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Fr om the ear l y-8t h Centur y, Islamic
caliphate expansion into Europe captured
parts of Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and
t h e B a l k a n P e n i n s u l a .
A r t i c l e 2 5 o f t h e T r e a t y o f B e r l i n ( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 )
s t a t e s , “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o
m a i n t a i n g a r r i s o n s a n d t o h a v e m i l i t a r y a n d t r a d i n g
r o a d s o v e r t h e w h o l e o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e a n c i e n t
V i l a y e t o f B o s n i a [ i . e . , t h e S a n j a k o f N o v i P a z a r
( b e t w e e n M o n t e n e g r o a n d S e r b i a ) ] ” .
I n a c o n f i d e n t i a l b i l a t e r a l p r o t o c o l ( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 ,
i n t a n d e m w i t h t h e Tr e a t y o f B e r l i n ) , R u s s i a s t a t e s
t o A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y t h a t n o o b j e c t i o n w o u l d b e
m a d e i f “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y w e r e t o f i n d h e r s e l f
o b l i g e d t o o c c u p y d e f i n i t i v e l y t h a t t e r r i t o r y
[ t h e S a n j a k o f N ov i Pa z a r ] a s w e l l a s t h e r e m a i n d e r
o f B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a ” .
F u r t h e r m o r e , a S e p a r a t e P r o t o c o l t o t h e r e c o n s t i t u t e d
c o n f i d e n t i a l T h r e e E m p e r o r s ’ A l l i a n c e ( 1 8 J u n e 1 8 8 1 )
c o n c e r n i n g B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a s t a t e s , “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y
r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o a n n e x t h e s e p r o v i n c e s a t w h a t e v e r
m o m e n t s h e s h a l l d e e m o p p o r t u n e ” ; a n d c o n c e r n i n g t h e S a n j a k
o f N o v i P a z a r i t s t a t e s t h a t A r t i c l e 2 5 o f t h e T r e a t y o f B e r l i n
( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 ) “ r e m a i n s i n f o r c e ” .
I n O c t o b e r 1 9 0 8 ,
A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y
p r e c i p i t o u s l y e x e r c i s e d
i t s c l a i m o n B o s n i a -
H e r z e g o v i n a v i a d i r e c t
a n n e x a t i o n ,
s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
e v a c u a t i n g t h e S a n j a k
o f N o v i P a z a r .
T h e a n n ex at i o n a n d ev a c u at i o n c a u s e d
a g r e at d e s t a b i l i z i n g e f fe r ve s c e n c e i n
E u r o p e : R u s s i a w a s g r a v e l y m e n a c e d
a n d p r o v o k e d b y P r u s s i a s u p p o r t o f
A u s t r i a ( M a r c h 1 9 0 9 ) ; F r a n c e s o u g h t
E n g l a n d s u p p o r t ( w i t h R u s s i a ) a g a i n s t
P r u s s i a - A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y .
P r u s s i a c o n s i d e r e d i t
m o s t e x p e d i t i o u s t o f i g h t i n
1 9 0 9 ; y e t t h e c o n t e s t w a s
d e l a y e d t i l l 1 9 1 4 .
Yp r e s L a ke n h a l ( 1 3 0 4 - 1 9 1 4 )

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1908-09: Direct Cause of 1914...

  • 1.
  • 2. Fr om the ear l y-8t h Centur y, Islamic caliphate expansion into Europe captured parts of Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and t h e B a l k a n P e n i n s u l a .
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. A r t i c l e 2 5 o f t h e T r e a t y o f B e r l i n ( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 ) s t a t e s , “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o m a i n t a i n g a r r i s o n s a n d t o h a v e m i l i t a r y a n d t r a d i n g r o a d s o v e r t h e w h o l e o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e a n c i e n t V i l a y e t o f B o s n i a [ i . e . , t h e S a n j a k o f N o v i P a z a r ( b e t w e e n M o n t e n e g r o a n d S e r b i a ) ] ” .
  • 6. I n a c o n f i d e n t i a l b i l a t e r a l p r o t o c o l ( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 , i n t a n d e m w i t h t h e Tr e a t y o f B e r l i n ) , R u s s i a s t a t e s t o A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y t h a t n o o b j e c t i o n w o u l d b e m a d e i f “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y w e r e t o f i n d h e r s e l f o b l i g e d t o o c c u p y d e f i n i t i v e l y t h a t t e r r i t o r y [ t h e S a n j a k o f N ov i Pa z a r ] a s w e l l a s t h e r e m a i n d e r o f B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a ” .
  • 7. F u r t h e r m o r e , a S e p a r a t e P r o t o c o l t o t h e r e c o n s t i t u t e d c o n f i d e n t i a l T h r e e E m p e r o r s ’ A l l i a n c e ( 1 8 J u n e 1 8 8 1 ) c o n c e r n i n g B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a s t a t e s , “ A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t t o a n n e x t h e s e p r o v i n c e s a t w h a t e v e r m o m e n t s h e s h a l l d e e m o p p o r t u n e ” ; a n d c o n c e r n i n g t h e S a n j a k o f N o v i P a z a r i t s t a t e s t h a t A r t i c l e 2 5 o f t h e T r e a t y o f B e r l i n ( 1 3 J u l y 1 8 7 8 ) “ r e m a i n s i n f o r c e ” .
  • 8. I n O c t o b e r 1 9 0 8 , A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y p r e c i p i t o u s l y e x e r c i s e d i t s c l a i m o n B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a v i a d i r e c t a n n e x a t i o n , s i m u l t a n e o u s l y e v a c u a t i n g t h e S a n j a k o f N o v i P a z a r .
  • 9. T h e a n n ex at i o n a n d ev a c u at i o n c a u s e d a g r e at d e s t a b i l i z i n g e f fe r ve s c e n c e i n E u r o p e : R u s s i a w a s g r a v e l y m e n a c e d a n d p r o v o k e d b y P r u s s i a s u p p o r t o f A u s t r i a ( M a r c h 1 9 0 9 ) ; F r a n c e s o u g h t E n g l a n d s u p p o r t ( w i t h R u s s i a ) a g a i n s t P r u s s i a - A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y .
  • 10. P r u s s i a c o n s i d e r e d i t m o s t e x p e d i t i o u s t o f i g h t i n 1 9 0 9 ; y e t t h e c o n t e s t w a s d e l a y e d t i l l 1 9 1 4 .
  • 11. Yp r e s L a ke n h a l ( 1 3 0 4 - 1 9 1 4 )