This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It defines a database as a collection of related data and a database management system (DBMS) as software that manages and controls access to the database. It discusses traditional file-based systems and their limitations compared to database approaches. The database approach involves storing data centrally in a database that can be accessed and manipulated by multiple application programs simultaneously. Key concepts covered include the three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture, database languages like DDL and DML, DBMS components, and file-server architectures.

1. PENGANTAR
INTRO TO DATABASE

2. SIMPLE DEFINITION
• Database:
• a collection of related data
• Database Management System (DBMS):
• software that manages and controls access to the database
• A database application:
• a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution
• Database system:
• collection of application programs that interact with the database along with the DBMS and
database itself

3. SAMPLE
• Purchases from the supermarket
• Booking a holiday at the travel agents
• Using the local library
• Renting a video
• Using the Internet
• Studying at university

4. PENGANTAR
FILE BASED SYSTEM

5. Traditional File-Based Systems
• File-Based System
• A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users such as the
production of reports.
• Each program defines and manages its own data.
• A file is simply a collection of records, which contains logically related data.
• Example:
• DreamHome System
• Sales
• Contract

6. Case Study
• Sales Department
• The Sales Department is responsible for the selling and renting of properties.
• Whenever a client approaches the Sales Department with a view to marketing his or her
property for rent, a form is completed.
• Contract Department
• The Contracts Department is responsible for handling the lease agreements associated with
properties for rent.
• Whenever a client agrees to rent a property, a form is filled in by one of the Sales staff
giving the client and property details form is passed to the Contracts Department which
allocates a lease number and completes the payment and rental period details.

7. CLIENT SALES CONTRACT
FILL FORM FILL FORM
&
ARCHIEVING
CLIENT
FILLED
FORM SALES
FILLED
FORM
ARCHIEVING
SALES DATA
CONTRACT DATA

8. Rent Details Form Client Details Form

13. Limitation
• Separation and isolation of data
• Duplication of data
• Data Dependence
• Security & Integrity
• Single user
• Incompatible File Format

14. PENGANTAR
DATABASE APPROACH

15. FILE LIMITATION
REVIEW
• the definition of the data is embedded in the application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently
• there is no control over the access and manipulation of
data beyond that imposed by the application programs

16. DATABASE
• Database:
• A shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data,
designed to meet the information needs of an organization
• Sytem Catalog = Data Dictionary = Metadata
• self-describing collection of integrated records
• Data about data
• Data abstraction
• change the internal definition of an object without affecting the users

17. Database Management System
(DBMS)
• A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain,
and control access to the database.
• Allows users to define the database, usually through a Data
Definition Language (DDL).
• Allows users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from the
database, usually through a Data Manipulation Language (DML).

18. Database Management System
(DBMS)
• Provides controlled access to the database:
• a security system, which prevents unauthorized users accessing the
database;
• an integrity system, which maintains the consistency of stored data;
• a concurrency control system, which allows shared access of the database;
• a recovery control system, which restores the database to a previous
consistent state following a hardware or software failure;
• a user-accessible catalog, which contains descriptions of the data in the
database.

19. Application Programs
• A computer program that interacts with the database by issuing an
appropriate request (typically an SQL statement) to the DBMS.

21. Simple Database Environment
• Hardware (including Network)
• Software
• Database itself
• Application
• Data
• People
• Database Administrator
• Application Administrator
• User

22. Advantages
• Control of data redundancy
• Minimizing data duplication
• Data consistency
• All copies are the same
• Sharing data
• Database belongs to any departement.
• Enforcement of standards
• Improved data integrity (constraint)
• Limitation of data
• Increased concurrency
• Multi user access
• Improved backup and recovery services

23. Disadvantages
• Complexity
• Storage Size and Cost
• Machine cost
• Conversion Cost
• Higher Impact on failure

24. PENGANTAR
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

25. Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
• SPARC: Standards Planning and Requirements Committee

26. Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

27. Database Languages
• DDL
• A language that allows the DBA or user to describe and name the entities, attributes, and
relationships required for the application, together with any associated integrity and security
constraints.
• DML
• A language that provides a set of operations to support the basic data manipulation
operations on the data held in the database.

28. Database Languages
• Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)
• presentation languages: query languages and report generators;
• speciality languages: spreadsheets and database languages;
• application generators: define, insert, update, and retrieve data from the database to build
applications;
• very high-level languages: generate application code.

29. DBMS Component

30. FILE-SERVER Architecture
• Traditional Two Tier

31. FILE-SERVER Architecture

32. FILE-SERVER Architecture
• Three Tier

33. PERTEMUAN SELANJUTNYA:
RELATIONAL MODEL