This document summarizes a study on the relationship between demographic factors and employees' intention to quit in Sri Lanka's Free Trade Zones. The study found that age, length of service, and family income were significant demographic factors affecting intention to quit, while marital status and education were not significant. A survey of 568 employees found that younger workers with less than 1 year of service and lower family incomes had higher intentions to quit. The study aims to help organizations better understand and address the problem of high employee turnover in these trade zones.
The document analyzes the returns to schooling in Egypt using a policy change as a natural experiment. It estimates the causal effect of schooling on earnings. The identification comes from Egypt reducing primary school duration from 6 to 5 years in 1988. Using data from 2012, it employs a 2SLS model with the policy dummy as the instrument. The first stage results show the policy significantly reduced years of schooling for all, males and some regions, but not females. For males it estimates a return to schooling of 4-7%, varying by age group. For females it finds no significant effect. The study contributes to the limited literature on returns to education in developing countries.
A study on the entrepreneurial intention among students IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on entrepreneurial intention among students. The study surveyed 650 final year students from engineering, management, and computer application programs across universities in Chennai, India. The survey examined how personal factors like self-efficacy, family background, role models, and the university environment influence students' entrepreneurial intentions. Key findings include that the majority of students surveyed were male (69.54%) and between the ages of 22-23 (29.85%). The study aims to identify determinants of entrepreneurial motivation to better understand how to promote startups and economic growth.
Working Women and Their Professional Life in Modern SocietyAnuragSingh1049
India is a traditional country and there is diversity in religions, culture and customs. Role of the women in India mostly is household and limited to domestic issues. In some cases women can find employment as nurses, doctors, teachers the caring and nurturing sectors. But even if well qualified women engineers or managers or geologists are available, preference will be given to a male of equal qualification. The present study investigated to identify the factors preventing women employees from aspiring for higher post and challenges & problems faced by women workers. Further the study try to explain the real condition of Indian working women and also make an effort to clear main problems of working women.
Child labour in cotton growing haryana 23 febbsmihd
This document provides statistics on child labor in three cotton growing districts of Haryana, India. It finds that approximately 271,360 children aged 6-14 and 128,598 children aged 15-17 are estimated to be working, totaling around 495,900 children. The majority of working children are involved in both main work and subsidiary work on farms and fields. Specifically regarding cotton, around 7,627 children aged 6-14 are estimated to work in cotton, primarily in subsidiary roles on farms. Older children aged 15-17 show higher rates of main work in cotton, with an estimated 5,043 children. The statistics suggest child labor remains a significant issue in the cotton industry of Haryana, with nearly 100,
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses gender roles and equality in Thailand. It provides historical background on Thailand and outlines gender roles in various areas such as social institutions, family code, physical integrity, civil liberties, ownership rights, politics, education, and the economy. While Thailand's constitution provides equal rights to men and women, traditional gender roles still exist with women making up a smaller percentage of high-paying jobs and political positions. The document aims to explain the current situation of women in Thailand and strengthen knowledge about gender studies.
This corporate presentation from Black Iron Inc. outlines an investment opportunity in their Shymanivske iron ore project located in Ukraine. Key highlights include a large NI 43-101 compliant iron ore resource of 646Mt measured and indicated and 188Mt inferred, with potential for expansion. A bankable feasibility study shows the project could produce 9.9Mtpa of high-grade 68% Fe concentrate with low operating costs. Black Iron has strategic local partners in Metinvest, Ukraine's largest mining and steel company, who will provide half the funding for project construction. The project benefits from excellent infrastructure access for transportation of the iron ore product.
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between demographic factors and employees' intention to quit in Sri Lanka's Free Trade Zones. The study found that age, length of service, and family income were significant demographic factors affecting intention to quit, while marital status and education were not significant. A survey of 568 employees found that younger workers with less than 1 year of service and lower family incomes had higher intentions to quit. The study aims to help organizations better understand and address the problem of high employee turnover in these trade zones.
The document analyzes the returns to schooling in Egypt using a policy change as a natural experiment. It estimates the causal effect of schooling on earnings. The identification comes from Egypt reducing primary school duration from 6 to 5 years in 1988. Using data from 2012, it employs a 2SLS model with the policy dummy as the instrument. The first stage results show the policy significantly reduced years of schooling for all, males and some regions, but not females. For males it estimates a return to schooling of 4-7%, varying by age group. For females it finds no significant effect. The study contributes to the limited literature on returns to education in developing countries.
A study on the entrepreneurial intention among students IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on entrepreneurial intention among students. The study surveyed 650 final year students from engineering, management, and computer application programs across universities in Chennai, India. The survey examined how personal factors like self-efficacy, family background, role models, and the university environment influence students' entrepreneurial intentions. Key findings include that the majority of students surveyed were male (69.54%) and between the ages of 22-23 (29.85%). The study aims to identify determinants of entrepreneurial motivation to better understand how to promote startups and economic growth.
Working Women and Their Professional Life in Modern SocietyAnuragSingh1049
India is a traditional country and there is diversity in religions, culture and customs. Role of the women in India mostly is household and limited to domestic issues. In some cases women can find employment as nurses, doctors, teachers the caring and nurturing sectors. But even if well qualified women engineers or managers or geologists are available, preference will be given to a male of equal qualification. The present study investigated to identify the factors preventing women employees from aspiring for higher post and challenges & problems faced by women workers. Further the study try to explain the real condition of Indian working women and also make an effort to clear main problems of working women.
Child labour in cotton growing haryana 23 febbsmihd
This document provides statistics on child labor in three cotton growing districts of Haryana, India. It finds that approximately 271,360 children aged 6-14 and 128,598 children aged 15-17 are estimated to be working, totaling around 495,900 children. The majority of working children are involved in both main work and subsidiary work on farms and fields. Specifically regarding cotton, around 7,627 children aged 6-14 are estimated to work in cotton, primarily in subsidiary roles on farms. Older children aged 15-17 show higher rates of main work in cotton, with an estimated 5,043 children. The statistics suggest child labor remains a significant issue in the cotton industry of Haryana, with nearly 100,
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses gender roles and equality in Thailand. It provides historical background on Thailand and outlines gender roles in various areas such as social institutions, family code, physical integrity, civil liberties, ownership rights, politics, education, and the economy. While Thailand's constitution provides equal rights to men and women, traditional gender roles still exist with women making up a smaller percentage of high-paying jobs and political positions. The document aims to explain the current situation of women in Thailand and strengthen knowledge about gender studies.
This corporate presentation from Black Iron Inc. outlines an investment opportunity in their Shymanivske iron ore project located in Ukraine. Key highlights include a large NI 43-101 compliant iron ore resource of 646Mt measured and indicated and 188Mt inferred, with potential for expansion. A bankable feasibility study shows the project could produce 9.9Mtpa of high-grade 68% Fe concentrate with low operating costs. Black Iron has strategic local partners in Metinvest, Ukraine's largest mining and steel company, who will provide half the funding for project construction. The project benefits from excellent infrastructure access for transportation of the iron ore product.
The document discusses various conventions of real soap operas including their serialised narratives focusing on domestic themes and personal relationships. It also notes conventions like basic lighting and costumes to create realism, memorable theme tunes, and short scenes with parallel narratives to maintain viewer interest. The document provides examples of these conventions from real soaps like Coronation Street and EastEnders.
Effect of households poverty level on child labour participation among househ...Alexander Decker
This document examines the effect of household poverty on child labor participation in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected from 40 household heads and 80 children in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Nigeria. The results show that hawking various items is the most common child labor activity. Children from poor households engage in child labor more than those from non-poor households. The Tobit regression model found that characteristics like a child's age, the age and sex of the household head, poverty level, urban residency, and distance to market are major determinants of child labor participation in the area. The study aims to better understand the relationship between child labor and poverty in rural Nigerian households.
Hiding Our Collections in Plain Site: Interface Strategies for FindabilityNate Solas
A recent redesign of the collection search interface for an on-line art education tool (ArtsConnectEd.org) has provided an opportunity to compare usage patterns between the two versions. In this paper I first survey current search interface design patterns, then discuss the new interface, the log cleanup and analysis, and finally present evidence-based recommendations that may be applied to the general problem of presenting large collections on-line.
La laguna Julio Marín, un lugar turístico en Lago Agrio, sufre de falta de mantenimiento, incluyendo la basura que rodea la laguna y la ausencia de flora y fauna, lo que amenaza su atractivo turístico.
Task Force Knighthawk is a Facebook page providing information for an upcoming events calendar for the Fort Drum community in January and February 2013. The calendar lists over 30 community events, programs, and observances covering a wide range of topics from children's activities to veterans events to training sessions. Contact information is provided for FRG leaders and the FRSA to address any questions or concerns from community members.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document summarizes the major findings of a study on child labor in the carpet industry of Kashmir. The study found that (1) most child laborers (60%) in the carpet industry were female, contrary to the belief that child labor is male-dominated, (2) over three-quarters of child laborers were illiterate or had not completed primary education, and (3) economic hardship and lack of access to education were the primary factors compelling children to work instead of attend school. The study also found that self-employed children outnumbered those employed by others, and girls were more likely to work at home compared to boys. Most child laborers came from nuclear families with eight or fewer family members.
Determents of child labour in carpet industry of kashmirAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the causes of child labor in the carpet industry in the District of Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that poverty is the main reason children enter the labor force, with over half of child laborers working to support family income from families living below the poverty line. Employers prefer child labor because it is cheaper and children can work longer hours and be more easily disciplined than adult workers. The study uses surveys of child laborers, their parents, and employers to analyze the supply and demand factors contributing to child labor in the carpet industry in the region.
A Sociological Study Of Patterns And Determinants Of Child Labour In IndiaNat Rice
This study examines patterns and determinants of child labor in India using census and survey data. The findings suggest that poverty alone does not determine child labor - gender and caste are also significant factors. Children from lower castes and girls engaged in household activities are more likely to be involved in child labor compared to boys engaged in paid work. While poverty plays a role, factors like gender inequality, caste discrimination, lack of access to education, and social norms also contribute to the high rates of child labor in India. The study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the complex issue of child labor beyond simplistic explanations.
This document discusses the causes of child labour in India. It identifies several root causes including poverty, large family size, gender biases, low levels of education, caste discrimination, and indebtedness. Poverty is identified as a major driving factor, as it forces children into the workforce to supplement family income. Cultural factors also play a role, as girls often have greater domestic responsibilities and less access to education than boys. Weak public education systems, low literacy rates, and a lack of access to schools in some areas also contribute to the problem by depriving children of educational opportunities.
Causes And Consequences of Child Workers in The Brick Fields of Khejuri CD Bl...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and very common in India. Many families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally, employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. As per 2001’s data, 1.26 crores child labour is existed over all India and 36.43 lakh children in the age group of 5-14 years are working in non-agricultural sector in the country, out of which 12.19 lakh children are working in hazardous occupations. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns, number is 84972(2001).The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study. The respondent are interviewed regarding various aspects related to the child labour in brick field includes causes and consequences of child labor to engage their risky job, working environment , their schooling profile, their future goal etc. The fieldwork observation shows that the working environment in brick field are hazardous to child health due to unsanitary environment, unsafe working environment (such as heat, burning ashes, flying ashes, and pieces of broken bricks everywhere), and the hazardous work (prolonged working hours, heavy work, and dangerous jobs).They also suffer from breathing problem, cold & fever, minor injuries and sometime more than that. Inspire of that majority of child workers have a very common expectation that is all of them want to lead a happy life with their work and their family.
This study examines the determinants of child labour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through an econometric analysis. Data was collected through surveys of 100 households, with 50 households having children in school and 50 having children working. The results of the econometric model show that the head of household's education and average household income are negatively correlated with child labour, while the age of the child and family size are positively correlated but insignificantly. The study concludes that increasing parental education is necessary to better the future of children, and recommends the government provide more education facilities and skill development centers to reduce child labour.
The document discusses research on factors influencing child labor rates in India's hybrid cottonseed industry. It presents a theory that bureaucratic effectiveness in education delivery and social consensus around education affect parental motivation to send children to work versus school. Case studies of civil society organizations in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan show that groups creating social consensus through community mobilization on education were more successful in reducing child labor than those focusing only on removing children from work.
8. an analysis of working conditions and impact of work on child labor 91-100Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the working conditions and impact of work on child labor in the carpet weaving industry in Kashmir, India. It examines the terms of employment for 162 child laborers, including their wages, hours worked, leave, and impact on health and behavior. Employers prefer hiring children for their lower costs and ability to work long hours in difficult conditions. Most child laborers work 6-8 hours per day and earn 500-700 rupees per month. The conditions for children working in family units are slightly better than for employed children. Overall, the study finds poor working conditions that negatively impact children's health, development, and satisfaction.
Socio economic problems of child labor in rajshahi city corporation of bangla...Alexander Decker
This document discusses socio-economic problems of child labor in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. It notes that many families rely on children's income for survival, and employers prefer hiring children as they are cheaper. Child labor denies children their rights to education, leisure and exposes them to risks. The study interviewed 560 child laborers in Rajshahi and found long working hours and hazardous conditions negatively impact school attendance and child development. Poverty is a key driver of child labor in Bangladesh. The government has programs aiming to eliminate hazardous child labor and increase access to education, but enforcement remains a challenge.
Kabir Uddin Ahmed's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON GRADUATES` ATTITUDE TOWARDS 1Ahmed Sharif Adan
This document summarizes a survey conducted in Mogadishu, Somalia on the impact of unemployment on graduates' attitudes towards education. The survey found that most respondents were unemployed involuntarily and for extended periods. It also found that unemployment negatively impacts attitudes towards education, with around half of unemployed graduates no longer considering paying school fees or feeling responsible for children's education. The results suggest unemployment undermines support for education in Somalia.
Child labor in RMG sector of Bangladesh.Syed Rashid
This document discusses child labor in the ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor in Bangladesh, with around 5 million children aged 5-14 being economically active, and 3.2 million defined as child laborers. The document examines reasons for child labor like poverty, lack of interest in school, family pressures, and desire to earn money. It also looks at problems faced by child laborers in the RMG sector, such as low salaries, physical abuse, irregular wages, and unsafe working conditions with insufficient medical support. The document analyzes survey data from 20 child laborers to understand their demographics, work experiences, expectations, challenges, and potential solutions to the issue of child labor
Effect of Socioeconomic status on performance in Mathematics among students o...IOSRJM
Socio-economic status’ (SES) is a term used by social scientists and sociologists to describe the position of an individual in a hierarchical social structure which includes both the social and economic status. In looking more closely at why a remarkable number of students may be struggling for improvement in mathematics in comparison to other subjects, it is timely to consider, the SES factor. This study intends to investigate how parents’ SES affects their children’s performance in that subject. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and data was largely descriptive by nature. Data were collected using questionnaires for the students of 9th standard. These were administered on a sample of 384 students selected from 13 secondary and senior secondary schools of Guwahati city. The internal reliability and validity were examined. The formulae used for internal reliability were Split-half reliability and Cronbach Alpha. Data collected were coded and subjected to SPSS analysis which indicates overall that parents’ socioeconomic status affects their children’s performance in the subject.
When children come to school, they already know a lot about measuring height, width etc. They know about near and far through games. In the game of marbles, they easily hit the marbles on the target. Apart from this, there are many examples of games in which children use the concepts of measurement. They measure in their environment. These children do all these things unintentionally. That is why it is necessary to bring the attention of children to the concepts they use. In the beginning, this can be done with non standard units and later they be introduced to standard units of measurements. It is important that all this work should be done by taking the examples of the childrens environment. Shikha Verma "Measuring Measurement Skill in Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46352.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46352/measuring-measurement-skill-in-children/shikha-verma
The document discusses various conventions of real soap operas including their serialised narratives focusing on domestic themes and personal relationships. It also notes conventions like basic lighting and costumes to create realism, memorable theme tunes, and short scenes with parallel narratives to maintain viewer interest. The document provides examples of these conventions from real soaps like Coronation Street and EastEnders.
Effect of households poverty level on child labour participation among househ...Alexander Decker
This document examines the effect of household poverty on child labor participation in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected from 40 household heads and 80 children in Ogbomoso North Local Government Area of Nigeria. The results show that hawking various items is the most common child labor activity. Children from poor households engage in child labor more than those from non-poor households. The Tobit regression model found that characteristics like a child's age, the age and sex of the household head, poverty level, urban residency, and distance to market are major determinants of child labor participation in the area. The study aims to better understand the relationship between child labor and poverty in rural Nigerian households.
Hiding Our Collections in Plain Site: Interface Strategies for FindabilityNate Solas
A recent redesign of the collection search interface for an on-line art education tool (ArtsConnectEd.org) has provided an opportunity to compare usage patterns between the two versions. In this paper I first survey current search interface design patterns, then discuss the new interface, the log cleanup and analysis, and finally present evidence-based recommendations that may be applied to the general problem of presenting large collections on-line.
La laguna Julio Marín, un lugar turístico en Lago Agrio, sufre de falta de mantenimiento, incluyendo la basura que rodea la laguna y la ausencia de flora y fauna, lo que amenaza su atractivo turístico.
Task Force Knighthawk is a Facebook page providing information for an upcoming events calendar for the Fort Drum community in January and February 2013. The calendar lists over 30 community events, programs, and observances covering a wide range of topics from children's activities to veterans events to training sessions. Contact information is provided for FRG leaders and the FRSA to address any questions or concerns from community members.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document summarizes the major findings of a study on child labor in the carpet industry of Kashmir. The study found that (1) most child laborers (60%) in the carpet industry were female, contrary to the belief that child labor is male-dominated, (2) over three-quarters of child laborers were illiterate or had not completed primary education, and (3) economic hardship and lack of access to education were the primary factors compelling children to work instead of attend school. The study also found that self-employed children outnumbered those employed by others, and girls were more likely to work at home compared to boys. Most child laborers came from nuclear families with eight or fewer family members.
Determents of child labour in carpet industry of kashmirAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the causes of child labor in the carpet industry in the District of Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that poverty is the main reason children enter the labor force, with over half of child laborers working to support family income from families living below the poverty line. Employers prefer child labor because it is cheaper and children can work longer hours and be more easily disciplined than adult workers. The study uses surveys of child laborers, their parents, and employers to analyze the supply and demand factors contributing to child labor in the carpet industry in the region.
A Sociological Study Of Patterns And Determinants Of Child Labour In IndiaNat Rice
This study examines patterns and determinants of child labor in India using census and survey data. The findings suggest that poverty alone does not determine child labor - gender and caste are also significant factors. Children from lower castes and girls engaged in household activities are more likely to be involved in child labor compared to boys engaged in paid work. While poverty plays a role, factors like gender inequality, caste discrimination, lack of access to education, and social norms also contribute to the high rates of child labor in India. The study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the complex issue of child labor beyond simplistic explanations.
This document discusses the causes of child labour in India. It identifies several root causes including poverty, large family size, gender biases, low levels of education, caste discrimination, and indebtedness. Poverty is identified as a major driving factor, as it forces children into the workforce to supplement family income. Cultural factors also play a role, as girls often have greater domestic responsibilities and less access to education than boys. Weak public education systems, low literacy rates, and a lack of access to schools in some areas also contribute to the problem by depriving children of educational opportunities.
Causes And Consequences of Child Workers in The Brick Fields of Khejuri CD Bl...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and very common in India. Many families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally, employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. As per 2001’s data, 1.26 crores child labour is existed over all India and 36.43 lakh children in the age group of 5-14 years are working in non-agricultural sector in the country, out of which 12.19 lakh children are working in hazardous occupations. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns, number is 84972(2001).The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study. The respondent are interviewed regarding various aspects related to the child labour in brick field includes causes and consequences of child labor to engage their risky job, working environment , their schooling profile, their future goal etc. The fieldwork observation shows that the working environment in brick field are hazardous to child health due to unsanitary environment, unsafe working environment (such as heat, burning ashes, flying ashes, and pieces of broken bricks everywhere), and the hazardous work (prolonged working hours, heavy work, and dangerous jobs).They also suffer from breathing problem, cold & fever, minor injuries and sometime more than that. Inspire of that majority of child workers have a very common expectation that is all of them want to lead a happy life with their work and their family.
This study examines the determinants of child labour in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through an econometric analysis. Data was collected through surveys of 100 households, with 50 households having children in school and 50 having children working. The results of the econometric model show that the head of household's education and average household income are negatively correlated with child labour, while the age of the child and family size are positively correlated but insignificantly. The study concludes that increasing parental education is necessary to better the future of children, and recommends the government provide more education facilities and skill development centers to reduce child labour.
The document discusses research on factors influencing child labor rates in India's hybrid cottonseed industry. It presents a theory that bureaucratic effectiveness in education delivery and social consensus around education affect parental motivation to send children to work versus school. Case studies of civil society organizations in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan show that groups creating social consensus through community mobilization on education were more successful in reducing child labor than those focusing only on removing children from work.
8. an analysis of working conditions and impact of work on child labor 91-100Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the working conditions and impact of work on child labor in the carpet weaving industry in Kashmir, India. It examines the terms of employment for 162 child laborers, including their wages, hours worked, leave, and impact on health and behavior. Employers prefer hiring children for their lower costs and ability to work long hours in difficult conditions. Most child laborers work 6-8 hours per day and earn 500-700 rupees per month. The conditions for children working in family units are slightly better than for employed children. Overall, the study finds poor working conditions that negatively impact children's health, development, and satisfaction.
Socio economic problems of child labor in rajshahi city corporation of bangla...Alexander Decker
This document discusses socio-economic problems of child labor in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. It notes that many families rely on children's income for survival, and employers prefer hiring children as they are cheaper. Child labor denies children their rights to education, leisure and exposes them to risks. The study interviewed 560 child laborers in Rajshahi and found long working hours and hazardous conditions negatively impact school attendance and child development. Poverty is a key driver of child labor in Bangladesh. The government has programs aiming to eliminate hazardous child labor and increase access to education, but enforcement remains a challenge.
Kabir Uddin Ahmed's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON GRADUATES` ATTITUDE TOWARDS 1Ahmed Sharif Adan
This document summarizes a survey conducted in Mogadishu, Somalia on the impact of unemployment on graduates' attitudes towards education. The survey found that most respondents were unemployed involuntarily and for extended periods. It also found that unemployment negatively impacts attitudes towards education, with around half of unemployed graduates no longer considering paying school fees or feeling responsible for children's education. The results suggest unemployment undermines support for education in Somalia.
Child labor in RMG sector of Bangladesh.Syed Rashid
This document discusses child labor in the ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor in Bangladesh, with around 5 million children aged 5-14 being economically active, and 3.2 million defined as child laborers. The document examines reasons for child labor like poverty, lack of interest in school, family pressures, and desire to earn money. It also looks at problems faced by child laborers in the RMG sector, such as low salaries, physical abuse, irregular wages, and unsafe working conditions with insufficient medical support. The document analyzes survey data from 20 child laborers to understand their demographics, work experiences, expectations, challenges, and potential solutions to the issue of child labor
Effect of Socioeconomic status on performance in Mathematics among students o...IOSRJM
Socio-economic status’ (SES) is a term used by social scientists and sociologists to describe the position of an individual in a hierarchical social structure which includes both the social and economic status. In looking more closely at why a remarkable number of students may be struggling for improvement in mathematics in comparison to other subjects, it is timely to consider, the SES factor. This study intends to investigate how parents’ SES affects their children’s performance in that subject. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and data was largely descriptive by nature. Data were collected using questionnaires for the students of 9th standard. These were administered on a sample of 384 students selected from 13 secondary and senior secondary schools of Guwahati city. The internal reliability and validity were examined. The formulae used for internal reliability were Split-half reliability and Cronbach Alpha. Data collected were coded and subjected to SPSS analysis which indicates overall that parents’ socioeconomic status affects their children’s performance in the subject.
When children come to school, they already know a lot about measuring height, width etc. They know about near and far through games. In the game of marbles, they easily hit the marbles on the target. Apart from this, there are many examples of games in which children use the concepts of measurement. They measure in their environment. These children do all these things unintentionally. That is why it is necessary to bring the attention of children to the concepts they use. In the beginning, this can be done with non standard units and later they be introduced to standard units of measurements. It is important that all this work should be done by taking the examples of the childrens environment. Shikha Verma "Measuring Measurement Skill in Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46352.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/46352/measuring-measurement-skill-in-children/shikha-verma
Dr Ellina Samantroy's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
This document discusses a study examining whether access to microinsurance could help reduce child labor among households that participate in microcredit programs. The study uses household data from flood-prone areas in Bangladesh to compare child labor rates between: 1) microcredit participants with microinsurance, 2) microcredit participants without microinsurance, and 3) non-participants. Regression analysis is used to determine the factors influencing child labor for each group. Preliminary findings suggest microinsurance may help reduce child labor for extremely poor households using microcredit, but has no impact for moderately poor households. The study aims to address the gap in understanding how microcredit may influence debt and child labor in vulnerable areas like Bangladesh.
This document presents a theoretical framework to analyze child labour using an inter-temporal approach. It summarizes an existing model of child labour and adapts it to a two-period framework. The model shows that child labour is inversely related to the real interest rate - as the interest rate rises, households are induced to reduce their children's participation in work. A rise in the interest rate could occur due to macroeconomic policies like increased government expenditure, which would create a favorable demand shock and raise output and interest rates, leading households to supply less child labor.
Child labours still a hurdle in country developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses child labor in District Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It aims to identify the nature and extent of child labor in the district, the causes of child labor, and recommend strategies to eradicate it. The study found that many children in rural areas work to contribute to family income, while urban families have children work due to large family size and lack of financial resources. Common causes of child labor included poverty, lack of access to education, and the demand for cheap labor. The document recommends identifying proposals from parents and children to help eradicate child labor in the district.
Role Performance and Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of the...inventionjournals
Farm school serve as a mechanism for farmer to farmer extension at every block or tehsil. Role performance of the respondents towards ATMA has shown its prescribed role and their relative success or failure. A study was undertaken to know role performance and relationship between the selected characteristics and role performance towards farm school. The study was conducted in eight farm schools of Sri Ganganager District of Rajasthan with a sample of 160 farmers working on farm school. The findings inferred that majority (68.75%) of the respondents of Farm School fall in the category of moderate performance of role followed by 25.00 and 06.25 per cent of them fall in the poor and good role performance categories respectively. The result clearly indicates that the farmers were highly influenced by the farm school of ATMA project running in their area.
This study examines the causal effect of child labor on later socioeconomic outcomes using panel data from Vietnam. The authors find that children who worked as children are significantly less likely to be in school and have lower educational attainment five years later. However, these same children have a greater probability of wage employment and higher earnings as young adults. The authors estimate that the earnings gain from work experience exceeds the foregone earnings from reduced schooling, suggesting the net effect of child labor may be positive, at least until early adulthood. Over the longer run, the returns to education are found to increase more than the returns to child labor experience.
Similar to 2. aasif hussain nengroo final.doc. -18-27 (20)
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
A study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among middl...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed knowledge of pneumonia prevention among 60 middle-aged adults in rural Moodbidri, India. Most subjects (55%) had poor knowledge and 41.67% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 40.66%.
2) Knowledge was lowest in areas of diagnosis, prevention and management (35.61%) and highest in introduction to pneumonia (45.42%).
3) There was a significant association between knowledge and gender but not other demographic factors like age, education level or occupation. The study concluded knowledge of prevention was low and health education is needed.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdf
2. aasif hussain nengroo final.doc. -18-27
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
Socio-Economic Analysis of Child Labor in the Carpet Industry
of Kashmir – A Micro Study
Nengroo Aasif Hussain
Post Graduate Department of Economics, University of Kashmir.
Email asifnengroo.ku@gmail.com
Bhat Arshad Hussain
Post Graduate Department of Economics, University of Kashmir.
Email bhatarshad09@gmail.com
Abstract
In the present paper an attempt has been made to study socio – economic characteristics of working children in
the Carpet Industry of Kashmir. It includes their social profile, age, education, nature of employment, family type,
economic status, child’s contribution to family income etc. Based on the primary data the study reveals most of
the child labors were in the age group of 11 -14 years and among them female child labor outnumber male child
labor. Economic compulsion and educational backwardness of parents were the main reasons forcing children to
leave the school and join labor market at different point of time. Our analysis shows that there is negative
correlation between percentage contribution of child labor to family income and total household income. In other
words as family income increases, the proportion of child’s contribution to family income decreases and vice-
versa.
Keywords: Child labour, sex, education, employment, family, dropout, carpet industry.
1. Introduction
The violation of human rights both in India and elsewhere is condemned. But at the same time, child labor
is practiced all over the world that it has come to be known as a necessary evil in some places. The issue of
child labor should rank top on the global agenda, but, in practice, it is folded by a wall of silence and
perpetuated due to several reasons. Child labor continues to be an affront to the conscience of the world
community. Therefore it is our duty to bring this evil practice to an end in view of ensuring an ideal society
in future. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of working
children in the carpet industry of Kashmir with special reference to block Qoimoh.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of the study are mentioned below:
To study the socio-economic characteristics of working children.
To study family background of working children engaged in the carpet weaving.
To analyze the main factors responsible for dropout.
To analyze the level of earnings of child labor and its impact on household income.
1.2 Methodology
In the present study, multistage sampling has been used. In the first stage Qoimoh block was selected
because of concentration of more carpet weaving units, employment of large number of children in the
carpet weaving industry and easy accessibility. In the second stage it was decided to take the sample of 100
households from five villages (20% from each) which have higher concentration of child labor and where
there is evidence of large scale carpet weaving at the village level. Hence with the help of key persons
(village elders) a sample of five villages via Brazloo, Bachroo, Hum-Shale- Bug, Tangan and Badroo were
selected in the present study. In the third stage a list of carpet weaving units/households from selected
18
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
villages was prepared with the help of village leaders and others having knowledge about carpet weaving
units in the village. Only those households were interviewed were there was at least one child in the age
group of 6-14 years employed in the carpet weaving. Thus a sample of 162 child labors was taken for the
present study. As per objectives of the study parents and employers were interviewed. Personal interviews
and observation methods were resorted to in order to collect relevant data. Interviews of child labors and
employers were conducted with the pre-tested questionnaires and schedules. Personal observation schedule
was also found up by the researcher at the work place of child labor. The data thus collected was analyzed
and has been presented in tabular form.
2. Discussion and analysis
2.1 Sex and Age
It is a well established fact that age plays a dominant role in shaping personality and values of responsibility to
work and to participate in the different walk of life. It was in the above mentioned context that the sex and age
group of child was given an important position in the present study. Distribution of the child labors according to
their sex and age group is presented in the table 1
Table 1: Distribution of the Child Labors according to age and sex.
Age (Years) Male Female Total Percentage
6 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0
8 1 1 2 1.23
9 0 2 2 1.23
10 1 3 4 2.47
11 7 13 20 12.35
12 13 17 30 18.52
13 19 29 48 29.63
14 23 33 56 34.57
Total 64 (39.50) 98 (60.50) 162 100.00
Note: figures in brackets indicate percentage, Source: field survey.
It is obvious from table 1 that 34.57 percent child labors were 14 years old, 29.63 percent, 18.52 percent, and
12.35 percent, were 13, 12, and 11 years old respectively. The data confirm the impression that people usually
send their children for work among 11 years or so. The children working in the age group of 11-14 years were
95.7 percent. The table further shows that female child laborers out number male child laborers in the carpet
weaving sector of the study area. As 60.50 percent child laborers are female and the rest 39.50 percent are male.
The societal preference for male children result in girls being valued less, fed less, educated less but worked harder
and are more disciplined and deprived of every opportunity to broaden their personal, social and intellectual
horizons.
In most economically disadvantaged families, greater the poverty, the more aggravated is the situation of the
female child. In certain families, the rules of permission and restriction on women and female children are much
more stringent which allows for greater exploitation and discrimination. Higher proportion of female children in
the sampled villages can be attributed to socio-economic factors as majority of the households put a ceiling into
female children's aspirations. The notion of temporary membership in the parental home results in the perception
of the female child as a burden to be passed on to another family where she remains an outsider, a household
drudge, a reproductive machine and unpaid worker throughout in life. Further girls’ economic participation goes
unnoticed as they are employed in either family labor or domestic worker in unorganized sector like carpet units.
2.2 Education
Education is of utmost importance for the proper growth and development of the individual. It plays an important
role in one's life in the sense that it helps in shaping the right kind of life style in the human beings. The educational
19
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
standard of children in the sampled villages is presented in table 2.
Table 2: Educational attainment of child labors
S. No. Education SEX Total
Male Female
1 Illiterate 27 42 69 (42.59)
th
2 Up to 5 25 32 57 (35.18)
th
3 Up to 8 12 24 36(22.23)
Total 64 98 162(100)
Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentage.
Source: field survey.
The table 2 shows that a little more than 2/5th (42.59 percent) of the child laborers have never gone to school and
35.18 percent have studied up to 5th standard , while the rest 22.23 percent have studied up to 8th standard . Thus
more than 3/4th (77.77 percent) child laborers are either totally illiterate or have not completed even primary
education.
2.3 Factors Responsible For Drop Out
Those child labors who have attended the school, but discontinued at different point of time, mentioned variety of
reasons The reasons for discontinuance of the studies and those for not attending the school have some
commonality between them. However the reasons of discontinuance are more comprehensive in nature than those
for not attending the school. These reasons are grouped into five broad categories that are briefly defined as under:
2.3.1 Parental and Natural Reasons
It includes death and chronic illness of parents, bad behavior of step father /mother, aged parents ,illness of the
child, bad neighborhood, friends work so 'I work' and child wanting to become skilled craftsmen in the face of
limited or not economic opportunities.
2.3.2 Poverty and Economic Hardship
It includes repeated failure of agriculture, loss in business, no funds with parents to support studies, large size of
family, need to supplement income of the family, and prevalence of unemployment among educated youth.
2.3.3 Social and Customary Reasons
It includes age- old practice of not sending girls to school after a particular age, learning traditional practices of the
family. Parent’s apathy towards education, child required to look after young siblings and pressure of household
chores etc.
2.3.4 Educational Backwardness
It includes repeated failure in a class, lack of basic facilities in schools, fear of teachers, frequent absence of
teachers and hostile political environment.
2.3.5 More Than Two Reasons
More than two reasons given by children are grouped in above categories e.g. Personal, natural and economic
reasons, social, customary reasons, personal natural, social customary and economic, personal natural economic
and educational backwardness etc.
The sex wise information regarding discontinuing the studies is tabulated in table 3. Of the total child labors under
study, nearly 1/4th (26.54 percent) have given two or more reasons for non enrollment or discontinuing their studies
at different point of time. Poverty and bad economic conditions of the family (grouped together) figure as on of the
most important single cause for dropping out of school, the ratio for boys and girls being 2:1 as shown in table 3.
Scholastic backwardness of the child is another important single reason responsible for discontinuance of studies,
as 8.02 percent of both sexes left studies because of this reason whereas 8.16 percent of the girls left studies due to
social and cultural factors.
20
4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
Table 3: Child Labors Indicating Reasons of Discontinuing Studies by Sex
Sex NE PN EH SC EB PNEESC Total
Boys 27(42.18) 3(4.68) 12(18.75) 1(1.56) 5(7.81) 16(25.0) 64(100)
Girls 42(42.95) 4(4.08) 9(9.18) 8(8.16) 8(8.16) 27(27.55) 98(100)
Total 69(42.59) 7(4.32) 21(12.96) 9(5.56) 13(8.02) 43(26.54) 162(100)
Note: 1. Figures in brackets indicates percentage. 2. NE - Non Enrollment, PN - Personal & Natural,
EH-Economic Hardship’s, SH- Social & Customary, EB – Educational Backwardness.
From the above analysis it can be safely concluded that reasons for drop out as mentionable by children showed
that economic compulsion and educational backwardness are the two most important factors forcing children to
leave the school at different points of time. Social and customary factors are other important factors especially for
girls to withdraw from the studies. In other words, there is a close relationship between education of the child and
the need for taking up the jobs for helping the families financially and keeping them alive. Perhaps these children
are quite sensitive to the problems faced by their families. Unless these conditions are improved the problems of
literacy and social drop-out will persist and children will be forced to engage in some economic activities to help
and supplement the income of their families.
2.4 Employment
We have divided the child labors in two groups according to their nature of employment. One is self-employed i.e.
those child labors who are working in their house along with other members of the family. The other consists of
children who are employed against wages outside their house. The data presented in table 4 shows the nature of
employment of the sampled child workers according to sex.
Table 4: Employment of Child Workers by Sex
S. No. Category of Employment Boys Girls Total
1 Employed 30(46.87) 26(26.53) 56(34.57)
2 Self employed 34(53.12) 72(73.46) 106(65.43)
Total 64(100) 98(100) 162(100)
Note: Figures in brackets shows %age.
Source: field survey.
The above table reveals that self employed children outnumber employed children and among them girls (73.46
percent) are mostly employed at their home as compared to boys (53.12 percent). Out of the total 162 child labors
106 (65.43 percent) has been found working at their houses and only 56 (34.57 percent) have been employed
outside their house.
3. Family background
The family background of the respondents assumes more significance because it is the family where the child
learns the basic skills to cope with social norms, values and demands. It has its own pattern of interpersonal
relations, acts as an agency for socialization which in turn is affected by the socio-economic conditions of the
family. Within the villages under study the pattern of respondents’ families is varied among different income
groups. The villagers still attach importance to joint family which is breaking up and paves way for nuclear family.
In the present study an attempt has been made to collect salient features of social and economic conditions of the
family with a view to examine its impact on child. Direct observations coupled with the discussions with the
parents of child workers yielded some material on this point.
3.1 Family Type
In general it is believed and experienced that children in a joint family system would be given all protection and
they will be facilitated to seek better education, recreation and the broader requirements of socialization itself. A
21
5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
critical look at the studies on child labor in the Indian context would reveal that disintegration of joint family
system especially in rural society paved the way for emergence of child labor practice. It is equally true in the
present study also. For instance data depicted in figure 1 shows that nuclear families constitute 87.04 percent to the
total families interviewed followed by joint family which is only 12.96 percent. Hence it is inferred from the
analysis that nuclear family system, which is also an influencing force in child labor practice, is predominant in the
study area. It is revealed from the study that parents in the nuclear family have got greater influence to decide upon
whether a child is to be educated or employed in contrast to the joint family system where old people have a
considerable amount of influence in decision making.
100
87.04
90
80
Respondents (%)
70
60
50 Percentage
40
30
20 12.96
10
0
Joint Family Nuclear Family
Family Type
Fig. 1: Distribution of respondents according to type of family
3.2 Size of family
After knowing the type of the family of child labors, another related query was regarding the number of family
members. Table 5 gives the number of family members in a child workers family.
Table 5: Number of family members
S. No. No. of family member No. of Respondents Percentage
1 1-4 17 10.49
2 4-8 80 49.39
3 8-12 65 40.12
Total 162 100.00
Source: Field study
The table 5 reveals that 80 (49.39 percent) child labors belonged to such families where there were 4-8 members.
Similarly 65 (40.12 percent) child labors belong to families which had 8-12 members. Only 17(10.49 percent)
labors belonged to families which had 1- 4 members. Thus, one can say that in a poor family which had more than
6 members, it is difficult for one person to run the house. Hence there is no other alternative but to send the child to
work rather than to school in order to supplement family income .The children who belonging to the small family
category that is 1- 4 members worked either because there was no earning member in the family or just to enjoy
with friends at the carpet units and at the same time learn some skills. Most of the children of this category added
that they had to work because their father had died and being the eldest child, it was their duty to look after the
family. Thus, we see that whether the child belonged to small or large family, they are forced to work for some
reason or the other.
3.3 Housing Conditions
22
6. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
The distribution of respondents according to their nature of housing and civic amenities is presented in the tables 6
& 7.
Table 6: Types of Houses of Child Labors
S. No. Type of House No. of Respondents Percentage
1 Pucca 125 77.16
2 Semi-Pucca 34 21.18
3 Kutcha 3 1.85
Total 162 100.00
Source: Field Study.
As shown in table 6 more than 3/4th (77.16 percent) child labors live in Pucca houses where as 21.18 percent live
in the semi-Pucca houses and only 1.85 percent live in Kutcha houses. These figures show relatively good position
occupied by the sample area as against the data available on the overall state of J&K according to census 2001.
Census 2001 has revealed that 55 percent households live in Pucca houses ,32.15 percent in semi-Pucca houses
and 12.85 percent households where living in Kutcha houses in J&K state.
Table 7: Type of Civic Amenities in Child Workers House.
Type of Amenities Number Percentage
WATER
No Regular Facility 12 7.41
Public Tap 122 75.31
Private Tap 28 17.28
Total 162 100.00
ELECTRICITY
No Regular Facility 12 7.41
No Facility 7 4.32
Owned 143 88.27
Total 162 100.0
LATRINE
No Facility (Open Space) 65 40.12
Public 54 33.34
Private 43 26.54
Total 162 100.0
Source: Field Study
Almost all the localities lack one or the other type of basic amenities like water, latrine and electricity. Even where
these facilities are available they are woefully inadequate to meet the needs of residents. Table 7 shows that almost
all the households understudy have the availability of public or private water facilities but there are still 7.41
percent of the households who lack the availability of regular water facilities. All the respondents interviewed who
do not are having the regular availability of water supply were asked to tell the distance from which they have to
bring the water when they feel shortage of water supply. Almost all of them responded that they have to bring it
from a distance of 0.5 to 1 km or even more.
Electricity was available to majority of the respondents’ houses (80.27 percent) but there were still 7.41 percent
households who do not are having the regular availability of electricity and 4.32 percent were un-electrified. Those
23
7. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
who do not are having the regular availability of electricity were mostly using lanterns or in some cases gas
cylinders or candles to light the houses in the evening. Further it is observed from the field survey that all the
un-electrified houses are recently constructed and taping of service required a considerable amount of money and
time.
The table 7 also shows that out of total 162 child labors, 65 (40.12 percent) were not having the facility of latrines,
54 (33.34 percent) and 43 (26.54 percent) were having the public and private latrines respectively. Those who do
not have the facilities of latrines responded that they have to go in open space outside the residential area at a
distance of about 0.5 to 1 km. Some told that they have to go in other Molalla of the same village where there is the
availability of Latrine.
The overall analysis relating to housing conditions shows that carpet weaving is carried within the four walls and
due to lack of proper ventilation and incapability of basic amenities of life, it affects the eyes and creates other
health problems to all employees in general and the children working in these carpet units, in particular hence there
is a need for the involvement of policy makers to look at the matter seriously and provide all basic amenities of life
to these carpet weaving employees so that they may not suffer in future.
3.4 Education of Parents
Undoubtedly, education plays an important role in the development of an individual, society or nation. The
educated parents plan their families; provide best possible education and recreational facilities to their children.
They are cautions about the nutritional and health requirements of their children and give them love and affection
essential for their growth, development and preparation for the future life. The table 8 reflects the educational level
of parents of child labors.
Table 8: Educational Attainment of Child Labors and Their Fathers
S. no. Level of education Father Child Worker's Education
1 Illiterate 83(59.71) 69(42.59)
th
2 Up to 5 32(23.02) 57(35.18)
th
3 Up to 8 and above 24(17.27) 36(22.23)
Total 139(100) 162(100)
Note: 1. Figures in brackets shows percentage.
2. 23 child labors have same parents; therefore total fathers shown are only 139.
It is only with this end in view that the present study tries to analyzes families who are male dominated, education
of fathers has been alone analyzed. The table 8 shows that a little less than 2/3rd (59.71 percent) of fathers were
illiterate and 23.02 percent have studied up to 5th standard. Only 17.27 percent of them have studied up to 8th
standard and above. Thus more than 4/5th (82.73 percent) of the fathers were either illiterate or have not completed
primary education. When we compare the education of fathers with that of their children, our study shows that
there is a direct relationship between the father’s illiteracy rate and child labor i.e. higher the illiteracy rate of father,
higher is the incidence of child labor.
3.5 Parental Occupation
In the rural areas children inherit their family occupations. The occupation of the parents of child labors has been
presented in figure 2.
24
8. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
Percentage
Father Less,
3.08
Service, 4.93
Carpet Work,
17.9 Farming, 36.42
Business, 9.25
labour, 28.39
Fig. 2: Occupation of Parents of Child Labors.
The data presented in the figure 2 highlights that majority of parents (36.42 percent) have agriculture as their
occupation, 17.90 percent are involved in the carpet weaving work either in their own house or in other units,
28.39 percent and 9.25 percent are laborers and business men respectively. From this data one can safely conclude
that nearly half (46.29 percent) of the child laborers came from laboring class (both skilled & semi-skilled)
followed by farming class (36.42 percent). It is also revealed that people in service do not like their children to go
for jobs at an early age, most probably because they have learnt from their colleagues about the ill effects of the
child labor.
3.6 Economic Status
It is generally stated that the income level of the households is one of the key determinants of child labor. The
lower the income of the household the greater the incidence of child labors. The income level of the household is
taken here to mean the total monthly income of all members of the family including the earnings of the child
workers. Since the children are not considered very competent to give the exact income of their family. The
information regarding household income has been collected from parents and/or other elder/head of the family e.g.
mother, elder brother, elder sister, grandparents, uncles etc. In few cases the income of the household is gathered
from respondent child worker also. The information in this context has been collected from all the 100 sampled
households of the selected five villages of block Qaimoh of district Kulgam which is presented in the table 9
Table 9: Monthly Income of the Households /Parents (in Rs.) & no. Of child labors
S. No. Income Percentage No. of Child Percentage
labors
1 Up to Rs 2000 22.00 67 41.35
2 Rs 2000-Rs3000 55.00 52 32.09
3 Rs3000-Rs4000 20.00 30 18.51
4 Rs4000-Rs5000& above 3.0 13 8.02
Total 100.00 162 100.00
Source: Field Survey.
The above analysis reveals that more than 3/4th households monthly income is less than Rs 3000 while 20
percents’ monthly income is between Rs 3000 to Rs 4000 and only 3 percent have more than Rs 4000 per month.
25
9. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
The table also shows that a little more than 2/5th (41.35 percent) of the child labors belong to those households
whose monthly income is below Rs 2000, nearly 1/3rd (32.09 percent) belong to those households whose monthly
income is between Rs 2000 to Rs 3000, 18.51 percent belong to those whose monthly income is between Rs 3000
to Rs 4000 and only 8.02 percent belong to those households whose monthly income is above Rs 4000. Thus the
analysis of the table shows that there is an inverse relationship between households’ monthly income and child
labor i.e. lower the level of income of household, greater is the incidence of the child labor. This indicates that due
to low income of the family children were deprived of the facilities which were essential for their proper growth
and development and on the contrary, they were put to work to supplement their family income. As the parents of
the working children had jobs with low emoluments, it was very difficult for them to educate their children.
3.7 Child's Contribution to Family Income.
Family being the basic social unit, earning members contribute to the family fund so that at least the basic needs of
all family members including non-earnings ones may be satisfied. The distribution of the child labors in terms of
their percentage contribution according to different house hold income groups has been presented in figure 3
Average Contribution of Child Labourers in %
35
Childs'contribution
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Upto Rs 2000 Rs 2000-Rs3000 Rs3000-Rs4000 Upto Rs5000 &
above
Household income
Fig. 3: Childs’ contribution to family income per month.
The above figure shows that those households whose monthly income is up to Rs 2000, 32 percent (on an
avg.) of their income is contributed by their children working in carpet weaving units, 25 percent to those
households having income between Rs 2000 to Rs 3000, 19 percent and 12 percent income to those
households having income between Rs 3000 to Rs 4000 and above Rs 4000 respectively. Thus our analysis
show that there is a negative correlation between percentage contributions of child labors to their family
income and total household income. In other words, as family income increases, the proportion of child's
contribution to family income decreases and vice-versa.
4. Conclusion
To sum up, it can be seen that the working children in the carpet industry came from socially as well as
economically poor families and they supplemented the family earnings to a limited extent. The poor
economic conditions of the rural segment of the population, poor social background and high dependency
ratio in families force children to take up jobs for contributing to the family income in early life. Economic
compulsion and educational backwardness of parents were the main reasons forcing children to leave the
school and join labor market at different point of time. Our analysis shows that there is negative
correlation between percentage contribution of child labor to family income and total household income. In
other words as family income increases, the proportion of child’s contribution to family income decreases
and vice-versa.
26
10. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2011
References
Anandharajakumar P. (2004) Female Child Labour, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Bahara, O.S. (2008) Child Labour, Dimensions and Issues, Cyber Tech Publications, New Delhi.
China, S.S (2009) Child Labour and Policy Implications, Regal Publications, New York.
Jain Mahaveer (2006) Child Labour from different perspectives, Manak Publications, New Delhi.
Jha, K.J. (2002) State of Girl Child in India Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Misra, S.N. and Sweta Mishra (2004) Tiny Hands in Unorganised Sector, Shipra Publications, New Delhi.
Mujawar, W.R. (2008) Child Labour Problem, Arise Publications, New Delhi.
Nengroo Aasif Hussain (2010) Child Labor in the carpet industry of Kashmir-A case study of block Qaimoh,
Unpublished M. Phil dissertation, P.G. Department of Economics ,University of Kashmir.
Rao, Prasad M. (2006) Child Labour: Problems and Policy Issues, The Associate Publishers, Ambala.
Shandila, Kummar Tappan (2006) Child Labour: A Global Challenge, Deep and Deep Publications,
New Delhi.
Sharma, Usha (2006) Female Labour in India, Mittal Publications, New Delhi.
27