This document discusses the influence of conduction electrons on the electric field gradient (EFG) in amorphous intermetallic alloys. It presents a model that incorporates a screening term for the electronic contribution to the EFG using Thomas-Fermi screening. Mossbauer spectroscopy experiments were conducted on amorphous FeZr and (FeCu)Zr alloy ribbons and films prepared by meltspinning and coevaporation. The results show that screening must be considered to understand the quadrupole splitting observed in alloys where the density of states at the Fermi level varies with concentration.
The document appears to be handwritten notes or practice in a foreign script. It contains strokes, characters, and words written in an unfamiliar writing system with no contextual information provided.
This document discusses power press machines and their use in cold metal working. It introduces the objectives of understanding the types and functions of presses and press tools, being able to sketch their parts, and elaborating on methods of cold working sheet metal through shearing, bending, and drawing. It then provides background on how metal forming can be more economical than metal cutting for large production quantities due to lower variable costs, despite higher fixed costs for dies. The document focuses on using presses and press tools for cold working metal objects into shape, especially ductile sheet or strip metals.
The document appears to be a physics worksheet containing multiple questions about nuclear physics and particle scattering experiments. In question 1, students are asked to describe Rutherford's gold foil experiment and the conclusions he drew about atomic structure. They are also asked about later developments in knowledge of atomic nuclei composition. In question 2, students are asked to complete a table with information about alpha, beta, and gamma radiations. Question 3 involves graphing nuclear radius data and determining a relationship between radius and nucleon number. Subsequent questions discuss particle scattering experiments and what can be learned about atomic and nuclear structure from analyzing scattering data. Diagrams are provided to help explain experimental setups and results.
Statutes of the pirate parties internationalGrégory Engels
This document outlines the statutes of Pirate Parties International (PPI), an organization that aims to help establish, support, and promote communication between pirate parties around the world. The statutes define PPI's goals of raising awareness of the pirate movement and unifying pirate parties. Membership in PPI is open to pirate parties and related organizations that do not participate in elections. Ordinary members have full voting rights and representation, while observer members can participate but not vote. Only one organization per country can hold ordinary membership.
This document contains an application form for employment at the Indian Institute of Packaging. The form requests information such as the applicant's name, address, date of birth, education history, work experience, languages known, and references. The applicant must declare if the statements made in the form are true. The form requests a justification statement from the applicant in their own handwriting about why they are qualified for the position.
The document provides sheet music for the 2010 pop hit "Firework" by Katy Perry. The 3-part mixed choral arrangement was adapted from the original Glee arrangement by Adam Anders and Tim Davis. The sheet music includes lyrics, vocal parts, and piano accompaniment for the approximately 2 minute 30 second song.
092909 EMAIL TO OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (KANNADA)VogelDenise
The document discusses corruption in Illinois politics from the 1980s to the present day. It mentions that former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich was arrested in 2008 for attempting to sell Barack Obama's vacant Senate seat. It also discusses the FBI's Operation Greylord in the 1980s which uncovered widespread bribery and corruption within the Cook County court system. The document asks whether reforms are possible given Illinois' history of corrupt politics or if the state remains a "cesspool of crookedness." It concludes by noting the challenges of reform that still remain in 2016.
Kopprasch 60 selected studies for bb flat tubahanktuba
The document is a catalog listing from Robert King Music Company advertising brass instrument sheet music. It lists several works for tuba, including 60 Selected Studies for BB Flat Tuba by C. Kopprasch, priced at $2.50. The catalog provides titles, composers, and prices for method books and solo works featuring the tuba with piano, strings, and other instruments.
The document appears to be handwritten notes or practice in a foreign script. It contains strokes, characters, and words written in an unfamiliar writing system with no contextual information provided.
This document discusses power press machines and their use in cold metal working. It introduces the objectives of understanding the types and functions of presses and press tools, being able to sketch their parts, and elaborating on methods of cold working sheet metal through shearing, bending, and drawing. It then provides background on how metal forming can be more economical than metal cutting for large production quantities due to lower variable costs, despite higher fixed costs for dies. The document focuses on using presses and press tools for cold working metal objects into shape, especially ductile sheet or strip metals.
The document appears to be a physics worksheet containing multiple questions about nuclear physics and particle scattering experiments. In question 1, students are asked to describe Rutherford's gold foil experiment and the conclusions he drew about atomic structure. They are also asked about later developments in knowledge of atomic nuclei composition. In question 2, students are asked to complete a table with information about alpha, beta, and gamma radiations. Question 3 involves graphing nuclear radius data and determining a relationship between radius and nucleon number. Subsequent questions discuss particle scattering experiments and what can be learned about atomic and nuclear structure from analyzing scattering data. Diagrams are provided to help explain experimental setups and results.
Statutes of the pirate parties internationalGrégory Engels
This document outlines the statutes of Pirate Parties International (PPI), an organization that aims to help establish, support, and promote communication between pirate parties around the world. The statutes define PPI's goals of raising awareness of the pirate movement and unifying pirate parties. Membership in PPI is open to pirate parties and related organizations that do not participate in elections. Ordinary members have full voting rights and representation, while observer members can participate but not vote. Only one organization per country can hold ordinary membership.
This document contains an application form for employment at the Indian Institute of Packaging. The form requests information such as the applicant's name, address, date of birth, education history, work experience, languages known, and references. The applicant must declare if the statements made in the form are true. The form requests a justification statement from the applicant in their own handwriting about why they are qualified for the position.
The document provides sheet music for the 2010 pop hit "Firework" by Katy Perry. The 3-part mixed choral arrangement was adapted from the original Glee arrangement by Adam Anders and Tim Davis. The sheet music includes lyrics, vocal parts, and piano accompaniment for the approximately 2 minute 30 second song.
092909 EMAIL TO OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (KANNADA)VogelDenise
The document discusses corruption in Illinois politics from the 1980s to the present day. It mentions that former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich was arrested in 2008 for attempting to sell Barack Obama's vacant Senate seat. It also discusses the FBI's Operation Greylord in the 1980s which uncovered widespread bribery and corruption within the Cook County court system. The document asks whether reforms are possible given Illinois' history of corrupt politics or if the state remains a "cesspool of crookedness." It concludes by noting the challenges of reform that still remain in 2016.
Kopprasch 60 selected studies for bb flat tubahanktuba
The document is a catalog listing from Robert King Music Company advertising brass instrument sheet music. It lists several works for tuba, including 60 Selected Studies for BB Flat Tuba by C. Kopprasch, priced at $2.50. The catalog provides titles, composers, and prices for method books and solo works featuring the tuba with piano, strings, and other instruments.
1992 asymmetrical dimers on the ge(001) 2 × 1-sb surface observed using x-ray...pmloscholte
The document summarizes a study that used x-ray diffraction to determine the atomic structure of the 2x1 reconstruction on the Ge(001) surface induced by antimony (Sb) adsorption. The key findings are:
1) Sb forms asymmetric dimers on the Ge(001) surface, replacing the symmetric Ge dimers, with a bond length of 2.90 Angstroms and a midpoint shift of 0.16 Angstroms.
2) This is the first reported asymmetric dimer structure for a group IV/V system, in contrast to the symmetric dimers typically observed for systems like As/Si(001).
3) Relaxations of the top four substrate layers were also measured and compared
This document summarizes a complaint filed against J.P. Morgan and the law firm of Donelson & Caldwel. The complaint alleges racial discrimination and a pattern of unfair treatment. It references supporting documents submitted to the EEOC and notes plans to pursue the matter through additional legal avenues if needed to achieve a fair resolution.
Standard Chartered Full & Final Settelment of Dues LetterVishal Gondal
here is a copy of the full and final settlement of dues which standard chartered has signed and provided in 2001.
Its now shocking that how they are terrorising customers to recover something which is no longer due
This document appears to be a practice test for a physics exam. It contains 10 multiple choice questions testing concepts related to thermodynamics, nuclear physics, and heat transfer. The questions cover topics such as:
- Thermal equilibrium and temperature
- Internal energy and its relationship to work and heat transfer
- Speed distributions of gas molecules at different temperatures
- Nuclear fission and the products of uranium-235 absorbing a neutron
- Binding energy curves and nuclear stability
- Heating of water using a constant-power heating coil
The test is out of 10 total marks and provides multiple choice options A-E for each question. Blank pages are included for working out calculations. In summary, this appears to
1) Donelson Bearman & Caldwell, LLP represented JP Morgan Chase in a lawsuit filed by CZV. On February 4, 2013, CZV alleged that Donelson engaged in discriminatory and retaliatory conduct against her.
2) On February 28, 2013, CZV further alleged that Donelson stalked and blackballed her. She referenced several individuals associated with Donelson and events dating back to 2001 that she asserts demonstrate a pattern of racism and discrimination.
3) CZV alleges that Donelson has engaged in a pattern of racism, discrimination, harassment and retaliation against her dating back over a decade, including in relation to her prior employment.
This document contains an application form for employment at the Indian Institute of Packaging. The form requests information such as the applicant's name, address, date of birth, education history, work experience, languages known, and references. The applicant must declare if the statements made in the form are true. The form instructs applicants to carefully read the requirements of the posted position before completing the application.
1998 epitaxial clusters studied by synchrotron x ray diffraction and scanning...pmloscholte
1) The document summarizes studies of three nanoscale cluster systems using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy: Ge hut clusters on Si(001), In clusters on Ge(001) that form 103 facets, and wedge-shaped Cu clusters buried in Cu films on Ni(001).
2) X-ray diffraction is used to determine the fundamental structural properties of the clusters, such as strain relaxation, by measuring crystal truncation rods from the cluster facet planes.
3) For the Ge/Si system, diffraction data found strain relaxation of 0.5-4% within the hut clusters. For the In/Ge system, clusters were completely relaxed from the substrate with In atoms stabilizing the
1998 Appl. Phys. A 66 (1998), p857 design and construction of a high resoluti...pmloscholte
The document describes the design and construction of a high-resolution 3D translation stage for a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a newly developed capacitive translation sensor. Key points:
1) The sensor can measure translations in the lateral and perpendicular directions with sub-angstrom resolution.
2) In combination with a model-based digital feedback system, the sensor and stage will enable accurate probe positioning and control, making the STM suitable for metrological applications.
3) The capacitive sensor can detect translations in three dimensions with resolutions of 30 picometers laterally and 10 picometers perpendicular to the surface.
1996 a calibrated scanning tunneling microscope equipped with capacitive sensorspmloscholte
1) A scanning tunneling microscope equipped with capacitive sensors has been developed to measure the real-time X-Y position and correct for errors caused by piezoelectric actuator properties like hysteresis and nonlinearity.
2) The microscope uses a calibrated scanning stage with capacitive sensors that measure the actual X-Y position and provide feedback to dynamically adjust the piezo voltages to reach the desired scanning positions with minimal error.
3) This allows surfaces to be scanned geometrically accurately while correcting for drift and low-frequency vibrations in real time.
1995 analysis of piezo actuators in translation constructionspmloscholte
1) A translation stage using piezo stacks as actuators was developed to generate displacements with nanometer accuracy over a dynamic range of 10 micrometers. Capacitive sensors were able to measure displacements with subnanometer resolution.
2) Using the high precision measurements from the capacitive sensors, the displacement properties of the piezo actuator in the translation stage could be characterized with great accuracy when different voltages were applied.
3) A model is presented to describe the general behavior of a piezo actuator in a translation stage, and the hysteresis behavior observed in the piezo actuator is found to have point symmetry properties and branches that can be described by third-order polynomials.
1999 observation of zero creep in piezoelectric actuatorspmloscholte
The document summarizes experiments on piezoelectric actuators that observe zero creep in certain locations of the hysteresis loop. Specifically:
1) Relaxation experiments using an offset sinusoidal voltage found relaxation increased hysteresis loop tilt but did not reduce hysteresis. Zero creep was observed at hysteresis loop extremum.
2) Creep experiments varying delay time also increased loop tilt but zero creep locations did not change and coincided with points where loop slope equaled virgin curve slope.
3) Increasing input voltage amplitude did not affect zero creep behavior or virgin curve slope. This characteristic was independent of experiments.
1994 restoration of noisy scanning tunneling microscope imagespmloscholte
This document compares and improves several implementations of the Wiener filter to remove noise from Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) images. It finds that the implementation by Weisman et al. using the noise model of Stoll et al. provides the best performance on both simulated and real STM images. It tests the filters on simulated graphite images with added 1/f noise and finds the modified Weisman filter performs significantly better than other implementations on a real STM graphite image due to deviations from the 1/f noise model.
2000 surface polymerization of epitaxial sb wires on si(001)pmloscholte
This document reports on a study of the local density of states of epitaxial antimony nanostructures on silicon 001 using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The key findings are:
1) Epitaxial antimony lines self-assemble on the silicon surface when antimony is deposited at low rates and the sample is annealed. The lines are two atoms wide and extend up to 12 antimony dimers in length.
2) Spectroscopy shows the electronic structure in the center of the antimony lines is similar to the silicon surface, indicating the lines are nonmetallic. In contrast, the ends of the lines show a finite density of states at the Fermi level, consistent with theoretical predictions of a "radical
1998 growth pyramids on si(111) facets a cvd and mbe studypmloscholte
1) The morphology of growth pyramids formed on Si(111) facets during CVD growth was studied using atomic force microscopy.
2) Spiral and concentric step edge patterns were observed on the pyramid tops, indicating the pyramids originated from different types of dislocations.
3) The step edge patterns and sharp corners suggest growth during CVD is governed by step edge processes and surface diffusion is not rate limiting.
1998 epitaxial film growth of the charge density-wave conductor rb0.30 moo3 o...pmloscholte
1) Thin films of the charge density wave compound Rb0.30MoO3 were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates using pulsed laser deposition.
2) Initial growth proceeds through the formation of uniform, droplet-shaped islands that are fully relaxed. Thicker films form larger clusters that differ in size and have asymmetric shapes with clear facets.
3) X-ray diffraction shows the films have a preferred out-of-plane growth direction and four in-plane orientations corresponding to the symmetry of the SrTiO3 substrate. The correlation length perpendicular to the charge density wave axis is smaller than the dimensions of the grain clusters in thicker films.
1998 characterisation of multilayers by x ray reflectionpmloscholte
This document presents a theoretical model for characterizing multilayers using X-ray reflection. The model includes refraction effects and describes diffuse scattering from multilayers with roughened interfaces, including islands and miscut-induced steps. The model calculates X-ray intensity profiles that can be compared to experimental data to deduce the morphology of interfaces, such as mean island size and average step height. The model is applied to experimental data from a Si/Ge multilayer and results in values consistent with AFM images.
1997 sodium doped dimer rows on si(001)pmloscholte
1) The stability and electronic structure of a sodium-doped silicon dimer row on the hydrogen-passivated Si(001) 2x1 surface is studied using first-principles calculations.
2) It is predicted that sodium atoms evaporated onto the surface will stick preferentially to the depassivated dimer row.
3) This leads to a partially filled empty one-dimensional state of the dimer row, making it metallic in character and behaving as a thin metallic nanowire of atomic dimensions.
1997 room temperature growth of submonolayers of silicon on si(001) studied w...pmloscholte
1) Room-temperature growth of submonolayers of silicon on Si(001) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
2) At low coverages, adatoms aggregate into dimers in different geometries (A, B, C, D). A kinetic model is proposed for dimer formation.
3) At higher coverages, dimers line up to form linear structures in the [110] and [310] directions. Near 0.2 ML coverage, these lines merge to form a random network that later converts into epitaxial dimer rows above 0.2 ML.
1997 nucleation of homoepitaxial si chains on si(001) at room temperaturepmloscholte
1) Si dimers initially adsorb at preferred sites on the Si(001) surface, with most occupying C-positions.
2) Interactions between dimers and diffusing adatoms lead to the formation of three-atom clusters like twins and crosses. These can extend into diluted lines of C dimers along [110] and [310] directions.
3) Upon further deposition, the diluted dimer lines transform into epitaxial dimer rows through a process starting at the line ends of reorienting dimers and adding mobile adatoms.
1997 atomic details of step flow growth on si(001)pmloscholte
1. The study uses scanning tunneling microscopy to observe atomic details of step flow growth on the Si(001) surface at the single adatom level.
2. Empty state images clearly show single adatoms bound to step edges, revealing stable binding sites. Subsequent addition of adatoms forms different step edge configurations.
3. Dynamic processes are also observed, including adatom diffusion along step edges between stable binding sites and dimer formation between two adatoms.
4. Different step edge configurations are stable and can serve as sites for other processes, such as creating single dimer vacancies, providing insight into growth mechanisms.
1996 strain in nanoscale germanium hut clusters on si(001) studied by x ray d...pmloscholte
This document summarizes a study that used x-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the strain in nanoscale germanium hut clusters on silicon substrates. The key findings are:
1) X-ray diffraction measurements revealed contributions from the hut clusters that allowed determining the strain distribution uniquely from the clusters.
2) The germanium clusters are almost fully strained with 0.5% misfit at the interface but strain is relaxed towards the apex, with 4.2% misfit indicating the natural germanium lattice spacing.
3) By modeling the asymmetric intensity distributions around diffraction peaks, the study determined that strain is relaxed uniformly through the hut clusters from a maximum near the interface to a minimum
1996 origin of rippled structures formed during growth of si on si(001) with mbepmloscholte
The document summarizes research into the origin of rippled structures that form on the surface of silicon during molecular beam epitaxy growth on Si(001) substrates. Through experiments using x-ray crystallography, optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, the researchers found that the rippled structure is caused by correlated kink bunching along step edges, rather than by step bunching. They present a model wherein the inherent discreteness of growth can cause deviations from the equilibrium kink distribution large enough to induce step-step interactions and the formation of ripples.
More Related Content
Similar to 1986 the influence of conduction electrons on the efg of amorphous intermetallic alloys
1992 asymmetrical dimers on the ge(001) 2 × 1-sb surface observed using x-ray...pmloscholte
The document summarizes a study that used x-ray diffraction to determine the atomic structure of the 2x1 reconstruction on the Ge(001) surface induced by antimony (Sb) adsorption. The key findings are:
1) Sb forms asymmetric dimers on the Ge(001) surface, replacing the symmetric Ge dimers, with a bond length of 2.90 Angstroms and a midpoint shift of 0.16 Angstroms.
2) This is the first reported asymmetric dimer structure for a group IV/V system, in contrast to the symmetric dimers typically observed for systems like As/Si(001).
3) Relaxations of the top four substrate layers were also measured and compared
This document summarizes a complaint filed against J.P. Morgan and the law firm of Donelson & Caldwel. The complaint alleges racial discrimination and a pattern of unfair treatment. It references supporting documents submitted to the EEOC and notes plans to pursue the matter through additional legal avenues if needed to achieve a fair resolution.
Standard Chartered Full & Final Settelment of Dues LetterVishal Gondal
here is a copy of the full and final settlement of dues which standard chartered has signed and provided in 2001.
Its now shocking that how they are terrorising customers to recover something which is no longer due
This document appears to be a practice test for a physics exam. It contains 10 multiple choice questions testing concepts related to thermodynamics, nuclear physics, and heat transfer. The questions cover topics such as:
- Thermal equilibrium and temperature
- Internal energy and its relationship to work and heat transfer
- Speed distributions of gas molecules at different temperatures
- Nuclear fission and the products of uranium-235 absorbing a neutron
- Binding energy curves and nuclear stability
- Heating of water using a constant-power heating coil
The test is out of 10 total marks and provides multiple choice options A-E for each question. Blank pages are included for working out calculations. In summary, this appears to
1) Donelson Bearman & Caldwell, LLP represented JP Morgan Chase in a lawsuit filed by CZV. On February 4, 2013, CZV alleged that Donelson engaged in discriminatory and retaliatory conduct against her.
2) On February 28, 2013, CZV further alleged that Donelson stalked and blackballed her. She referenced several individuals associated with Donelson and events dating back to 2001 that she asserts demonstrate a pattern of racism and discrimination.
3) CZV alleges that Donelson has engaged in a pattern of racism, discrimination, harassment and retaliation against her dating back over a decade, including in relation to her prior employment.
This document contains an application form for employment at the Indian Institute of Packaging. The form requests information such as the applicant's name, address, date of birth, education history, work experience, languages known, and references. The applicant must declare if the statements made in the form are true. The form instructs applicants to carefully read the requirements of the posted position before completing the application.
Similar to 1986 the influence of conduction electrons on the efg of amorphous intermetallic alloys (6)
1998 epitaxial clusters studied by synchrotron x ray diffraction and scanning...pmloscholte
1) The document summarizes studies of three nanoscale cluster systems using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy: Ge hut clusters on Si(001), In clusters on Ge(001) that form 103 facets, and wedge-shaped Cu clusters buried in Cu films on Ni(001).
2) X-ray diffraction is used to determine the fundamental structural properties of the clusters, such as strain relaxation, by measuring crystal truncation rods from the cluster facet planes.
3) For the Ge/Si system, diffraction data found strain relaxation of 0.5-4% within the hut clusters. For the In/Ge system, clusters were completely relaxed from the substrate with In atoms stabilizing the
1998 Appl. Phys. A 66 (1998), p857 design and construction of a high resoluti...pmloscholte
The document describes the design and construction of a high-resolution 3D translation stage for a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a newly developed capacitive translation sensor. Key points:
1) The sensor can measure translations in the lateral and perpendicular directions with sub-angstrom resolution.
2) In combination with a model-based digital feedback system, the sensor and stage will enable accurate probe positioning and control, making the STM suitable for metrological applications.
3) The capacitive sensor can detect translations in three dimensions with resolutions of 30 picometers laterally and 10 picometers perpendicular to the surface.
1996 a calibrated scanning tunneling microscope equipped with capacitive sensorspmloscholte
1) A scanning tunneling microscope equipped with capacitive sensors has been developed to measure the real-time X-Y position and correct for errors caused by piezoelectric actuator properties like hysteresis and nonlinearity.
2) The microscope uses a calibrated scanning stage with capacitive sensors that measure the actual X-Y position and provide feedback to dynamically adjust the piezo voltages to reach the desired scanning positions with minimal error.
3) This allows surfaces to be scanned geometrically accurately while correcting for drift and low-frequency vibrations in real time.
1995 analysis of piezo actuators in translation constructionspmloscholte
1) A translation stage using piezo stacks as actuators was developed to generate displacements with nanometer accuracy over a dynamic range of 10 micrometers. Capacitive sensors were able to measure displacements with subnanometer resolution.
2) Using the high precision measurements from the capacitive sensors, the displacement properties of the piezo actuator in the translation stage could be characterized with great accuracy when different voltages were applied.
3) A model is presented to describe the general behavior of a piezo actuator in a translation stage, and the hysteresis behavior observed in the piezo actuator is found to have point symmetry properties and branches that can be described by third-order polynomials.
1999 observation of zero creep in piezoelectric actuatorspmloscholte
The document summarizes experiments on piezoelectric actuators that observe zero creep in certain locations of the hysteresis loop. Specifically:
1) Relaxation experiments using an offset sinusoidal voltage found relaxation increased hysteresis loop tilt but did not reduce hysteresis. Zero creep was observed at hysteresis loop extremum.
2) Creep experiments varying delay time also increased loop tilt but zero creep locations did not change and coincided with points where loop slope equaled virgin curve slope.
3) Increasing input voltage amplitude did not affect zero creep behavior or virgin curve slope. This characteristic was independent of experiments.
1994 restoration of noisy scanning tunneling microscope imagespmloscholte
This document compares and improves several implementations of the Wiener filter to remove noise from Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) images. It finds that the implementation by Weisman et al. using the noise model of Stoll et al. provides the best performance on both simulated and real STM images. It tests the filters on simulated graphite images with added 1/f noise and finds the modified Weisman filter performs significantly better than other implementations on a real STM graphite image due to deviations from the 1/f noise model.
2000 surface polymerization of epitaxial sb wires on si(001)pmloscholte
This document reports on a study of the local density of states of epitaxial antimony nanostructures on silicon 001 using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The key findings are:
1) Epitaxial antimony lines self-assemble on the silicon surface when antimony is deposited at low rates and the sample is annealed. The lines are two atoms wide and extend up to 12 antimony dimers in length.
2) Spectroscopy shows the electronic structure in the center of the antimony lines is similar to the silicon surface, indicating the lines are nonmetallic. In contrast, the ends of the lines show a finite density of states at the Fermi level, consistent with theoretical predictions of a "radical
1998 growth pyramids on si(111) facets a cvd and mbe studypmloscholte
1) The morphology of growth pyramids formed on Si(111) facets during CVD growth was studied using atomic force microscopy.
2) Spiral and concentric step edge patterns were observed on the pyramid tops, indicating the pyramids originated from different types of dislocations.
3) The step edge patterns and sharp corners suggest growth during CVD is governed by step edge processes and surface diffusion is not rate limiting.
1998 epitaxial film growth of the charge density-wave conductor rb0.30 moo3 o...pmloscholte
1) Thin films of the charge density wave compound Rb0.30MoO3 were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates using pulsed laser deposition.
2) Initial growth proceeds through the formation of uniform, droplet-shaped islands that are fully relaxed. Thicker films form larger clusters that differ in size and have asymmetric shapes with clear facets.
3) X-ray diffraction shows the films have a preferred out-of-plane growth direction and four in-plane orientations corresponding to the symmetry of the SrTiO3 substrate. The correlation length perpendicular to the charge density wave axis is smaller than the dimensions of the grain clusters in thicker films.
1998 characterisation of multilayers by x ray reflectionpmloscholte
This document presents a theoretical model for characterizing multilayers using X-ray reflection. The model includes refraction effects and describes diffuse scattering from multilayers with roughened interfaces, including islands and miscut-induced steps. The model calculates X-ray intensity profiles that can be compared to experimental data to deduce the morphology of interfaces, such as mean island size and average step height. The model is applied to experimental data from a Si/Ge multilayer and results in values consistent with AFM images.
1997 sodium doped dimer rows on si(001)pmloscholte
1) The stability and electronic structure of a sodium-doped silicon dimer row on the hydrogen-passivated Si(001) 2x1 surface is studied using first-principles calculations.
2) It is predicted that sodium atoms evaporated onto the surface will stick preferentially to the depassivated dimer row.
3) This leads to a partially filled empty one-dimensional state of the dimer row, making it metallic in character and behaving as a thin metallic nanowire of atomic dimensions.
1997 room temperature growth of submonolayers of silicon on si(001) studied w...pmloscholte
1) Room-temperature growth of submonolayers of silicon on Si(001) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
2) At low coverages, adatoms aggregate into dimers in different geometries (A, B, C, D). A kinetic model is proposed for dimer formation.
3) At higher coverages, dimers line up to form linear structures in the [110] and [310] directions. Near 0.2 ML coverage, these lines merge to form a random network that later converts into epitaxial dimer rows above 0.2 ML.
1997 nucleation of homoepitaxial si chains on si(001) at room temperaturepmloscholte
1) Si dimers initially adsorb at preferred sites on the Si(001) surface, with most occupying C-positions.
2) Interactions between dimers and diffusing adatoms lead to the formation of three-atom clusters like twins and crosses. These can extend into diluted lines of C dimers along [110] and [310] directions.
3) Upon further deposition, the diluted dimer lines transform into epitaxial dimer rows through a process starting at the line ends of reorienting dimers and adding mobile adatoms.
1997 atomic details of step flow growth on si(001)pmloscholte
1. The study uses scanning tunneling microscopy to observe atomic details of step flow growth on the Si(001) surface at the single adatom level.
2. Empty state images clearly show single adatoms bound to step edges, revealing stable binding sites. Subsequent addition of adatoms forms different step edge configurations.
3. Dynamic processes are also observed, including adatom diffusion along step edges between stable binding sites and dimer formation between two adatoms.
4. Different step edge configurations are stable and can serve as sites for other processes, such as creating single dimer vacancies, providing insight into growth mechanisms.
1996 strain in nanoscale germanium hut clusters on si(001) studied by x ray d...pmloscholte
This document summarizes a study that used x-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the strain in nanoscale germanium hut clusters on silicon substrates. The key findings are:
1) X-ray diffraction measurements revealed contributions from the hut clusters that allowed determining the strain distribution uniquely from the clusters.
2) The germanium clusters are almost fully strained with 0.5% misfit at the interface but strain is relaxed towards the apex, with 4.2% misfit indicating the natural germanium lattice spacing.
3) By modeling the asymmetric intensity distributions around diffraction peaks, the study determined that strain is relaxed uniformly through the hut clusters from a maximum near the interface to a minimum
1996 origin of rippled structures formed during growth of si on si(001) with mbepmloscholte
The document summarizes research into the origin of rippled structures that form on the surface of silicon during molecular beam epitaxy growth on Si(001) substrates. Through experiments using x-ray crystallography, optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, the researchers found that the rippled structure is caused by correlated kink bunching along step edges, rather than by step bunching. They present a model wherein the inherent discreteness of growth can cause deviations from the equilibrium kink distribution large enough to induce step-step interactions and the formation of ripples.
1996 new application of classical x ray diffraction methods for epitaxial fil...pmloscholte
This document describes a new method for using classical X-ray diffraction to characterize epitaxial thin films. The method combines powder diffraction data with a Weissenberg camera technique to provide a complete overview of the in-plane and out-of-plane characteristics of the film and its relationship to the substrate in just two scans. This includes information on the film's orientation, strain, texture, and lattice parameters relative to the substrate. The method is illustrated using several epitaxial film/substrate systems and provides structural information simply and reliably using standard laboratory X-ray equipment.
1996 interactions between adsorbed si dimers on si(001)pmloscholte
1) The interactions between adsorbed silicon dimers on a silicon 001 surface were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy.
2) It was found that by increasing the tip-sample voltage, transitions between clusters of dimers could be induced. These field-enhanced transitions allowed the interactions between dimers to be clarified.
3) Two dimers in a BB configuration were found to interact strongly, forming a faintly visible "twin" structure. In contrast, dimers in an AB configuration showed little interaction.
1996 atomic force microscopy study of (001) sr tio3 surfacespmloscholte
The document summarizes an atomic force microscopy study of SrTiO3 surfaces after different heat treatments. The key points are:
1) Annealing in O3 results in atomically flat terraces separated by smooth, one unit cell high steps that follow the substrate's miscut orientation.
2) Annealing in O2 produces irregularly shaped terraces with step heights varying between 0.5-2.5 unit cells. Line defects and holes are also observed.
3) Depositing SrTiO3 on a surface annealed in O3 increases roughness due to island formation but heals line defects.
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Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
1986 the influence of conduction electrons on the efg of amorphous intermetallic alloys
1. Hyperfine Interactions 27 (1986) 437-440 437
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONDUCTION ELECTRONS
ON THE EFG IN AMORPHOUS INTERMETALLIC
ALLOYS
P.M.L.O. SCHOLTE(1), M. TEGZE(2), F. VAN DER WOUDE(1), K.H.J. BUSCHOW (3)
and I. VINCZE
(1) Solid State Physics Laboratory, Materials Science Center, University of Groningen,
1 Melkweg, 9718 EP Groningen, The Netherlands
(2) Central Research Institute for Physics, P.O.Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
(3) Philips Research Laboratories, 5600 MD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
The quadrupole splitting in alloys is determined by the structural
and electronic properties of the alloy. Only in cases where the
density of states at the Fermi level is constant or known as a
function of the concentration, relevant structural information can be
obtained from the quadrnpole splitting.
i. INTRODUCTION
The electric field gradient (EFG) is often used to study the local
configurations in amorphous metals. The EFG usually is decomposed into aelattice
iat . I
contribution V and a contrlbution of the conduction electrons V . In a
zg . . . z
large number of Intermetalllc systems the electronlc part is proportlona~ to the
lattice contribution /1,2/. Therefore the EFG in amorphous metals often is
calculated using a simple point charge model with a Coulomb potential # between
the constituent atoms /3/.
1 qn
= ~ ! r~ (I)
vt~ (l-7oo)Vlzz + Velzz
at (2)
where 7~ is the Sternheimer antishielding factor, qn and r are the charge
and radial distance of atom n. Furthermore n
V el = -K V lat (3)
zz zz
with K=-2 for IIIB and IV and K=+3 for the other elements /2/.
However not all intermetallic systems follow the trend of the universal
correlation. Verma et al. observed in STFeZr a large value of K=9 /4/. In this
paper we will show the importance of---a screening term for the electronic
contribution of the EFG. The possible role of screening can also be concluded
from the observation of Moruzzi et al. /5/ that the Fermi level in amorphous
TM-TM alloys is located at, or near, a maximum in the density of states. The
screening term s(rn) will modify the potential ~ as expressed in
1 qn s( (4)
n n
Consequently in alloys where screening is important an independent source for
s(r ) is necessary if one wants to obtain structural information from
qua~rupole splittings as obtained from MES.
9 J.C. Baltzer A.G., Scientific Publishing Company
2. 438 P.M.L.O. Scholte, et al., Influence of the conduction electrons on the EFG
0.6
-
---
---
-
.....
Fc c.
Dodec.
B cc-12
Bcc-8
J
- - Tetra.
0,41
0.4
0.3g
E
E
// / /
~ 0.37 // I I
E ,'// /
s
0.2 ,!,: I / /
///
/// /
03~ ,!///
~,'x /
,,2/
0,33 2'0 4 6'0 do loo ~ i , i ,
k/Ann
i i ,
10-1
, i i I i i
100
at% Zr
Fig.2. Quadrupole splitting as a func-
tion of screeninglength ~ in a number
Fig.l. Quadrupole split- of "quasi-crystalline" models. Ann is
ting in a statiscally the nearest neighbour distance; Bcc-12
disordered alloy without resp. -8 is a Bcc structure with 12,
chargetransfer, resp. 8 neighbours.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Sample preparation
Amorphous ribbons ( F e . ~ Zr , x=]0,60-80) of about 1 mm wide and
9 I U--X X
20 pm thick were prepared ~y means of meltspinning in an atmosphere of purified
Argon. Amorphous films ( F e 1 ~ Zr , X=IO-80; (Fel00_vCUv)lOO~xZrx ,
x,y=lO,20,40,80) of about 5006UUA x w~re produced by coevaporatiOn ot the
elements onto an aluminium substrate in UHV-equipment /6/. The noncrystallinity
of these samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
2.2. Mossbauer experiments
The room temperature Mossbauer spectra were recorded using a conventional
constant acceleration type spectrometer with a moving source ( STCo in Rh) and
a stationary absorber.
To eliminate substrate effects and to reduce the measuring time we used
conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy to obtain the spectra of the thin
films. Some films were measured also in transmission geometry, but the spectra
were identical to the CEMS spectra.
The spectra were analysed using the deconvolution method of Vincze /7/.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The model
We calculated the EFG using a Thomas-Fermi screening, i.e. in (4)
s(r) = exp(-r/~) (5)
3. P.M.L.O. Scholte, et al., Influence o f the conduction electrons on the EFG 439
~I O
8
8,,
A
0.7
~20
Y (Fe 100-yCUy ) 100-xZTx
A40
o60
oz~ 80 /
O3 A < o
/
/
E 0.4 E 05 /
/
E AA AA o
iI
___./
i 0.3 I
~ 20 8b loo o 20 0 60 80 100
Fe Zr x (at% Zr)
x (Qt % Z r )
Fig.3. Average quadrupole splitting in Fig.4. Average quadrupole splitting in
amorphous Fe-Zr alloys prepared by amorphous (Fe,Cu)-Zr alloys. The dashed
meltquenching ( 0 ) and by coevaporation line indicates the splittings in
(A). amorphous Fe-Zr alloys.
where ~ is the screening length. The EFG-tensor can be expressed as
X - r2
1 3Xnl nj n~ij
Vii - 4~s0 ~ qn S(rn) rs (6)
n n
with the screening term S(r)
S(r) = (I + rlX + ~<r/%) 2) exp(-r/X) (7)
are the coordinates of atom n and 6 . is the Kronecker delta.
Xni The summation is calculated o v ~ the nearest neighbours surrounding a
central Fe atom. In crystalline materials with long range order (LRO) this may
lead to erroneous results, but because of the absence of LRO in amorphous
alloys the symmetry of the next coordination shells becomes more spherical. As a
consequence the contribution of these shells will be small. Also the
introduction of the screening term causes the lattice sum in (6) to converge
more rapidly.
The amorphous "quasi-crystalline" and DRPHS clusters are constructed as
described in /8/. The charge transfer and the changes in the interatomic
distances as a function of the concentration were calculated using the
Miedema-Niessen theory /9/.
In fig. 1 the concentration dependence of the quadrupole splitting in a
statistically disordered alloy is shown, assuming an infinite screening length
and no charge transfer. One obtains a parabolic-like behaviour. In fig. 2 we
plot the quadrupole splitting as a function of the screening length. The
quadrupole splitting shows a clear sensitivity to small changes in the
screening length, when X is not too large. In the free electron model the
screening length is connected to the density of states at the Fermi level
n(Ef)
4. 440 P.M.L.O. Scholte, et aL, Influence of the conduction electrons on the EFG
1 e 2 n(Ef) (8)
~2- ~0 Vm
Where V is the molar volume. Consequently a decrease of n(Ef) will cause an
9 m
increase of the quadrupole splitting.
Additional information about the concentration dependence of the density of
states may be obtained from the specific heat, the magnetic susceptibility and
from UPS experiments.
3.2. The experimental quadrupole splitting
The concentration dependence of the quadrupole splitting in amorphous Fe-Zr
alloys was presented in /8/ and is shown in fig. 3. In fig. 4 we show the
splittings in a number Qf amorphous (Fe,Cu)-Zr alloys; the Fe-Zr splittings are
indicated by the dashed line. In both systems we observe a rather steep increase
of the splitting as a function of the concentration. The splitting in the Fe-Zr
alloys is more or less constant up to 60 at.% Zr. The concentration dependence
does not resemble fig. I. Within our model this steep increase is caused by a
lowering of the Fermi level d.o.s, with increasing Zr content. This is
corroborated by the Work of Matsuura et al./lO/, who observed a steep lowering
of the linear term in the specific heat at 60 at.% Zr. This causes a lowering of
the Fermi level d.o.s.; though this interpretation is not straightforward
because of the magnetic and electron-fonon interactions, which also contribute
to the specific heat. But after correcting for these effects Matsuura et al.
calculate a d.o.s, which decreases from 70 at.% Zr /i0/.
3.3. Conclusion
We conclude that the quadrupole splitting in these alloys is complicated by
the contribution of the conduction electrons, which is not simply an
amplification effect.
Since the sensitivity of the splitting to the screening length is not very
much dependent on the structural model used it is obvious that structural
information is not easily obtained from the Mossbauer quadrupole splitting.
Additional information concerning the d.o.s, is necessary.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This investigation forms part of the research program of the "Stichting
voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie" (Foundation for Fundamental Research on
Matter - FOM) and was made possible by financial support from the "Nederlandse
Organisatie voor Zuiver- Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek" (Netherlands Organization
for the Advancement of Pure Research - ZWO)
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