The document discusses UNCLOS and the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf. It provides background on the UN process leading to UNCLOS and defines key terms like the continental shelf and continental margin as described in UNCLOS. It explains that under UNCLOS, the continental shelf of a coastal state can extend up to 200 nautical miles from shore or to the outer edge of the continental margin, and describes the criteria and process used to determine the outer limits in areas where the margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the law of the sea through codification efforts like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It describes the key maritime zones established by UNCLOS, including internal waters, the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and the continental shelf. It also discusses concepts like baselines, innocent passage, and the sovereign rights of coastal states in different maritime areas as defined by UNCLOS.
The document discusses international law of the sea as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS establishes that a coastal state's continental shelf extends at least 200 nautical miles from its coastline. For areas beyond 200 nautical miles, UNCLOS created the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to make recommendations on establishing boundaries. Adjacent states must also agree to delimit boundaries through negotiation or dispute settlement procedures in UNCLOS. The document then provides examples of how China, Iceland, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and Russia have ratified or made claims regarding their continental shelves and boundaries under UNCLOS.
The document discusses the continental shelf and the procedures for coastal states to submit information on the limits of their continental shelf under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It describes key aspects of Part VI of UNCLOS, including Article 76 which defines the continental shelf and establishes limits and criteria for determining the shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The document also outlines potential resources that may be found on the continental shelf, such as aggregates, hydrocarbons, minerals, and discusses how geological and geomorphological evidence can be used to demonstrate the natural prolongation of a coastal state's land territory to support claims under UNCLOS.
The document summarizes the key outcomes of the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, which established international law concepts like the territorial sea, contiguous zone, continental shelf, and high seas. It also discusses how the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea updated and expanded on these concepts, including establishing a 12 nautical mile limit for the territorial sea. Malaysia participated in negotiating the 1982 convention and became a state party to it in 1996 when it ratified the agreement.
The document summarizes key aspects of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It discusses the development of international laws governing the seas from early maritime customs and codes up through modern times. It provides context for UNCLOS by describing prior treaties and agreements. The summary also outlines some of the main principles and sections of UNCLOS, including defining the territorial sea and contiguous zone, outlining aspects of innocent passage, and establishing the sea bed and ocean floor as the "common heritage of mankind." UNCLOS was a significant international agreement that aimed to establish a comprehensive legal framework governing all uses of the oceans.
This document defines the continental shelf and coastal state rights over the continental shelf according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It provides that a coastal state's continental shelf extends to 200 nautical miles from shore or the edge of the continental margin if it extends beyond 200 nm. It outlines procedures for establishing the outer limits if they extend beyond 200 nm and requirements for submitting limit coordinates. It also describes coastal state sovereign rights over natural resources on the continental shelf and obligations to not infringe on other states' navigation rights.
The document discusses the international law of the sea, including key provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It summarizes that UNCLOS established a 12 nautical mile territorial sea limit and introduced new legal regimes for the exclusive economic zone and international seabed area. The summary also notes that under UNCLOS, ships enjoy the right of innocent passage through territorial seas and coastal states can exercise jurisdiction over foreign ships in certain circumstances, such as if a consequence of a crime extends to the coastal state.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the law of the sea through codification efforts like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It describes the key maritime zones established by UNCLOS, including internal waters, the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and the continental shelf. It also discusses concepts like baselines, innocent passage, and the sovereign rights of coastal states in different maritime areas as defined by UNCLOS.
The document discusses international law of the sea as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS establishes that a coastal state's continental shelf extends at least 200 nautical miles from its coastline. For areas beyond 200 nautical miles, UNCLOS created the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to make recommendations on establishing boundaries. Adjacent states must also agree to delimit boundaries through negotiation or dispute settlement procedures in UNCLOS. The document then provides examples of how China, Iceland, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and Russia have ratified or made claims regarding their continental shelves and boundaries under UNCLOS.
The document discusses the continental shelf and the procedures for coastal states to submit information on the limits of their continental shelf under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It describes key aspects of Part VI of UNCLOS, including Article 76 which defines the continental shelf and establishes limits and criteria for determining the shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The document also outlines potential resources that may be found on the continental shelf, such as aggregates, hydrocarbons, minerals, and discusses how geological and geomorphological evidence can be used to demonstrate the natural prolongation of a coastal state's land territory to support claims under UNCLOS.
The document summarizes the key outcomes of the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, which established international law concepts like the territorial sea, contiguous zone, continental shelf, and high seas. It also discusses how the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea updated and expanded on these concepts, including establishing a 12 nautical mile limit for the territorial sea. Malaysia participated in negotiating the 1982 convention and became a state party to it in 1996 when it ratified the agreement.
The document summarizes key aspects of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It discusses the development of international laws governing the seas from early maritime customs and codes up through modern times. It provides context for UNCLOS by describing prior treaties and agreements. The summary also outlines some of the main principles and sections of UNCLOS, including defining the territorial sea and contiguous zone, outlining aspects of innocent passage, and establishing the sea bed and ocean floor as the "common heritage of mankind." UNCLOS was a significant international agreement that aimed to establish a comprehensive legal framework governing all uses of the oceans.
This document defines the continental shelf and coastal state rights over the continental shelf according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It provides that a coastal state's continental shelf extends to 200 nautical miles from shore or the edge of the continental margin if it extends beyond 200 nm. It outlines procedures for establishing the outer limits if they extend beyond 200 nm and requirements for submitting limit coordinates. It also describes coastal state sovereign rights over natural resources on the continental shelf and obligations to not infringe on other states' navigation rights.
The document discusses the international law of the sea, including key provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It summarizes that UNCLOS established a 12 nautical mile territorial sea limit and introduced new legal regimes for the exclusive economic zone and international seabed area. The summary also notes that under UNCLOS, ships enjoy the right of innocent passage through territorial seas and coastal states can exercise jurisdiction over foreign ships in certain circumstances, such as if a consequence of a crime extends to the coastal state.
MARPOL 73/78 –ANNEX 5
(including amendments)
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
Introduction
A plastic bottle dumped into the ocean takes 450 years to degrade, an aluminum can takes 200-500, and tin can 100, according to numbers cited by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a UN agency that regulates the shiping industry.
Regulation 1
definnitions
For the purposes of this Annex
Garbage means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and part thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other Annexes to the present convention
Food wastes are any spoiled or unspoiled victual substances, such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry, meat product, food scraps, food particles, and all other materials contaminated by such wastes, generated onboard ship, principally in the gallery and dining areas.
Nearest land The term "from the nearest land" means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of the territory in question is established in accordance with international law.
Nearest land The term "from the nearest land" means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of the territory in question is established in accordance with international law.
Regulation 2
application
The provision of this Annex shall apply to all ships.
Regulation 3
disposal of garbage out side special areas
1) Subject to the provisions of regulations 4, 5 and 6 of this Annex:
the disposal into the sea of all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues, is prohibited;
the disposal into the sea of the following garbage shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than:
(i) 25 nautical miles for dunnage, lining and packing materials which will float;
(ii) 12 nautical miles for food wastes and all other garbage including paper
products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuse;
disposal into the sea of garbage specified in subparagraph(b)(ii) of this regulation may be permitted when it has passed through a comminuter or grinder and made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than 3 nautical miles. Such comminuted or ground garbage shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 mm.
2) When the garbage is mixed with other discharges having different disposal or discharge requirements the more stringent requirements shall apply.
Regulation 4
special requirements for disposal of garbage
1) Subject to th
This document discusses the history and development of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It traces the evolution of maritime law from ancient codes and customs to modern international agreements. Key events included Hugo Grotius establishing the principle of freedom of the seas in the early 17th century and UNCLOS being signed in 1982 after over a decade of negotiations. UNCLOS established rules governing territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, the continental shelf, high seas, and international seabed areas. It aimed to create a comprehensive legal framework for the governance of oceans.
This document summarizes key parts of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. It discusses the territorial sea and contiguous zone, including the sovereignty of coastal states over their territorial sea and airspace above it. It establishes the breadth of the territorial sea at 12 nautical miles and outlines rules for determining baselines and outer limits. It also covers innocent passage of ships through territorial seas, jurisdiction of coastal states, and exclusive economic zones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including its establishment in 1982 with 320 articles and 9 annexes. It discusses UNCLOS provisions on the territorial sea, including the breadth of 12 nautical miles, how baselines are measured, and sovereignty and jurisdiction within the territorial sea. It also summarizes the rights of innocent passage for ships through territorial seas and the immunity of warships from coastal state jurisdiction.
The maritime belt refers to the part of the sea under the jurisdiction of coastal states. It extends up to 12 nautical miles from shore, within which the coastal state can exercise sovereignty. Historically, the width of the maritime belt varied depending on the range of cannons, but international agreements in the 20th century standardized it at 12 miles. Within this zone, coastal nations have control over resources and activities as recognized under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The document discusses the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which was formed in 1982 to define rights and liabilities of nations regarding the world's oceans. UNCLOS established maritime zones like the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf and the high seas. It also created the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and International Seabed Authority to resolve disputes and regulate seabed activities beyond national jurisdictions. UNCLOS aimed to provide a comprehensive legal framework for activities in and governance of the oceans.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)Justin Ordoyo
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established a comprehensive legal framework governing the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans. It was negotiated over a period of nine years and signed in 1982, entering into force in 1994. UNCLOS defines maritime zones of jurisdiction and rights of passage, sets limits on pollution and environmental protection, and establishes economic jurisdictions. It has been ratified by 166 nations as of 2013 and is now considered customary international law.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes guidelines governing nations' use of the world's oceans. It defines maritime zones such as the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. The convention grants nations rights to resources within their maritime zones while balancing coastal state sovereignty with freedom of the seas. It also addresses environmental concerns and establishes the International Seabed Authority to regulate deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdictions. UNCLOS took effect in 1994 after receiving enough signatures, becoming the governing framework for international marine law.
The document discusses the law of the sea and its evolution over time. With the adoption of the UN Convention in 1982, a comprehensive framework was created to govern legal control of the sea. This framework divides the ocean into multiple jurisdictional zones, including internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and the continental shelf. The law of the sea aims to prevent dangers, manage resources properly, and reduce conflicts by establishing clear legal zones and governance for activities in the oceans.
This document provides an overview of the nature and history of UK oil and gas law. It discusses systems of mineral ownership, the development of the continental shelf doctrine in international law, and how UK law has evolved to regulate the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas both onshore and offshore. Key legislation discussed includes the Petroleum (Production) Act 1934, Continental Shelf Act 1964, Petroleum and Submarine Pipelines Act 1975, and how the UK licensing system for oil and gas operations has developed over time.
This document provides an overview of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS-III). It discusses key concepts in UNCLOS-III including maritime zones like the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. It also covers maritime boundaries and methods for delineating boundaries. Specifically, it highlights how UNCLOS-III is relevant for Bangladesh, including reviewing Bangladesh's baselines and maritime zones, resolving maritime boundary issues according to UNCLOS-III, and ensuring peaceful use of the Bay of Bengal. The document aims to familiarize the reader with UNCLOS-III and visualize how it applies to Bangladesh's maritime zones.
Legal Implications of PMSCs in EEZ and Contingous zonesHelen Tung
This document discusses the legal implications of using private military/maritime security companies (PMSCs) in economic exclusive zones (EEZs) and contiguous zones. It defines an EEZ as extending 200 nautical miles from shore where coastal states have sovereign rights over resources and economic activities. The contiguous zone extends up to 24 nautical miles where coastal states can enforce laws to prevent infringement. PMSCs provide armed security services. They are governed by the non-binding Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers which provide guidelines around use of force, weapons management, and human rights/international law compliance.
Mr. Juan Pablo Sabatini, Geographer, National Division of Frontiers and Limits,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Technical Advisers:
Mr. Ricardo Saez, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Juan Carlos Muñoz, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Jorge Ulloa, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Jorge Cabrera, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Juan Pablo Orrego, Captain, Chilean Navy,
Mr. Jorge Sepúlveda, Captain, Chilean Navy,
Mr. Cristián Espinoza, Captain,
Mr. Juan Pablo Sabatini, National Division of Frontiers and Limits, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Technical Advisers:
Mr. Ricardo Saez, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Juan Carlos Muñoz, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. José Luis Vallejos, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. Jorge Ulloa, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Juan Pablo Ilabaca, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. Juan Pablo Candia,
Mr. Jorge Cabrera, Geographer, National Division of Frontiers and Limits,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Party to the proceedings in respect of the course of the single maritime boundary in the
area where the jurisdiction of the Parties overlaps with the jurisdiction that could be
claimed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Piet de Klerk, Ambassador, Director-General for Legal Affairs, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
as Agent;
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris 10, Secretary General of the
Hague Academy of International Law,
SENTENCIA TRIBUNAL DE LA HAYA SOBRE DIFERENDO MARÌTIMO PERÙ - CHILEJudith Chuquipul
Fuente: web site de la Corte de Justicia Internacional de La Haya - Holanda.
El texto en inglés se encuentra en el siguiente link: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf
The document discusses key concepts and legal regimes related to maritime zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including:
- The exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which extends up to 200 nautical miles from a state's coastline. Within the EEZ, coastal states have sovereign rights over natural resources and jurisdiction over economic activities, installations, and environmental protection.
- The continental shelf, which comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond a state's territorial sea. Coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration and exploitation of natural resources on the continental shelf.
- The rights of landlocked and geographically disadvantaged states to participate in exploitation
The document outlines the key maritime zones defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, including their boundaries and jurisdictions. It discusses the internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, high seas, and the Area. The Convention established these zones and their associated rights and jurisdictions to provide a legal framework for maritime activities and governance of the ocean environment.
Marine Environment and Pollution PreventionNick717493
This document discusses the framework established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) for regulating maritime activities and protecting the marine environment. It outlines UNCLOS provisions that extend coastal state jurisdiction and obligations while also strengthening the duties of flag states. Coastal states are given control within their territorial sea and exclusive economic zone, while flag states have primary enforcement responsibility on the high seas. The rights and responsibilities of these entities are outlined for different maritime zones and issues like pollution.
MARPOL 73/78 –ANNEX 5
(including amendments)
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
Introduction
A plastic bottle dumped into the ocean takes 450 years to degrade, an aluminum can takes 200-500, and tin can 100, according to numbers cited by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a UN agency that regulates the shiping industry.
Regulation 1
definnitions
For the purposes of this Annex
Garbage means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational waste excluding fresh fish and part thereof, generated during the normal operation of the ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically except those substances which are defined or listed in other Annexes to the present convention
Food wastes are any spoiled or unspoiled victual substances, such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, poultry, meat product, food scraps, food particles, and all other materials contaminated by such wastes, generated onboard ship, principally in the gallery and dining areas.
Nearest land The term "from the nearest land" means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of the territory in question is established in accordance with international law.
Nearest land The term "from the nearest land" means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of the territory in question is established in accordance with international law.
Regulation 2
application
The provision of this Annex shall apply to all ships.
Regulation 3
disposal of garbage out side special areas
1) Subject to the provisions of regulations 4, 5 and 6 of this Annex:
the disposal into the sea of all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues, is prohibited;
the disposal into the sea of the following garbage shall be made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than:
(i) 25 nautical miles for dunnage, lining and packing materials which will float;
(ii) 12 nautical miles for food wastes and all other garbage including paper
products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery and similar refuse;
disposal into the sea of garbage specified in subparagraph(b)(ii) of this regulation may be permitted when it has passed through a comminuter or grinder and made as far as practicable from the nearest land but in any case is prohibited if the distance from the nearest land is less than 3 nautical miles. Such comminuted or ground garbage shall be capable of passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25 mm.
2) When the garbage is mixed with other discharges having different disposal or discharge requirements the more stringent requirements shall apply.
Regulation 4
special requirements for disposal of garbage
1) Subject to th
This document discusses the history and development of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It traces the evolution of maritime law from ancient codes and customs to modern international agreements. Key events included Hugo Grotius establishing the principle of freedom of the seas in the early 17th century and UNCLOS being signed in 1982 after over a decade of negotiations. UNCLOS established rules governing territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, the continental shelf, high seas, and international seabed areas. It aimed to create a comprehensive legal framework for the governance of oceans.
This document summarizes key parts of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. It discusses the territorial sea and contiguous zone, including the sovereignty of coastal states over their territorial sea and airspace above it. It establishes the breadth of the territorial sea at 12 nautical miles and outlines rules for determining baselines and outer limits. It also covers innocent passage of ships through territorial seas, jurisdiction of coastal states, and exclusive economic zones.
The document summarizes key aspects of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including its establishment in 1982 with 320 articles and 9 annexes. It discusses UNCLOS provisions on the territorial sea, including the breadth of 12 nautical miles, how baselines are measured, and sovereignty and jurisdiction within the territorial sea. It also summarizes the rights of innocent passage for ships through territorial seas and the immunity of warships from coastal state jurisdiction.
The maritime belt refers to the part of the sea under the jurisdiction of coastal states. It extends up to 12 nautical miles from shore, within which the coastal state can exercise sovereignty. Historically, the width of the maritime belt varied depending on the range of cannons, but international agreements in the 20th century standardized it at 12 miles. Within this zone, coastal nations have control over resources and activities as recognized under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The document discusses the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which was formed in 1982 to define rights and liabilities of nations regarding the world's oceans. UNCLOS established maritime zones like the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf and the high seas. It also created the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and International Seabed Authority to resolve disputes and regulate seabed activities beyond national jurisdictions. UNCLOS aimed to provide a comprehensive legal framework for activities in and governance of the oceans.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)Justin Ordoyo
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established a comprehensive legal framework governing the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans. It was negotiated over a period of nine years and signed in 1982, entering into force in 1994. UNCLOS defines maritime zones of jurisdiction and rights of passage, sets limits on pollution and environmental protection, and establishes economic jurisdictions. It has been ratified by 166 nations as of 2013 and is now considered customary international law.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes guidelines governing nations' use of the world's oceans. It defines maritime zones such as the territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. The convention grants nations rights to resources within their maritime zones while balancing coastal state sovereignty with freedom of the seas. It also addresses environmental concerns and establishes the International Seabed Authority to regulate deep seabed mining beyond national jurisdictions. UNCLOS took effect in 1994 after receiving enough signatures, becoming the governing framework for international marine law.
The document discusses the law of the sea and its evolution over time. With the adoption of the UN Convention in 1982, a comprehensive framework was created to govern legal control of the sea. This framework divides the ocean into multiple jurisdictional zones, including internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and the continental shelf. The law of the sea aims to prevent dangers, manage resources properly, and reduce conflicts by establishing clear legal zones and governance for activities in the oceans.
This document provides an overview of the nature and history of UK oil and gas law. It discusses systems of mineral ownership, the development of the continental shelf doctrine in international law, and how UK law has evolved to regulate the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas both onshore and offshore. Key legislation discussed includes the Petroleum (Production) Act 1934, Continental Shelf Act 1964, Petroleum and Submarine Pipelines Act 1975, and how the UK licensing system for oil and gas operations has developed over time.
This document provides an overview of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS-III). It discusses key concepts in UNCLOS-III including maritime zones like the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, and continental shelf. It also covers maritime boundaries and methods for delineating boundaries. Specifically, it highlights how UNCLOS-III is relevant for Bangladesh, including reviewing Bangladesh's baselines and maritime zones, resolving maritime boundary issues according to UNCLOS-III, and ensuring peaceful use of the Bay of Bengal. The document aims to familiarize the reader with UNCLOS-III and visualize how it applies to Bangladesh's maritime zones.
Legal Implications of PMSCs in EEZ and Contingous zonesHelen Tung
This document discusses the legal implications of using private military/maritime security companies (PMSCs) in economic exclusive zones (EEZs) and contiguous zones. It defines an EEZ as extending 200 nautical miles from shore where coastal states have sovereign rights over resources and economic activities. The contiguous zone extends up to 24 nautical miles where coastal states can enforce laws to prevent infringement. PMSCs provide armed security services. They are governed by the non-binding Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers which provide guidelines around use of force, weapons management, and human rights/international law compliance.
Mr. Juan Pablo Sabatini, Geographer, National Division of Frontiers and Limits,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Technical Advisers:
Mr. Ricardo Saez, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Juan Carlos Muñoz, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Jorge Ulloa, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Jorge Cabrera, Captain, Chilean Navy (retired),
Mr. Juan Pablo Orrego, Captain, Chilean Navy,
Mr. Jorge Sepúlveda, Captain, Chilean Navy,
Mr. Cristián Espinoza, Captain,
Mr. Juan Pablo Sabatini, National Division of Frontiers and Limits, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Technical Advisers:
Mr. Ricardo Saez, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Juan Carlos Muñoz, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. José Luis Vallejos, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. Jorge Ulloa, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Juan Pablo Ilabaca, National Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Ministry of
Defence,
Mr. Juan Pablo Candia,
Mr. Jorge Cabrera, Geographer, National Division of Frontiers and Limits,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Party to the proceedings in respect of the course of the single maritime boundary in the
area where the jurisdiction of the Parties overlaps with the jurisdiction that could be
claimed by the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Piet de Klerk, Ambassador, Director-General for Legal Affairs, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
as Agent;
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris 10, Secretary General of the
Hague Academy of International Law,
SENTENCIA TRIBUNAL DE LA HAYA SOBRE DIFERENDO MARÌTIMO PERÙ - CHILEJudith Chuquipul
Fuente: web site de la Corte de Justicia Internacional de La Haya - Holanda.
El texto en inglés se encuentra en el siguiente link: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf
The document discusses key concepts and legal regimes related to maritime zones under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), including:
- The exclusive economic zone (EEZ), which extends up to 200 nautical miles from a state's coastline. Within the EEZ, coastal states have sovereign rights over natural resources and jurisdiction over economic activities, installations, and environmental protection.
- The continental shelf, which comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond a state's territorial sea. Coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration and exploitation of natural resources on the continental shelf.
- The rights of landlocked and geographically disadvantaged states to participate in exploitation
The document outlines the key maritime zones defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, including their boundaries and jurisdictions. It discusses the internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, high seas, and the Area. The Convention established these zones and their associated rights and jurisdictions to provide a legal framework for maritime activities and governance of the ocean environment.
Marine Environment and Pollution PreventionNick717493
This document discusses the framework established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) for regulating maritime activities and protecting the marine environment. It outlines UNCLOS provisions that extend coastal state jurisdiction and obligations while also strengthening the duties of flag states. Coastal states are given control within their territorial sea and exclusive economic zone, while flag states have primary enforcement responsibility on the high seas. The rights and responsibilities of these entities are outlined for different maritime zones and issues like pollution.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
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1. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
1
The United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea and the
Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke
CLCS Member
2. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
2
UN PROCESS
International Law Commission 1949 - 1956
1st Conference on the LOS 1958
- Geneva Convention 1958
2nd Conference on the LOS 1960
Sea-Bed Commission 1968 - 1973
Declaration of Principles, GA 1970
3rd Conference on the LOS 1973 - 1982 -
UNCLOS 1982
- Entered into force 1994
3. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
3
UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION ON THE LAW
OF THE SEA
Maritime zones of jurisdiction
4. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
4
RG 31.1.00 R 001070
CONTINENTAL SHELF
BEYOND 200 M
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ))
LAND
THE AREA
Maritime
zones of
jurisdiction
LAND
5. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
5
TRUMAN PROCLAMATION
28 SEPT. 1945
The Government of the United States ”...regards the
natural resources of the subsoil and seabed of the
continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to
the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the
United States, subject to its jurisdiction and control.”
United States Government regarded this to be”...
reasonable and just, .............., since the continental shelf
may be regarded as the extension of the landmass of
the coastal nation and thus naturally appurtenant to
it .”
6. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
6
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
20 FEB. 1969
“More fundamental than the notion of proximity appears
to be the principle ...... of the natural prolongation or
continuation of the land territory..... “
.. What confers the ipso jure title which international law
attributes to the coastal State in respect of its continental
shelf, is the fact that the submarine areas concerned may
be deemed to be actually part of the territory over which
the coastal State already has dominion , - in the sense
that, ..... , they are a prolongation or continuation of
that territory,...”
7. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
7
CONTINENTAL SHELF
BOUNDARIES
Geneva Convention 1958:
The continental shelf extends “..to where the
depth of the superjacent water admits of the
exploitation of the natural resources..”
UNCLOS 1982:
The limits of the continental shelf established
according to the Convention “..shall be final
and binding”
8. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
8
SURFACE OF THE EARTH
9. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
9
RL9909003/6
13.12.99
MHe
Krystallinsk kontinental skorpe
Oceanic crust
Mid - oceanic
ridge
Melted
mantle
Earth's mantle
Foot of slope
Deep ocean floor
Continental margin
Sketch of geological principles
Crystalline continental crust
6-15 Km
30 - 50 Km
Continental
rise
10. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
10
UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION ON THE LAW
OF THE SEA
PART VI
CONTINENTAL SHELF
ARTICLE 76
Definition of the continental shelf
11. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
11
Article 76, paragraph 1
“The continental shelf of a coastal State
comprises the sea-bed and the subsoil of the
submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial
sea throughout the natural prolongation of its
land territory to the outer edge of the continental
margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles
from the baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured where the outer edge
of the continental margin does not extend up to
that distance.”
12. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
12
Defines the continental shelf in terms of
the outer edge of the continental margin.
This is a legal definition and must not be
confused with the scientific definition.
Paragraph 1
13. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
13
Paragraph 1
The continental shelf extends
either:
to the outer edge of the continental margin
or:
to 200 nautical miles where the continental
margin does not extend that far
14. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
14
RL9909003/6
13.12.99
MHe
Krystallinsk kontinental skorpe
Oceanic crust
Mid - oceanic
ridge
Melted
mantle
Earth's mantle
Foot of slope
Deep ocean floor
Continental margin
The continental shelf -
juridical vs scientific concept
Crystalline continental crust
6-15 Km
30 - 50 Km
Continental
rise
Continental shelf (juridical)
Nautical miles (M)
0 100 200
15. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
15
Paragraph 1
The continental shelf comprises the
sea-bed and subsoil (the superjacent
water is not included)
16. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
16
Article 76, paragraph 3
“The continental margin comprises the
submerged prolongation of the land
mass of the coastal State, and consists of
the sea-bed and the subsoil of the shelf,
the slope and the rise. It does not include
the deep ocean floor with its oceanic
ridges or the subsoil thereof.”
17. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
17
Paragraph 3
Defines the continental margin
by:
Specifying its physical components
and
Specifically excluding adjacent features
18. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
18
Foot of slope
Deep ocean floor
Sea Surface
Coastal State
Article 76, paragraph 3
Continental margin
Land mass
19. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
19
Paragraph 3
The definition of the continental margin is
neutral regarding the geological nature of
the underlying earth’s crust.
The continental margin is defined in
terms of the prolongation of the landmass
of the coastal State
20. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
20
The Coastal State Origin
According to paragraphs 1 and 3 the
coastal State is the starting point for the
continental margin, and generates its
continental shelf:
The continental margin is the submerged
prolongation of its landmass (§ 3), while
The continental shelf is the sea-bed and
subsoil of the natural prolongation of its
land territory (§ 1).
21. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
21
Article 76, paragraph 2
“The continental shelf of a coastal State
shall not extend beyond the limits
provided for in paragraphs 4 to 6.”
22. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
22
Article 76, paragraph 4
Gives operational definitions of the outer
edge of the continental margin (§4 (a)) and
the foot of the continental slope (§4 (b)).
23. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
23
Article 76, paragraph 4 a)
“For the purposes of this Convention, the
coastal State shall establish the outer edge
of the continental margin wherever the
margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles
from the baselines from which the breadth
of the territorial sea is measured, by either:
24. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
24
Article 76, paragraph 4 a)
(i) a line delineated in accordance with
paragraph 7 by reference to the outermost
fixed points at each of which the thickness
of sedimentary rocks is at least 1 per cent
of the shortest distance from such point to
the foot of the continental slope; or
25. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
25
Article 76, paragraph 4 a)
(ii) a line delineated in accordance with
paragraph 7 by reference to fixed points
not more than 60 nautical miles from the
foot of the continental slope.”
26. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
26
100 200 300 400
0
Baseline
Nautical mile( M )
Oceanic crust
Crystalline continental crust
Foot of
slope
60M
1 % of distance
to foot of slope
Determination of the outer edge
of the continental margin
27. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
27
Continetal margin delineation
Bathymetric map
1700
2000
2500
2550
2300
2100
2350
2000
28. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
28
“In the absence of evidence to the
contrary, the foot of the continental slope
shall be determined as the point of
maximum change in gradient at its base.”
Article 76, paragraph 4 b)
29. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
29
RL9909003/5
EROSJONS-
DAL
13.10.99
MHe
6-15 Km
Sketch of geological principles
OUTER
PLATEAU
Determination of correct foot of slope
Oceanic crust
Mid - oceanic
ridge
Melted
mantle
Earth's mantle
Foot of slope
Deep ocean floor
Continental margin
Crystalline continental crust
30 - 50 Km
Continental
rise
30. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
30
Profile 3
31. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
31
Paragraph 5
Sets the maximum extent of the
continental shelf to be either:
350 nautical miles from the baselines
or:
100 nautical miles from the 2,500 meters
depth contour
32. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
32
100 200 300 400
0
Baseline
Nautical mile( M )
Oceanic crust
Crystalline continental crust
Foot of
slope
60M
1 % of distance
to foot of slope
Maximum limits of the
continental shelf
Maximum
1
Maximum
2
2500 m
isobath
100M
350
33. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
33
Continetal margin delineation
Bathymetric map
1700
2000
2500
2550
2300
2100
2350
2000
34. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
34
Continetal margin delineation
Bathymetric map
1700
2000
2500
2550
2300
2100
2350
2000
35. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
35
Continetal margin delineation
Bathymetric map
1700
2000
2500
2550
2300
2100
2350
2000
36. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
36
SURFACE OF THE EARTH
37. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
37
Categories of submarine highs
Oceanic ridges of the deep ocean floor - § 3
Submarine ridges - § 6
Submarine elevations that are natural
components of the continental margin - § 6
38. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
38
Paragraph 6
Maximum limits on submarine highs:
“Submarine ridges” - 350 M
“Submarine elevations” - § 5 applies
39. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
39
STATEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING
CONCERNING A SPECIFIC METHOD
TO BE USED IN ESTABLISHING THE
OUTER EDGE OF THE CONTINENTAL
MARGIN
Final Act - Annex II
40. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
40
Final Act - Annex II
A request from the Third Conference to the
CLCS to let itself be governed by a set of
special rules for the coastal States in the
southern part of the Bay of Bengal.
These rules aim to compensate for the
exceptional shape and sediment distribution
of the continental margin in this region.
41. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
41
Paragraph 7
States that the outer limit of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles shall be
delineated by:
fixed points not more than 60 nautical miles
apart, and
straight lines connecting the fixed points.
42. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
42
Delineation
principles
100
M
3
5
0
M
200
M
6
0
M
2
5
0
0
m
Land
S
EDIMENT THICKNESS
1%
OF
DISTANCE TO FOS
Baseline
FO O
T
O
F TH
E
C
O
N
T
I
N
E
N
T
A
L
S
L
O
P
E
(
F
OS)
43. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
43
Article 76, paragraph 8
"Information on the limits of the continetal
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (.......)
shall be submitted to the Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf (.....)."
44. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
44
"The Commission shall make
recommendations to coastal States on
matters related to the establishment of the
outer limits of their continental shelf."
Article 76, paragraph 8 (continued)
45. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
45
"The limits of the shelf established by a
coastal State on the basis of these
recommendations shall be final and
binding."
Article 76, paragraph 8 (continued)
46. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
46
"The coastal State shall deposit with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations charts
and relevant information, including geodetic
data, permanently describing the outer limits of
its continental shelf. The Secretary-General
shall give due publiscity thereto."
Article 76, paragraph 9
47. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
47
Article 76, paragraph 10
“The provisions of this article are without
prejudice to the question of delimitation of
the continental shelf between States with
opposite or adjacent coasts.”
48. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
48
Other provisions regarding the
continental shelf
49. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
49
Article 77
Rights of the coastal state over the
continental shelf
Provides for the coastal State sovereign rights
over the continental shelf for the purpose of
exploring and expoliting its natural
resources. These rights are exclusive and do
not depend on occupation, effective or
notional, or on express proclamation.
50. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
50
Article 82
Payments and contributions with respect to the
expolitation of the continental shelf beyond 200
nautical miles
- Coastal State to make payments or contributions in
kind to the International Seabed Authority
- 1% from sixth year increasing annually to 7% (max)
of value or volume of production at site
- Developing States who are net importers of a
mineral resource produced from it continental shelf
are excempted
51. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
51
Article 83
Delimitation of the continental shelf between
States with opposite or adjacent coasts
- Delimitation be effected by agreement on the basis of
international law, ref. Article 38 of the Statue of the
International Court of Justice.
- In case of no agreement implement dispute settlement
procedures
- Provisional agreements shall be without prejudice to the
final delimitation
- Agreement already in force shall prevail
52. UNCLOS and the Delineation of the Outer Limits
of the Continental Shelf
Harald Brekke, Member of the CLCS
52
Article 84
Charts and lists of geographical co-ordinates
Charts and lists of geographical co-ordinates specifying
the outer limit lines and lines of delimitation of the
continental shelf shall be duely published and
deposited with the UN General Secretary.
In cases where the charts and lists specifies the outer
limit lines of the continental shelf a copy shall also be
deposited with the Secretary General of the
International Seabed Authority