3. Common congenital malformation
Acyanotic:
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal
defect
c. PDA
d. Coarctation of
Aorta
Cyanotic:
a. TOF
b. Transposition of
great vessels
c. Tricuspid atresia
4. Atrial Septal defect
• ASD is the abnormal opening between the
atrium, and it is a left to right shunt
6. Types
• Primum – affects the lower part of the
septum
• Secundum – common, affects the upper
part of the septum
• Sinus venosus – affects the upper part
and may be associated with abnormalities
of superior vena cava
8. Incidence
• Sex - female : male = 3:1
• 1/1500 live births
• Ostium secundum counts for 7% of CHD’s
• 100% ASD’s 3mm in diameter
• Most of the secundum are associated with Holt-
Oram’s syndrome.
• Holt–Oram syndrome is a disorder that
affects bones in the arms and hands (the
upper limbs) and may also cause heart
problems
9.
10. Pathophysiology
Increased left atrial pressure(02
nated
blood)
Left to right shunt ( no cyanosis)
Burden on right side of the heart
Increased pulmonary blood flow
Pulmonary stenosis / pulmonary HTN
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Right atrial pressure
Right to left shunt
cyanosis
11. Clinical Features
In majority remains asymptomatic
Systolic murmer best heard over 2nd & 3rd
ICS
Dysrrythmias
Increased fatigability
In older children recurrent chest infection,
breathlessness, & bulging of the chest due
to enlargement of right ventricle
Growth failure in some children
12.
13. A hyperdynamic impulse of the right
ventricle may be palpated at the lower left
sternal border
Split S2
Cyanosis in later stages
Cardiomegaly
Pulmonary vascular emboli
Echo shows right ventricular volume
overload
Cardiac catheterization shows increased
02 content in blood
14. Diagnostic measures
• Chest X-Ray
• ECG
• MRI heart
• Cardiac catheterization
• Intracardiac imaging: with special catheters that
are typically placed in the venous system and
advanced to the level of the heart. Involves only
mild sedation.
20. Prognosis
• With a small to moderate atrial septal
defect, a person may live a normal life
span without symptoms.
• Larger defects may cause disability by
middle age because of increased blood
flow and shunting of blood back into the
pulmonary circulation.
21. Ventricular Septal defect
• Abnormal opening between the ventricles
• It can be single pin hole opening to absence of
membrane
• Results in left to right shunt, ultimately right to
left shunt.
22. Types
• Membranous
• Muscular- swiss cheese
• (Perimembranous- lie in the LV outflow
tract just below the aortic valve.
• Infundibular- These defects lie beneath the
pulmonic valve )
24. Pathophysiology
Blood from left ventricle right ventricle pulmonary artery
Increased pulmonary resistance
Increased pressure in right ventricle
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Enlargement of right ventricle
Enlargement of right atrium
Eisenmengers syndrome
Cyanosis
26. Clinical features
• Pan systolic Murmur
• In large VSD’s
Dyspnoea
Tachypnea
Feeding difficulties
Poor growth
Profuse perspiration
Recurrent pulmonary infections
27. Cardiac failure and its symptoms
Cyanosis seen on exertion specially
while crying
Prominence of left precordium
Digital clubbing
Poor exercise tolerance
S2 is split
30. Management
• Small defects no surgical correction but to
prevent bacterial endocarditis precautions
to be taken
• Moderate to large defects surgical closure
is needed
< 6 months: high risk for surgery usually
open heart surgery is done
31. • 6 to 24 months: in case of pulmonary
hypertension surgery is indicated to
prevent development of hypertensive
vascular disease
• >24 months: depends on pulmonary
vascular resistance
• Surgical interventions done for small
defects are Purse String closure n for
large defects Knitted Dacron patch
• Clamshell type catheter occlusion devices
are tested For closing of apical VSD
34. Prognosis
• Risk depends on
Location of defect
Number of defects
Other associated cardiac defects
Single membrane defect have low
mortality <5%
Multiple defects have a risk of >20%