes, load factors, and available seat kilometers.
This document summarizes a study on surge pricing in transportation network economies. It begins by explaining how dynamic pricing allows prices to change quickly based on demand without significant costs. Dynamic pricing is common in sharing economies and industries with digital sales. The transportation industry, including ridesharing services, uses dynamic pricing where prices surge to match supply and demand. However, consumers have complained about excessive surge pricing in some cases. The document aims to analyze surge pricing as a potential case of excessive pricing and how authorities should regulate dynamic prices. It provides background on dynamic pricing applications and benefits across industries before focusing on its use and effects in the transportation sector.
AirMarkets is a computational microsimulation platform that models global air transportation demand and supply. It reproduces the decision-making behavior of individual air passengers to forecast demand, load factors, and revenue for any flight or set of flights. AirMarkets accounts for consumer behaviors, preferences, and the availability of air transportation options to estimate how many passengers will travel between any city pair and how much they will pay. It is an agent-based model that represents individual passengers, available flight networks, and business models to enable "what if" analysis of new aircraft, services, and strategies.
Running head: MANAGEMENT
1
MANAGEMENT
2
Operations Management in Airline Industry
Name
Course
Tutor
College
Date
Airline industry has a positive impact on the people’s way of living. It has now become a very essential service hard to picture how life would be without it. It has changed on the way people operate in the world of business because now time taken to travel long distances is very short. It is now possible to do business in some areas which were considered to be remote way back. It provides the necessary transportation network in the whole world therefore its acknowledged for the success of businesses and growth of the tourism industry (ATAG, 2005).
Aviation industry is a major source of employment and by paying taxes it contributes much to the economy. It has been experiencing a considerable growth in the last decades. Its approximately above seventy-fold as the time the first airliner flew (ATAG, 2005). That huge growth experienced is due to many factors. One of them is increase in disposable income which has led to improved living standards in the world.
The growth is also as a result of improved aviation laws and open- sky negotiations between different governments. It has led to discovery of new markets making travel affordable and easier. Increased demand due to high levels of confidence in air travel as a proved safe means of travel has also contributed to the enormous growth.
Due to increased competition, airfares have reduced therefore low cost in traveling. Globalization has also played major role as the distance traveled has increased since people are doing business everywhere due to stable political and social climate. These factors are expected to improve further thus increased no of traffic in air travel. It is now to the companies in the industry to utilize the advantage of the available opportunities and improve in the management of their work.
Most of the airlines are owned by the government but now there is an emerging trend of movement to commercial, independent public companies. This has led to increased number of commercial companies thus increased pressure on management in increased profits, reduction of cost and revenue increment.
The operators in this industry survive in a very competitive and dynamic environment. First this industry was created for the service of delivering mails. There has been massive evolution into very complicated operations of transport to passengers and cargo. All these improvements come with a very complex operating strategies and a lot of competition.
To attain a considerable growth, it is important for the airline companies to study the conditions prevailing in the market. This industry involves very high investment costs, operation in a geographically dispersed market and tough huddles imposed by the regulator. Therefore this has led to huge investment in operations techniques and information.
The industry has been divided into different sectors. They include ope.
The Future of Airline Retail - Fast Future Report 19 07 11Rohit Talwar
This document summarizes key discussions from an airline retail conference. Six main challenges were identified: 1) continued economic uncertainty, 2) deepening customer insight, 3) driving innovation to increase customer relationships and revenue, 4) leveraging new technologies, 5) rethinking traditional offerings, and 6) evaluating revenue sharing between airlines, airports, and suppliers. New technologies like Wi-Fi, seatback displays, tablets, and smartphones were discussed as ways to engage customers, sell virtual products, and drive additional revenue. Traditional aspects like brochures, retail carts, and food were also discussed in terms of innovation.
This document outlines a research proposal that examines the effects of the 2009 economic downturn on Emirates Airlines as a high-cost carrier. The proposal includes objectives to identify impacts on high-cost airlines during the recession, compare customer numbers before and after, and provide recommendations. The methodology involves secondary research on aviation data and a questionnaire distributed to Emirates Aviation College students and staff. The analysis section presents survey results on travel habits, class of travel, and opinions on measures airlines could take in a recession. The conclusion finds prices dropped as fewer people traveled. Recommendations include calculating pre- and post-recession rate changes and precisely measuring industry impacts.
This document discusses applying e-CRM strategies to the airline industry. It defines key terms like CRM and e-CRM, discusses the business drivers for adopting e-CRM, and outlines benefits it can provide like increased revenue and lower costs. The document also provides a four step approach to successful e-CRM implementation, emphasizing clear strategy, technology alignment, employee training, and performance measurement.
This document discusses how companies should balance their choice of transportation modes. It begins by providing context on the increased global trade and importance of transportation. It then discusses the trade-off between responsiveness and efficiency for different transportation modes like air, road, rail, etc. Key determinants that influence transportation mode selection are identified as cost, speed, safety, environmental impact, and inventory/facility location. The document will analyze these transportation modes and determinants in depth through literature review and company examples to demonstrate how companies can balance transportation needs, costs, and environmental/social responsibilities.
Computer usage in hotel and foodservice management educationRobbinson Willis
This document discusses the importance of technology and the internet for the tourism and hospitality industries. It provides two strategic frameworks for analyzing the impact of the internet - the 4Ps model and a PEST analysis. The 4Ps model addresses how consumer expectations are shifting with the internet as a product. The PEST analysis looks at the political, economic, social and technological factors affecting the development and use of the internet in these industries. An example is also given of how Hilton Hotels Group uses technological innovations and information systems to gain benefits. Overall, the document analyzes how the tourism and hospitality sectors can leverage information technologies and the internet to improve operations, marketing and gain competitive advantages.
The document discusses the history and concepts of algorithmic marketing. It begins by explaining how the rise of digital marketing created an environment requiring millions of micro-decisions that cannot be made efficiently without algorithms. It then discusses how algorithmic marketing automates marketing processes in areas like product, promotion, price, and placement. The document also provides historical examples that helped establish algorithmic marketing, such as how online advertising exchanges developed and how airlines pioneered revenue management systems. Finally, it proposes a framework for programmatic marketing services involving data collection, feature transformation, objective-driven modeling and decision-making, and feedback loops.
Airport enterprise innovation performance is a crucial issue that planners, decision makers and managers should focus in order to drive the airport enterprise performance towards sustainable development. The strategic infrastructure needs, and investments need to include improvements across all major factors that affect the innovation dimension of sustainable development.
Key objective of the paper is to highlight the challenges in airport enterprise management towards sustainable development in terms of innovation improvement. A performance evaluation towards innovation and sustainable development framework is adopted and a case study application highlights the crucial role of airport enterprise management performance innovation dimension towards sustainable development. Conventional wisdom is to stimulate the interest on topic and promote a framework addressing to evaluate airport enterprise management performance towards innovation and sustainable development.
This document discusses airlines' pricing strategies and origin-destination (O-D) markets. It begins with an introduction to the growth of the airline industry and importance of pricing. It then reviews various theoretical pricing strategies used by airlines, including demand-based pricing, cost-based pricing, and service-based pricing. It also discusses the specific pricing strategies used by full-service carriers (FSCs) and low-cost carriers (LCCs). FSCs offer multiple fare classes and use techniques like dynamic pricing and restrictions to discriminate between passenger types. LCCs primarily offer single fares that increase closer to departure and focus on removing ancillary services to keep base fares low. The document aims to evaluate how air
1. HOW DO CONSUMERS VALUE AIRLINE SERVICES
ATTRIBUTES? A STATED PREFERENCES
DISCRETE CHOICE MODEL APPROACH
Pedro Telhado Pereira*
, António Almeida**
, António Gomes de Menezes***
,
José Cabral Vieira****
Received: 22. 8. 2006 Original scientific paper
Accepted: 25. 10. 2007 UDC: 658.8
We implement a stated preferences choice game and estimate a conditional logit
model to learn the determinants of airline choice and to quantify consumers'
willingness to pay for airline services attributes such as flight frequency,
punctuality warranties and comfort in the Portuguese air corridor between
Madeira and Oporto; the third and second most important Portuguese airports,
respectively. We show that our stated preferences discrete choice model exercise
is a cost effective way for airline marketing managers to elicit consumer
preferences and willingness to pay measures which are quite valuable to make
airline operations more effective.
*
Pedro Telhado Pereira, Full Professor of Economics, University of Madeira and
CEEAplA, Department of Management and Economics, Campus Universitário da Penteada,
Funchal, Portugal, Tel. +351-291705043, Tax. +351-291705040, E-mail: ppereira@uma.pt.
* *
António Almeida, Assistant Professor in Economics, University of Madeira and
CEEAplA, Department of Management and Economics, Campus Universitário da Penteada,
Funchal, Portugal, Tel. +351-291705043, Tax. +351-291705040, E-mail: amma@uma.pt.
* **
António Gomes de Menezes (corresponding author), Assistant Professor of Economics,
University of the Azores and CEEAplA, Department of Economics and Management, Rua
da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, Tel. +351-296650084, Fax. +351-
296650083, E-mail: menezesa@notes.uac.pt.
* ***
José Cabral Vieira, Associate Professor of Economics, University of the Azores and
CEEAplA, Department of Economics and Management, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801,
Ponta Delgada, Portugal, Tel. +351-296650084, Fax. +351-296650083, E-mail:
josevieira@notes.uac.pt
25
2. Management, Vol. 12, 2007, 2, pp. 25-40
P. T. Pereira, A. Almeida, A. G. de Menezes, J. C. Vieira: How do consumers value airline…
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper implements a stated preferences choice game and estimates a
conditional logit model in order to learn the determinants of airline choice and
to quantify consumers' willingness to pay for airline services attributes in the
Portuguese air corridor between Madeira (Funchal Airport) and Oporto (also
known as Porto); the third and second most important airports in Portugal,
respectively. We argue that our methodology is an effective way to elicit
consumer preferences, and thus, to provide airline companies and regulators
alike much needed information about consumer preferences.
In the recent years, there has been a growing interest in eliciting
consumer preferences through stated preferences methods. Eliciting consumer
preferences is quite important in a vast number of situations: public officials
must know what their constituents value; marketing managers care to know
what consumers are willing to pay for products and services; and so on.
Consumer preferences can be elicited using either revealed preferences (RP)
data or stated preferences (SP) data. Revealed preferences data are drawn from
the past behaviour of consumers, as observed in market situations, where
consumers make real choices. Stated preferences data are obtained through
surveys, that is, stated preferences choice games, where consumers state their
preferences when faced with choices which may or may not mimic real case
scenarios. Hence, stated preferences choice games are quite powerful in the
sense that they may be used to elicit consumer preferences in situations where
one is interested in hypothetical scenarios or there are just no relevant real
market situations to construct revealed preferences data. In fact, it is often the
case that marketing managers want to learn about consumer preferences
regarding products or services through surveys, and thus, avoid an actual trial
and error learning process which may be costly in case initial guesses prove to
be wrong. Moreover, it has been shown that stated preferences discrete choice
models deliver accurate forecasts of consumer behaviour (see Verhoef and
Franses (2003) and references therein).
Hence, it should come as no surprise that stated preferences data have been
applied in a vast and growing number of fields. Stated preferences data have
long been popular in economics, especially in environmental economics, where
valuation of non-marketed goods, such as a given landscape, is quite important
for policy making (see Bateman and Willis (2001) for a critical survey), and in
transport economics, where one is often interested in eliciting consumer
preferences for hypothetical transport modes or infrastructures (see, for
26
3. Management, Vol. 12, 2007, 2, pp. 25-40
P. T. Pereira, A. Almeida, A. G. de Menezes, J. C. Vieira: How do consumers value airline…
instance, Fowkes (2000) for a detailed account of how stated preferences
methods have been applied in transport economics). Louviére et al. (2000)
provide an excellent survey of the methodological aspects and applications of
stated choice methods.
Stated preferences discrete choice models are popular in part because
they may be combined with econometric methods to deliver the willingness to
pay measures for products or services attributes which may be interpreted in
light of the microeconomic utility theory. In fact, economists routinely use a
number of stated preferences discrete choice models in order to estimate the
willingness to pay measures in a variety of situations (see McFadden and Train
(2000) for an authoritative study on the econometrics of such models).
More recently, the popularity of stated preferences discrete choice models
has grown rapidly in a number of fields outside mainstream economics, namely
in marketing science. Franses and Paap (2001) provide an excellent survey of
discrete choice models which may be applied with stated preferences data in
marketing research and identify a wide spectrum of marketing and consumer
research applications. While a survey of such applications is beyond the scope
of this paper, we do note that stated preferences discrete choice models have
been successfully applied in consumer research and marketing science.
For instance, Onyango et al. (2004) measure consumer preferences for
genetically modified foods, not yet available in the marketplace, using stated
preferences techniques and both Brower and Bateman (2005) and Merino
(2003) rationalize the growing popularity of stated preferences discrete choice
models in the health sector, an area where one is keen on eliciting consumer
preferences regarding products and services not available in the marketplace,
such as new drugs and health plans. Verhoef and Franses (2003) pursue a novel
line of research and combine revealed preferences data with stated preferences
data to investigate how adding stated preferences data to revealed preferences
data results in better forecasts of consumer behaviour.
Our paper contributes at an empirical level to this burgeoning literature -
applying stated preferences discrete choice models to elicit consumer
preferences, valuable to marketing managers - by studying consumer
preferences for airline services attributes in the air corridor between Madeira
and Oporto. We focus on airline services attributes for, at least, two reasons.
First, it may be difficult for airline companies to change their services attributes.
For instance, changing daily flight frequencies is obviously a costly enterprise.
Therefore, it is quite valuable for airline companies to know consumers'
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willingness to pay for an additional daily flight without having to actually
provide it, as it would be the case under a revealed preferences data collection
strategy. Even for a given flight schedule, it may be quite costly for airline
companies to change services attributes, such as the space between seats.
Hence, we provide information which may be used by airline companies to
improve the efficacy of their operations at a very low cost in the sense that a
sound knowledge of consumer preferences may enable marketing managers to
establish better pricing policies that simultaneously increase profits and
consumer surplus. Second, airline services are critical to the economic and
social development of a peripheral and insular region such as Madeira. Thus, it
comes as no surprise that airline operators who operate regular flights to
Madeira are subject to a stringent set of regulations on how they may operate.
Therefore, regulators are naturally interested in learning about consumer
preferences regarding airline services attributes in order to promote regulations
that take into account consumers' welfare. Moreover, in the recent years, there
has been a massive public investment effort in the airport infrastructure in
Madeira, namely in the airport of Madeira. If one is interested in maximizing
the social return from such an investment, then one should pay heed to
consumer preferences regarding the services that make use of such a publicly
funded infrastructure.
We implement a stated preferences choice game which, to be brief, asks
airline passengers to choose between competing alternative airlines that differ,
in a trade-off sense, and in several attributes, such as ticket cost, penalties for
changing tickets, punctuality warranties, comfort, and so on. Hence, our choice-
based approach is based on a quite realistic task that airline customers perform
every day. In addition, our willingness to pay measures is consistent with the
utility theory (see Merino (2003) and Hanley et al. (2001)). We follow, among
others, Ben-Akiva and Lerman (1985), Wardman (1988), Burris and Pendalya
(2002), Cao and Mokhtarian (2005a, 2005b) who argue that individuals adapt
their travel-related strategies according to a number of objective and subjective
influences, and hence, we control for individual characteristics. Given the high
statistical quality of our results and their rich informative managerial content,
on the one hand, and the cost of implementing our study, on the other hand, we
conclude that our stated preferences choice experiment is an effective way for
airline companies to elicit consumer preferences, and concomitantly, to improve
the efficacy of their operations.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data. Section
3 presents our model. Section 4 discusses the results. Section 5 concludes.
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2. DATA
2.1. The Stated Preferences Choice Game
Our stated preferences choice game was implemented through
questionnaires ministered at Funchal Airport, near the boarding gate, after the
security checkpoint. A total of 325 questionnaires were presented from June 20th
to June 27th
, 2005. The number of questionnaires ensures a number of
observations large enough to estimate the econometric model described below.
The interviews were conducted in Portuguese. Only people who were about to
take a flight from Funchal to Oporto were interviewed, to make sure that they
were familiar with the questions asked. Moreover, people who were travelling
with tourist packages, namely, packages with a combination of hotel, air travel,
rent a car, and so on, were not considered since these people did not have a
clear idea of the exact cost of the air travel portion of their travel package.
The questionnaires had three sections. In the first section, a number of
questions were asked about the trip, such as: airline; connection at destination;
connecting airline; fare class (business, economy); departure time; trip cost; trip
motive; trip frequency; who pays for the trip; number of people flying with the
interviewee; advance of purchasing the ticket; mode of purchasing the ticket;
and frequent flyer program.
In the second section, the individuals were confronted with a stated
preferences choice game. In particular, with the aid of a laptop computer, the
individuals were asked to choose one of two virtual airlines that differed
according to dimensions, illustrated by Figure 1.
The design of the stated choice game, and in particular, the number of
attributes and levels considered, obeyed the following criteria. On the one hand,
we are interested in eliciting consumers’ preferences for quite an informative set
of attributes, in the sense that the attributes considered provide an accurate
description of the services being analyzed (and concomitantly, provide enough
degrees of freedom for marketing strategists and regulators to act upon) and are
well understood by the interviewees. On the other hand, the set of attributes and
levels considered must be commensurate with the cognitive ability of the
interviewees in understanding the questions asked. In a nutshell, we selected the
most pertinent attributes, given the status quo in the regular flights between
Funchal and Oporto, on the one hand, and what is observed elsewhere in mature
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routes in Europe, on the other (see Street et al. (2005) for more on how to
construct choice sets).
Variable Levels Definition
Price
1
2
3
P + 20%
P
P – 20%
Penalty for changes in the ticket
First Class 0
First Class 1
First Class 2
Economy 0
Economy 1
Economy 2
30%
10%
0%
100%
50%
30%
Food
First Class 0
First Class 1
First Class 2
Economy 0
Economy 1
Economy 2
Cold sandwiches + drink
Hot meal + drink
À la carte
No food
Cold sandwiches + drink
Hot meal + drink
Comfort
0
1
Small space between seats
Wide space between seats
Frequency
0
1
2
2 flights per day
4 flights per day
6 flights per day
Reliability (punctuality
warranties)
0
1
2
No compensation for delay
Free ticket for the same trip
Full reimbursement
Figure 1. Levels of attributes
Hence, we included in our choice game the following attributes: Price paid;
Penalties for changes in the tickets; Food service on board; Comfort level on
board; Daily flight frequency; and Reliability (punctuality warranties). P stands
for the reported one-way ticket cost. i.e. the actual (printed on the ticket at hand)
cost paid in Euros and may vary between + and – 20%, as variations beyond
this interval are not likely to be observed. Penalties for changing tickets vary
with the ticket fare and may range from as low as 0% (no penalty for the most
expensive ticket, labelled as First Class 2) to 100% (completely lose the ticket,
for the cheapest Economy fare, labelled as Economy 0). Food service on board
varies with the ticket fare, in a self explanatory way. Comfort on board is
measured by leg room, as is the practice in the civil aviation industry. The
frequency of daily flights is a continuous variable which ranges from as low as
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two daily flights (the status quo) to as much as six daily flights. An increased
daily frequency is perceived as a service quality enhancement – namely, with
other attributes being constant, the customer needs may be better served in this
way. Reliability is measured as punctuality warranties, which range from no
compensation for delay up to full ticket reimbursement. The critical level of
delay is 15 minutes. This benchmark for punctuality follows standard practice
in the literature and is observed in airline reports on performance1
. The
following figure is a ‘print screen’ of WinMint v. 2.1 (in Portuguese), the
software used to randomly generate the game menus.
Figure 2. ‘Print screen’ of stated preferences choice game
The stated preferences choice game presented the passengers with a
choice between two virtual airlines (none of which dominated the other in all
dimensions), in the sense that all the games considered had trade-offs built-in.
For instance, and without loss of generality, a cheaper fare may involve no food
service on board whatsoever, whereas a more expensive flight might entail
more generous punctuality warranties or higher daily frequencies. Each of the
1
Source: International Air Transport Association (http://www.iata.org).
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325 individuals interviewed played the game 10 times, which produced 3250
observations.
In the third and last section, the individuals were asked about their
socioeconomic status, such as: residence county; number of people living in the
household; number of workers in the household; household income; age;
gender; educational attainment; sector of occupation; type of job; weekly
working hours and net monthly individual income.
2.2. Descriptive Statistics
While we did collect extensive information about individual
characteristics, we preserve on space and describe our sample in a succinct
manner below. Table 1 summarizes some of the continuous variables in the data
set:
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics
Variable N Mean S. Dev. Median
Price (€) 325 113.1 29.8 100.8
Monthly Gross Household Income (€) 325 2879.8 3979.2 2000.5
Monthly Net Personal Income (€) 325 1360.4 1637.3 1000.1
Age (years) 325 37.5 13.4 32
The mean reported the one-way ticket cost as € 113.1. In addition, we note
that most interviewees were male and flew with TAP (86%), the Portuguese
flag carrier, in a domestic flight with no connection. Many interviewees, 47%,
bought the tickets one week or less in advance of the departure day. The travel
agency was the mode of purchasing the ticket chosen by 75% of the individuals.
While 75% of the interviewees paid for their own tickets, 18% of the
interviewees had their tickets paid by their companies. A slight majority, 58%,
of the interviewees had some sort of frequent flyer program. Perhaps not
surprisingly, many interviewees held a university degree, 60%, since being at
the boarding gate is not a random event across the overall Portuguese
population. While 26% of the interviewees were travelling for work-related
reasons, about 61% of the interviewees were tourists.
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3. MODEL
3.1. Benchmark Model
The econometric work carried out in the paper is based on the random
utility theory (see McFadden (1973, 1974), Greene (2003) or Train (2003)),
briefly described below. Assume that the random utility of alternative j for an
individual q, Ujq, is given by:
jqjqjq VU ε+= . (1)
Vjq is the systematic or representative utility (conditional indirect utility) and εjq
is a random term. Individual q chooses alternative j if and only if Ujq≥Uiq, ∀ i≠j.
In such a case, and given (1):
ijiqVjqVjqiqiqiqVjqjqV ≠∀−≤−⇔+≥+ ,εεεε .
As utilities are random variables, we can obtain the probability that individual q
chooses alternative j as:
ijiqVjqVjqiqPjqP ≠∀−≤−= )( εε . (2)
When the random term εjq follows a Gumbel distribution, then Pjq reads (see
McFadden 1973):
∑=
= N
i
iqV
e
jqV
e
jqP
1
, (3)
where N is the number of alternatives. The expression for Pjq given by (3) is the
essence of the well-known multinomial logit model.
3.2. Microeconomic Model
We estimate a conditional logit model since we have 10 observations
(games) per individual and, therefore, control for individual fixed effects. The
estimation was carried out with STATA 8. As usual, in the literature (Espíno et
al. (2003), Fowkes and Wardman (1998), Fowkes (2000), and Louviére et al.
(2000)), we estimate two alternative specifications of the conditional indirect
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utility, as described below. In Model 1, we do not consider interactions between
attributes, and the conditional indirect utility reads:
.2,1,2211
2211
=++++
++++=
jRRRRFrFrLRLR
FFFFPPCCjV
θθθθ
θθθθ
(4)
In Model 2, we consider interactions between attributes, and hence, we write the
conditional indirect utility as follows:
.2,1,2)
22
(1)
11
(
2)
22
(1)
11
(
)(
=++++
+++
+++++
+++=
jRWWRRRWWRR
FrFrLRLR
FFirstFirstFFFFirstFirstFF
PWPWPCCjV
θθθθ
θθ
θθθθ
θθθ
(5)
Table 2 provides a list of variables definitions.
Table 2. Definitions of variables
Variabl
e
Meaning
C travel cost (euros for one-way ticket)
P penalty for changes in the ticket
F1
binary variable equal to 1 if food level equals 1 (see Figure 1)
F₂ binary variable equal to 1 if food level equals 2 (see Figure 1)
LR binary variable equal to 1 if comfort level equals 1 (more leg room)
Fr daily flight frequency (continuous variable)
R₁ binary variable equal to 1 if reliability level equals 1 (see Figure 1)
R₂ binary variable equal to 1 if reliability level equals 2 (see Figure 1)
First binary variable equal to 1 if fare is First Class
W binary variable equal to 1 if trip motive is Work
After estimation of the models above, it is possible to compute the
willingness to pay (WTP) measures for improvements. For continuous
variables, the subjective value of attribute qkj reads:
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,
kjdq
jdc
jc
jV
kjq
jV
I
jV
kjq
jV
kjdq
dIj
kjqWTP −=
∂
∂
∂
∂
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
−==
(6)
where I stands for income and
jc
jV
I
jV
∂
∂
−=
∂
∂
. For binary variables, the
relevant
expression is as follows:
I
jV
jVjVj
kjqWTP
∂
∂
−
=
01
, where Vj
i
is the conditional
indirect utility of alternative j when the level of the attribute equals i = 0,1.
4. RESULTS
Table 3. summarizes the results for models 1 and 2, where we display the
determinants of airline choice (t-statistics in parentheses). The signs are as
expected from the utility theory and the estimates are statistically significant,
with the notable exception of the interaction terms. Adding the interaction terms
seems to matter little, both at a qualitative level and at a quantitative level.
Table 3. Results for Model 1 and Model 2
Variable Model 1 Model 2
Cost (θC) -0.0259***
(-17.32) -0.0259***
(-17.28)
Penalty (θP) -0.0091***
(-6.15) -0.0092***
(-5.52)
Food 1 (θF1) 0.3149***
(4.62) 0.3097***
(4.35)
Food 2 (θF2) 0.3742***
(5.15) 0.4063***
(5.40)
Leg Room (θLR) 0.4465***
(7.62) 0.4446***
(7.58)
Frequency (θFr) 0.1440***
(7.91) 0.1441***
(7.91)
Reliability 1 (θR1) 0.9893***
(14.11) 1.0694***
(13.26)
Reliability 2 (θR2) 0.9205***
(12.52) 0.9808***
(11.91)
Food 1*First (θF₁First) 0.0207 (0.08)
Food 2*First (θF₂First) -0.0390 (-0.17)
Penalty*Work (θPW) -0.0005 (0.84)
Reliability 1*Work (θR₁W) -0.2936*
(-1.95)
Reliability 2*Work (θR₂W) -0.2331 (-1.66)
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Log-L(θ) -3700 -3696
Log-L(0) -3890 -3889
Number of observations 3250 3250
***
p<0.001; **
p<0.005; ***
p<0.01
We note that our conditional logit model is able to unveil the determinants
of airline choice in a quite precise manner: the t-statistics are quite high, in both
models, with the notable exception of the interaction terms. In order to obtain a
feel for the economic importance of these results, we compute the willingness to
pay measures, as presented in Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4. Willingness to Pay (WTP) measures for Model 1
Event WTP (euros)
Penalty for changes in the ticket 0.35
Food: level 0 to level 1 12.13
Food: level 0 to level 2 14.42
Comfort (more leg room) 17.20
Frequency (one more flight per day) 5.55
Reliability: level 0 to level 1 38.13
Reliability: level 0 to level 2 35.48
Given that the sample mean cost of a one-way ticket is about € 113, we
find that the willingness to pay measures is quite high. In particular, the
willingness to pay to improve reliability, that is, to enjoy punctuality warranties
(from level 0 - of no compensation for flight delays - to 1 - free ticket for the
same trip if delay is more than 15 minutes) is about € 38 or 33% of the sample
mean of the reported one-way ticket cost. Similarly, the willingness to pay to
improve reliability from level 0 to level 2 (money refund if delay is more than
15 minutes) is also quite high: about € 35.
Apparently, comfort is quite valuable: the willingness to pay to have some
more leg room is more than € 17 or 15% of the sample mean of a one-way
ticket cost. The willingness to pay to have a meal during the flight is about € 12
for a cold sandwich and about € 14 for a hot meal and drink. The willingness to
pay measures do not change substantially when we consider interactions
between trip attributes (Model 2), as shown in Table 5.
We note that the willingness to pay for one additional flight per day is
about 5 euros. Hence, the subjective value of the increased daily flight
frequency is far less, in an economic sense, than the subjective value of
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improvements in attributes such as punctuality warranties, comfort or even food
service.
Table 5. Willingness to Pay Measures for Model 2
Event WTP (euros)
Penalty for changes in the
ticket
Trip motive: work/business
Trip motive: other
0.33
0.36
Food: level 0 to level 1
First class
Economy class
8.74
11.95
Food: level 0 to level 2
First class
Economy class
14.17
15.68
Comfort (more leg room) 17.16
Frequency 5.56
Reliability: level 0 to level 1
Trip motive: work/business
Trip motive: other
29.93
41.27
Reliability: level 0 to level 2
Trip motive: work/business
Trip motive: other
28.85
37.85
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study estimated a stated preference discrete choice model in order to
elicit consumer preferences for airline services attributes. The main results were
as expected from the utility theory, and some willingness to pay measures were
quite high, in an economic sense, such as regarding punctuality warranties and
comfort. The results are of high statistical quality and provide information
useful for airline marketing managers who are interested in learning not only
about how passengers choose between competing airlines but also about
quantifying passengers' willingness to pay for different services attributes. With
a sound knowledge of consumer preferences, marketing managers may establish
better pricing policies which enhance simultaneously profits and consumer
satisfaction. It is obviously the case that our methodology could have been
applied to other products or services. We note that it took only one week for our
team of three interviewers to collect the data on 325 passengers. The total cost
of our field work was slightly less than € 1.000. Hence, our dataset was
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constructed at a very low cost. We also note that we controlled for a large
number of individual characteristics. Therefore, it would have been trivial to
carry out other exercises, not pursued here for the sake of parsimony, to learn
more about how individual characteristics, such as age, income, working status,
student status, and so on, affect airline choice determinants and the willingness
to pay measures. For instance, we could have run the regressions only for
passengers travelling for work-related purposes. We conclude, hence, that our
methodology is a cost effective way for marketing managers to gather
microeconometric evidence on the determinants of airline choice and the
willingness to pay measures consistent with the microeconomic utility theory
without having to resort to costly, time-consuming, revealed preferences data
collection strategies. Finally, we note that our empirical strategy is especially
interesting if consumer preferences change quickly over time or competition
keeps changing its profile, and hence, revealed preferences data drawn from
past consumer behaviour in previous settings may not be appropriate to draw
inference about future consumer behaviour. This certainly seems to be the case
of the fast pace changing airline sector.
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KAKO POTROŠAČI VREDNUJU ATRIBUTE USLUGE ZRAČNIH
KOMPANIJA ?
DISKRETNI MODEL IZBORA ISKAZANIH PREFERENCIJA
Sažetak
U ovom se radu, uz pomoć igre iskazanih preferencija i kondicionalnog logističkog
modela, analiziraju odrednice izbora zračne kompanije i kvantificira spremnost
potrošača za plaćanje atributa usluge zračnog prometa, kao što su učestalost broja
letova, garancija točnog dolaska i komfor. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku putnika
u portugalskom zračnom koridoru između Madeire i Oporta (treće, odnosno druge po
važnosti portugalske zračne luke). Kao rezultat se pokazuje da je promatrani diskretni
model izbora iskazanih preferencija troškovno učinkovit pristup za marketinške
menadžere zračnih kompanija, koji žele otkriti preferencije korisnika i njihovu
spremnost za plaćanje različitih odrednica usluge.
40