13 Ethics in a Global Society
Chapter Preview
· The Dangers of Globalization and the Challenges of Ethical Diversity
· Developing Cross-Cultural Ethical Competence
· Coming to Grips With Ethnocentrism
· Becoming a World Citizen
· Understanding Ethical Diversity
· Finding Moral Common Ground
· Resolving Ethical Cross-Cultural Conflicts
· Chapter Takeaways
· Application Projects
Globalization is having a dramatic impact on life in the 21st century. We inhabit a global society knit together by free trade, international travel, immigration, satellite communication systems, and the Internet. In this interconnected world, ethical responsibilities extend beyond national boundaries. Decisions about raw materials, manufacturing, outsourcing, farm subsidies, investments, marketing strategies, suppliers, safety standards, and energy use made in one country have ramifications for residents of other parts of the world. Organizational citizenship is now played out on a global stage. Businesses, in particular, are being urged to take on a larger role in solving the world’s social problems.
To act as ethical global citizens, organizations must confront and master the dangers of globalization and the dilemmas of ethical diversity. In this section, I’ll describe these obstacles and offer tactics for overcoming them.
The Dangers of Globalization and the Challenges of Ethical Diversity
The benefits of living in a global economy are obvious: lower labor costs, higher sales and profits, cheaper goods and services, instant communication to anywhere on Earth, increased information flow, and cross-cultural contact. What’s often hidden is the downside of globalization. Of particular concern is the growing divide between the haves and the have-nots. The richest 10% of the global population controls over 85% of the world’s assets and income, with the top 1% controlling 46% of the wealth. Governments of wealthy nations appear more interested in promoting the sale of their goods (including agricultural products) than in opening up their markets to poor countries.1 Lumber, minerals, and oil are extracted from poor regions and consumed in privileged areas, leaving environmental damage behind. At the same time, the United States sends solid and toxic waste to the developing world.2
Critics also note that global capitalism frequently promotes greed rather than concern for others. Ethical and spiritual values have been shunted aside in favor of the profit motive. Few industrialized countries give even the suggested minimum of.07% of gross national product (70 cents of every $100 produced by the economy) to alleviate global poverty.3 Local cultural traditions are being destroyed in the name of economic progress. As burgers, fries, pizza, and other popular American foods replace local fare, people around the world can expect to suffer the same kinds of chronic health problems as U.S. residents do—type II diabetes, obesity, and heart failure.
The big winners in globalization are ...
R I. D V I E Wwhen is different just different, andwhen .docxmakdul
R I. D V I E W
when is different just different, and
when is different wrong}
by Thomas Donaldson
When we leave home and cross
our nation's boundaries, moral clar-
ity often hlurs. Without a backdrop
of shared attitudes, and without
familiar laws and judicial procedures
that define standards of ethical con-
duct, certainty is elusive. Should a
company invest in a foreign country
where civil and political rights are
violated? Should a company go along
with a host country's discriminatory
employment practices? If companies
in developed countries shift facili-
ties to developing nations that lack
strict environmental and health reg-
u l a t i o n s , or if those c o m p a n i e s
choose to fill management and other
top-level positions in a host nation
with people from the home country,
whose standards should prevail?
Even the hest-informed, best-
i n t e n t i o n ed executives m u s t re-
think their assumptions about busi-
ness practice in
foreign settings.
What works in a
company's home
country can fail in
a country with different standards of
ethical conduct. Such difficulties are
unavoidable for businesspeople who
live and work abroad.
But how can managers resolve the
problems? What are the principles
that can help them work through
the maze of cultural differences and
establish codes of conduct for glob-
ally ethical business practice? How
can companies answer the toughest
question in global business ethics:
What happens when a host country's
ethical standards seem lower than
the home country's?
Competing Answers
One answer is as old as philosoph-
ical discourse. According to cultural
relativism, no culture's ethics are
better than any other's; therefore
there are no international rights and
wrongs. If the people of Indonesia
tolerate the hrihery of their puhlic
officials, so what? Their attitude is
no hetter or worse than that of peo-
ple in Denmark or Singapore who
refuse to offer or accept bribes. Like-
wise, if Belgians fail to find insider
trading morally repugnant, who
cares? Not enforcing insider-trading
laws is no more or less ethical than
enforcing such laws.
The cultural relativist's c r e e d -
When in Rome, do as the Romans
do - is tempting, especially when
failing to do as the locals do means
forfeiting husiness opportunities.
The inadequacy of cultural rela-
tivism, however, becomes apparent
when the practices in question are
more damaging than petty bribery or
insider trading.
In the late 1980s, some European
tanneries and pharmaceutical com-
panies were looking for cheap waste-
dumping sites. They approached vir-
tually every country on Africa's west
coast from Morocco to the Congo.
Values in Tension:
Nigeria agreed to take highly toxic
polychlorinated biphenyls. Unpro-
tected local workers, wearing thongs
and shorts, unloaded barrels of PCBs
and placed them near a residential
area. Neither the residents nor the
workers knew that the barrels con-
tained toxic waste.
We may denounce governments
that permit such ...
5.8.23 America continues to run count insurgency operations against Black civilians with absolute tyranny and impunity, scapegoating us for the crimes they are committing. Leadership continues to ignore the crimes against humanity and nature, even participating.
Chapter 3 Human RightsINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 3 Human Rights
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE MADE MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS A GLOBAL ISSUE. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City.
Learning Objectives
1. 3.1Review the expansion of and the commitment to the human rights agenda
2. 3.2Evaluate the milestones that led to the current concerns around human rights
3. 3.3Evaluate some of the philosophical controversies over human rights
4. 3.4Recognize global, regional, national, and local institutions and rules designed to protect human rights across the globe
5. 3.5Report the efforts made globally in bringing violators of human rights to justice
6. 3.6Relate the need for stricter laws to protect women’s human rights across the globe.
7. 3.7Recognize the need to protect the human rights of the disabled
8. 3.8Distinguish between the Western and the Islamic beliefs on individual and community rights
9. 3.9Review the balancing act that needs to be played while fighting terrorism and protecting human rights
10. 3.10Report the controversy around issuing death penalty as punishment
When Muammar Qaddafi used military force to suppress people demonstrating in Libya for a transition to democracy, there was a general consensus that there was a global responsibility to protect civilians. However, when Bashar Assad used fighter jets, tanks, barrel bombs, chemical weapons, and a wide range of brutal methods, including torture, to crush the popular uprising against his rule in Syria, the world did not respond forcefully to protect civilians. The basic reason given for allowing Syria to descend into brutality and chaos was that it was difficult to separate Syrians favoring human rights from those who embraced terrorism. Although cultural values differ significantly from one society to another, our common humanity has equipped us with many shared ideas about how human beings should treat each other. Aspects of globalization, especially communications and migration, reinforce perceptions of a common humanity. In general, there is global agreement that human beings, simply because we exist, are entitled to at least three types of rights. First is civil rights, which include personal liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and thought; the right to own property; and the right to equal treatment under the law. Second is political rights, including the right to vote, to voice political opinions, and to participate in the political process. Third is social rights, including the right to be secure from violence and other physical danger, the right to a decent standard of living, and the right to health care and education. Societies differ in terms of which rights they emphasize. Four types of human rights claims that dominate global politics are
1. The abuse of individual rights by governments
2. Demands for autonomy or independence by various groups
3. Demands for equality and privacy by groups with unconventional lifestyles
4. Cla.
Virtuous Human Values Limit World's Ravagesiosrjce
This study aims to draw the attention of individuals, politicians and leaders to the importance of
virtuous human values and their role in spreading love harmony and peace in all parts of the world. The most
important of these values is altruism that must be instilled when educating generations because it generates
good and prevents evils, woes, malevolence as well as calamities. Reliance on international laws, spending huge
funds on the organizations that keep peace around the world, neglecting spreading of virtuous human values
and failure to maintain them complicates the world's problems and reduces the chances of solving them. When
the qualities of altruism, modesty, benevolence, mercy, compassion, tolerance and justice prevail; the
inhabitants of the world will enjoy security and peace.
R I. D V I E Wwhen is different just different, andwhen .docxmakdul
R I. D V I E W
when is different just different, and
when is different wrong}
by Thomas Donaldson
When we leave home and cross
our nation's boundaries, moral clar-
ity often hlurs. Without a backdrop
of shared attitudes, and without
familiar laws and judicial procedures
that define standards of ethical con-
duct, certainty is elusive. Should a
company invest in a foreign country
where civil and political rights are
violated? Should a company go along
with a host country's discriminatory
employment practices? If companies
in developed countries shift facili-
ties to developing nations that lack
strict environmental and health reg-
u l a t i o n s , or if those c o m p a n i e s
choose to fill management and other
top-level positions in a host nation
with people from the home country,
whose standards should prevail?
Even the hest-informed, best-
i n t e n t i o n ed executives m u s t re-
think their assumptions about busi-
ness practice in
foreign settings.
What works in a
company's home
country can fail in
a country with different standards of
ethical conduct. Such difficulties are
unavoidable for businesspeople who
live and work abroad.
But how can managers resolve the
problems? What are the principles
that can help them work through
the maze of cultural differences and
establish codes of conduct for glob-
ally ethical business practice? How
can companies answer the toughest
question in global business ethics:
What happens when a host country's
ethical standards seem lower than
the home country's?
Competing Answers
One answer is as old as philosoph-
ical discourse. According to cultural
relativism, no culture's ethics are
better than any other's; therefore
there are no international rights and
wrongs. If the people of Indonesia
tolerate the hrihery of their puhlic
officials, so what? Their attitude is
no hetter or worse than that of peo-
ple in Denmark or Singapore who
refuse to offer or accept bribes. Like-
wise, if Belgians fail to find insider
trading morally repugnant, who
cares? Not enforcing insider-trading
laws is no more or less ethical than
enforcing such laws.
The cultural relativist's c r e e d -
When in Rome, do as the Romans
do - is tempting, especially when
failing to do as the locals do means
forfeiting husiness opportunities.
The inadequacy of cultural rela-
tivism, however, becomes apparent
when the practices in question are
more damaging than petty bribery or
insider trading.
In the late 1980s, some European
tanneries and pharmaceutical com-
panies were looking for cheap waste-
dumping sites. They approached vir-
tually every country on Africa's west
coast from Morocco to the Congo.
Values in Tension:
Nigeria agreed to take highly toxic
polychlorinated biphenyls. Unpro-
tected local workers, wearing thongs
and shorts, unloaded barrels of PCBs
and placed them near a residential
area. Neither the residents nor the
workers knew that the barrels con-
tained toxic waste.
We may denounce governments
that permit such ...
5.8.23 America continues to run count insurgency operations against Black civilians with absolute tyranny and impunity, scapegoating us for the crimes they are committing. Leadership continues to ignore the crimes against humanity and nature, even participating.
Chapter 3 Human RightsINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 3 Human Rights
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE MADE MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS A GLOBAL ISSUE. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City.
Learning Objectives
1. 3.1Review the expansion of and the commitment to the human rights agenda
2. 3.2Evaluate the milestones that led to the current concerns around human rights
3. 3.3Evaluate some of the philosophical controversies over human rights
4. 3.4Recognize global, regional, national, and local institutions and rules designed to protect human rights across the globe
5. 3.5Report the efforts made globally in bringing violators of human rights to justice
6. 3.6Relate the need for stricter laws to protect women’s human rights across the globe.
7. 3.7Recognize the need to protect the human rights of the disabled
8. 3.8Distinguish between the Western and the Islamic beliefs on individual and community rights
9. 3.9Review the balancing act that needs to be played while fighting terrorism and protecting human rights
10. 3.10Report the controversy around issuing death penalty as punishment
When Muammar Qaddafi used military force to suppress people demonstrating in Libya for a transition to democracy, there was a general consensus that there was a global responsibility to protect civilians. However, when Bashar Assad used fighter jets, tanks, barrel bombs, chemical weapons, and a wide range of brutal methods, including torture, to crush the popular uprising against his rule in Syria, the world did not respond forcefully to protect civilians. The basic reason given for allowing Syria to descend into brutality and chaos was that it was difficult to separate Syrians favoring human rights from those who embraced terrorism. Although cultural values differ significantly from one society to another, our common humanity has equipped us with many shared ideas about how human beings should treat each other. Aspects of globalization, especially communications and migration, reinforce perceptions of a common humanity. In general, there is global agreement that human beings, simply because we exist, are entitled to at least three types of rights. First is civil rights, which include personal liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and thought; the right to own property; and the right to equal treatment under the law. Second is political rights, including the right to vote, to voice political opinions, and to participate in the political process. Third is social rights, including the right to be secure from violence and other physical danger, the right to a decent standard of living, and the right to health care and education. Societies differ in terms of which rights they emphasize. Four types of human rights claims that dominate global politics are
1. The abuse of individual rights by governments
2. Demands for autonomy or independence by various groups
3. Demands for equality and privacy by groups with unconventional lifestyles
4. Cla.
Virtuous Human Values Limit World's Ravagesiosrjce
This study aims to draw the attention of individuals, politicians and leaders to the importance of
virtuous human values and their role in spreading love harmony and peace in all parts of the world. The most
important of these values is altruism that must be instilled when educating generations because it generates
good and prevents evils, woes, malevolence as well as calamities. Reliance on international laws, spending huge
funds on the organizations that keep peace around the world, neglecting spreading of virtuous human values
and failure to maintain them complicates the world's problems and reduces the chances of solving them. When
the qualities of altruism, modesty, benevolence, mercy, compassion, tolerance and justice prevail; the
inhabitants of the world will enjoy security and peace.
Chapter 4 Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Re.docxrobertad6
Chapter 4: Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism from The Business
Ethics Workshop was adapted by Saylor Academy and is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license without attribution as requested by
the work's original creator or licensor. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under
the original license.
http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/The%20Business%20Ethics%20Workshop.pdf
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
137
Chapter 4
Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural
Relativism
Chapter Overview
Chapter 4 "Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism" examines some theories guiding
ethical decisions in business. It considers reactions to the possibility that there are no universal
definitions of right and wrong, only different customs that change from one society to another.
4.1 What Is Cultural Relativism?
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
138
1. Define cultural relativism.
2. Show how cultural relativism defies traditional ethics.
Nietzsche and the End of Traditional Ethics
“God is dead,” the declaration attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche, stands along with “I think, therefore I
am” (René Descartes, 1641) as philosophy’s most popularized—and parodied—phrases. The t-shirt
proclaiming “Nietzsche is dead, signed, God” is funny, but it doesn’t quite answer what Nietzsche was
saying in the late 1800s. What Nietzsche meant to launch was not only an assault on a certain religion but
also a suspicion of the idea that there’s one source of final justice for all reality. Nietzsche proposed that
different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and
there’s no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another. The
suspicion that there’s no final appeal—and therefore the values and morality practiced by a community
can’t be dismissed as wrong or inferior to those practiced elsewhere—is called cultural relativism.
Example: For most of us, the killing of a newborn would be among the most heinous of immoral acts; a
perpetrator would need to be purely evil or completely mad. The Inuit Eskimos, however, regularly
practiced female infanticide during their prehistory, and it was neither evil nor insane. Their brutal living
conditions required a population imbalance tipped toward hunters (males). Without that gender
selecting, the plain fact was the entire group faced starvation. At another place and time, Bernal
Diaz’s The Conquest of New Spain recounts the Spanish invasion of the Americas and includes multiple
reports of newborns sacrificed in bloody ceremonies that made perfect sense to the locals, but left
Spaniards astonished and appalle.
Chapter 4 Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Re.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism from The Business
Ethics Workshop was adapted by Saylor Academy and is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license without attribution as requested by
the work's original creator or licensor. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under
the original license.
http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/The%20Business%20Ethics%20Workshop.pdf
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
137
Chapter 4
Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural
Relativism
Chapter Overview
Chapter 4 "Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism" examines some theories guiding
ethical decisions in business. It considers reactions to the possibility that there are no universal
definitions of right and wrong, only different customs that change from one society to another.
4.1 What Is Cultural Relativism?
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
138
1. Define cultural relativism.
2. Show how cultural relativism defies traditional ethics.
Nietzsche and the End of Traditional Ethics
“God is dead,” the declaration attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche, stands along with “I think, therefore I
am” (René Descartes, 1641) as philosophy’s most popularized—and parodied—phrases. The t-shirt
proclaiming “Nietzsche is dead, signed, God” is funny, but it doesn’t quite answer what Nietzsche was
saying in the late 1800s. What Nietzsche meant to launch was not only an assault on a certain religion but
also a suspicion of the idea that there’s one source of final justice for all reality. Nietzsche proposed that
different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and
there’s no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another. The
suspicion that there’s no final appeal—and therefore the values and morality practiced by a community
can’t be dismissed as wrong or inferior to those practiced elsewhere—is called cultural relativism.
Example: For most of us, the killing of a newborn would be among the most heinous of immoral acts; a
perpetrator would need to be purely evil or completely mad. The Inuit Eskimos, however, regularly
practiced female infanticide during their prehistory, and it was neither evil nor insane. Their brutal living
conditions required a population imbalance tipped toward hunters (males). Without that gender
selecting, the plain fact was the entire group faced starvation. At another place and time, Bernal
Diaz’s The Conquest of New Spain recounts the Spanish invasion of the Americas and includes multiple
reports of newborns sacrificed in bloody ceremonies that made perfect sense to the locals, but left
Spaniards astonished and appalle ...
Managing Cultural Diversity and Global TeamworkDaniela Kaneva
In a world where business and private life are increasingly globalized one key competence becomes keystone to success – the ability to understand and work effectively with people who are of different origin. Learn about the impact of National Culture on business and how you can manage it in order to achieve diversity and performance of global teams.
Prohibition Essay. History - Prohibition - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.comDiana Carroll
Why was Prohibition Introduced In The U.S.A In 1919? - GCSE History .... How successful was Prohibition? - A-Level History - Marked by Teachers.com. Why was Prohibition introduced in the USA Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Prohibition. In this essay I will be looking into prohibition, peoples .... Why was prohibition introduced in the USA in 191 Essay Example .... Why was Prohibition introduced into the USA in 1919? - GCSE History .... Why was Prohibition introduced in the USA in 1919? - GCSE History ....
Paul Sturges held a presentation "What we need to know: and why we need to know it" at the Serbian Library Association’s 10th International conference "The World and European Horizons of Librarianship in Digital Age", October 2011
Why the Framing of Globalization MattersJoe Brewer
This report looks at the different ways globalization has been framed and offers suggestions for how to address systemic risks in our rapidly changing world through better storytelling.
The Centre For Applied Research and Evaluation‐International Foundation: Position Statement on Stigma.
There is no doubt that cultural differences and exchanges can require great humility and sensitivity to avoid unintended insult or humiliation; the human desire to befriend and reach out can sometimes result in disagreements about entitlements and mutual obligations and rights.
Careif aims to address these aspects of stigma. We do this by identifying and confronting the sources of stigma and to empower all parties through dialogue, contact, education and research.
http://www.careif.org/news-a-events/131-careif-position-statement-on-stigma.html
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY• Individual written task in Harvard sty.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY
• Individual written task in Harvard style format, cover page, table of contents, blocked text and reference list.
• The student must build a coherent discussion or argument in essay format, analyzing theories and models. Ethical theories, legal cases and case studies may be referred to when providing examples. Cite all sources.
• Students must write in complete sentences and develop paragraphs. No bullet points are allowed. Provide spacing between the sentences.
• Prepare and Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs.
• Sources must be used, identified, and properly cited.
• Format: PDF submitted through Turnitin
• The answers should analyse the following based on the case study provided with this task below the Rubrics:
1. Identify and explain the relevant parties in this case study?
2. Identify and explain in order the ethical issues related to each party involved in this case study? Cite your sources.
3. What ethical theories can each party use to support their behavior or decisions? Cite your sources.
4. Identify and discuss the points of law raised in the case? Cite your sources.
5. Identify and explain an additional case that supports or differentiates this case/situation.
Case study:
Cyber Harassment
In many ways, social media platforms have created great benefits for our societies by expanding and diversifying the ways people communicate with each other, and yet these platforms also have the power to cause harm. Posting hurtful messages about other people is a form of harassment known as cyberbullying. Some acts of cyberbullying may not only be considered slanderous, but also lead to serious consequences. In 2010, Rutgers University student Tyler Clementi jumped to his death a few days after his roommate used a webcam to observe and tweet about Tyler’s sexual encounter with another man. Jane Clementi, Tyler’s mother, stated, “In this digital world, we need to teach our youngsters that their actions have consequences, that their words have real power to hurt or to help. They must be encouraged to choose to build people up and not tear them down.”
In 2013, Idalia Hernández Ramos, a middle school teacher in Mexico, was a victim of cyber harassment. After discovering that one of her students tweeted that the teacher was a “bitch” and a “whore,” Hernández confronted the girl during a lesson on social media etiquette. Inquiring why the girl would post such hurtful messages that could harm the teacher’s reputation, the student meekly replied that she was upset at the time. The teacher responded that she was very upset by the student’s actions. Demanding a public apology in front of the class, Hernández stated that she would not allow “young brats” to call her those names. Hernández uploaded a video of this confrontation online, attracting much attention.
While Hernández was subject to cyber harassment, some felt she went too far by confronting the student in the classroom.
Case Study Chapter 5 100 wordsTranscultural Nursing in the.docxmoggdede
Case Study Chapter 5
100 words
Transcultural Nursing in the Community Community health clients belong to a variety of cultural groups. To gain acceptance, nurses must strive to introduce improved health practices that are presented in a manner consistent with clients’ cultural values. The student nurse is going to visit two different homes with the community health nurse with different cultural beliefs. 1. In preparation for the student nurse’s visits to two different homes, what five transcultural principles will assist in guiding community health nursing practice in these settings? 2. During the first visit, the student nurse has to conduct a cultural assessment by questioning the patient and observing the family dynamics. The community health nurse has requested that the student nurse assess for appropriate information in six major areas. What six major areas should the student nurse consider? 3. After the conclusion of the first visit, the community health nurse cautions the student nurse to be consciously aware of any ethnocentrism attitudes toward other cultures and the importance of cultural diversity. What is ethnocentrism and why is it so important to be conscious of cultural diversity?
.
Case Study Chapter 10 Boss, We’ve got a problemBy Kayla Cur.docxmoggdede
Case Study: Chapter 10
Boss, We’ve got a problem
By Kayla Curry
Background
Charlie Upton was the most beloved citizen of the close knit village of Summit. Everyone knew and respected Charlie. As a 17 year veteran of the police department, he was valued and admired for his unyielding care for the community. Charlie Upton gained acclaim for his heavy involvement in youth activities. He coached the boys pee-wee football team to victory in back to back seasons. He was known to get passionate about a bad call by referees. Coach Upton cared so much for his team, he generously offered to reward the team with a trip to Disney World. The man was even President of the local school board at one time. The highlight of the Christmas season was when he would dress up as a convincing Santa Claus for all of Summit’s children and visit the elementary schools.
Cont.
Charlie Upton’s popularity within Summit was unparalleled. Upton was known to rub shoulders with the Village’s elite. Primarily Village Administrator Tim Bell, whose son was star quarterback of Upton’s pee-wee team, and his own boss Police Chief Martin Owens. It was safe to say, nobody was expecting the coming scandal that would forever shake the community of Summit.
When Chief Martin Owens first heard the news, he decided to run straight to Administrator Tim Bell for direction. Highly unsettled, together they came up with a plan to combat the coming storm.
Cont.
Chief Owens and Administrator Bell called Charlie Upton into the Chief’s office and demanded an explanation to the allegations brought against him. A 12 year old boy who was being treated by a social worker for emotional problems, claimed that he had been sexual molested by none other than the Department’s beloved Charlie Upton.
When confronted with the accusations Upton replied simply, “well, there goes 17 years of police work down the drain.” Taking Upton’s non-denial as admission of guilt, Bell furiously demands he surrenders his badge and places him on unpaid leave on the spot. An outside agency would handle a 3 week investigation into the charges and in the meantime nobody outside of those three parties would know why Charlie Upton was being investigated.
Cont.
The investigation was completed and Upton was charged with criminal sexual conduct with a minor. He was immediately terminated. Against legal advice Administrator Bell refused to pay Upton’s separation pay of $26,000 in unused vacation time and sick leave.
From that point, the Village of Summit turned into a political circus:
Anticipating tough questions, Bell and Owens crafted their responses ahead of time
Pending public announcement Administrator Bell held a closed door meeting with the Council informing them that the Officer in charge of youth offenses was a child molester
Three of the Council members didn’t believe Upton would do such a thing and demanded Bell put him back in a uniform and on the streets
When the public was made aware they went int.
CASE STUDY Caregiver Role Strain Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-o.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY: Caregiver Role Strain: Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-old divorced woman, received a diagnosis of stage 3 ovarian cancer 4 years ago, for which she had a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy, omentectomy, lymphadenectomy, and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin (Platinol), paclitaxel (Taxol), and doxorubicin (Adriamycin). She did well for 2 years and then moved back to her hometown near her family and underwent three more rounds of secondline chemotherapy. She accepted a less stressful job, bought a house, renewed old friendships, and became more involved with her two sisters and their families. Sandra developed several complications, including metastasis to the lungs. Then she could no longer work, drive, or care for herself. She had been told by her oncologist that there was nothing else that could be done and that she should consider entering a hospice. She met her attorney and prepared an advance directive and completed her will. She decided to have hospice care at home and, with the help of her family, set up her first floor as a living and sleeping area. She was cared for by family members around the clock for approximately 3 days. Sandra observed that she was tiring everyone out so much that they could not really enjoy each other’s company. At this time, she contacted the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) to seek assistance. Her plan was to try to enjoy her family and friend’s visits. After assessment, the VNA nurse prioritized her problems to include fatigue and caregiver role strain. Other potential problem areas that may need to be incorporated into the care plan include anticipatory grieving and impaired comfort.
Reflective Questions
1. What are some of the stresses on Sandra’s middle-aged sisters and their families?
2. What resources are available to manage these stresses and support the sisters while caring for their dying sister Sandra?
3. Describe Sandra’s feelings about dependency and loss of autonomy because she is unable to do her own activities of daily living any longer
.
Case Study Answers Week 7 and 8Group OneIn your grou.docxmoggdede
Case Study Answers Week 7 and 8
Group One
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Beverages business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Two
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Snackfoods business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Three
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocusSupplements business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Four
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Sportswear business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
2
InFocus Business Statistics
Market Statistics
Week 7 inFocus case
3
BCG Matrix
GE-Mckinsey Matrix
Synergy Matrix
Recommendations
InFocus Beverages: Star, Growth, Fit – Keep and invest in this business
InFocus Snack foods: Cash Cow, Selective, Giver – Keep this business but minimise further investment
InFocus Supplements: Question Mark, Selective, Taker – Keep this business and consider further investment
InFocus Sportswear: Dog, Harvest, Misfit – Sell this business
Group One
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of dynamic capability
Discuss the principle of core competency and identify an InFocus core competency
List three types of activities InFocus could perform to develop dynamic capabilities and provide a specific example for each
Group Two
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of learning
Discuss how learning is captured and leveraged by organisations
Demonstrate how InFocus could apply the 5 why process to learn more about its current processes
Group Three
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of integration
Discuss why the successful integration of strategic assets and new learnings into business processes is so important
List and discuss three techniques or models that InFocus could integrate into its current processes and recommend the adoption of one of them
Group Four
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the need for transformatio.
More Related Content
Similar to 13 Ethics in a Global SocietyChapter Preview· The Dangers of G.docx
Chapter 4 Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Re.docxrobertad6
Chapter 4: Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism from The Business
Ethics Workshop was adapted by Saylor Academy and is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license without attribution as requested by
the work's original creator or licensor. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under
the original license.
http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/The%20Business%20Ethics%20Workshop.pdf
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
137
Chapter 4
Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural
Relativism
Chapter Overview
Chapter 4 "Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism" examines some theories guiding
ethical decisions in business. It considers reactions to the possibility that there are no universal
definitions of right and wrong, only different customs that change from one society to another.
4.1 What Is Cultural Relativism?
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
138
1. Define cultural relativism.
2. Show how cultural relativism defies traditional ethics.
Nietzsche and the End of Traditional Ethics
“God is dead,” the declaration attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche, stands along with “I think, therefore I
am” (René Descartes, 1641) as philosophy’s most popularized—and parodied—phrases. The t-shirt
proclaiming “Nietzsche is dead, signed, God” is funny, but it doesn’t quite answer what Nietzsche was
saying in the late 1800s. What Nietzsche meant to launch was not only an assault on a certain religion but
also a suspicion of the idea that there’s one source of final justice for all reality. Nietzsche proposed that
different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and
there’s no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another. The
suspicion that there’s no final appeal—and therefore the values and morality practiced by a community
can’t be dismissed as wrong or inferior to those practiced elsewhere—is called cultural relativism.
Example: For most of us, the killing of a newborn would be among the most heinous of immoral acts; a
perpetrator would need to be purely evil or completely mad. The Inuit Eskimos, however, regularly
practiced female infanticide during their prehistory, and it was neither evil nor insane. Their brutal living
conditions required a population imbalance tipped toward hunters (males). Without that gender
selecting, the plain fact was the entire group faced starvation. At another place and time, Bernal
Diaz’s The Conquest of New Spain recounts the Spanish invasion of the Americas and includes multiple
reports of newborns sacrificed in bloody ceremonies that made perfect sense to the locals, but left
Spaniards astonished and appalle.
Chapter 4 Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Re.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism from The Business
Ethics Workshop was adapted by Saylor Academy and is available under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license without attribution as requested by
the work's original creator or licensor. UMGC has modified this work and it is available under
the original license.
http://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/The%20Business%20Ethics%20Workshop.pdf
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
137
Chapter 4
Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural
Relativism
Chapter Overview
Chapter 4 "Theories Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Relativism" examines some theories guiding
ethical decisions in business. It considers reactions to the possibility that there are no universal
definitions of right and wrong, only different customs that change from one society to another.
4.1 What Is Cultural Relativism?
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
138
1. Define cultural relativism.
2. Show how cultural relativism defies traditional ethics.
Nietzsche and the End of Traditional Ethics
“God is dead,” the declaration attributed to Friedrich Nietzsche, stands along with “I think, therefore I
am” (René Descartes, 1641) as philosophy’s most popularized—and parodied—phrases. The t-shirt
proclaiming “Nietzsche is dead, signed, God” is funny, but it doesn’t quite answer what Nietzsche was
saying in the late 1800s. What Nietzsche meant to launch was not only an assault on a certain religion but
also a suspicion of the idea that there’s one source of final justice for all reality. Nietzsche proposed that
different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and
there’s no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another. The
suspicion that there’s no final appeal—and therefore the values and morality practiced by a community
can’t be dismissed as wrong or inferior to those practiced elsewhere—is called cultural relativism.
Example: For most of us, the killing of a newborn would be among the most heinous of immoral acts; a
perpetrator would need to be purely evil or completely mad. The Inuit Eskimos, however, regularly
practiced female infanticide during their prehistory, and it was neither evil nor insane. Their brutal living
conditions required a population imbalance tipped toward hunters (males). Without that gender
selecting, the plain fact was the entire group faced starvation. At another place and time, Bernal
Diaz’s The Conquest of New Spain recounts the Spanish invasion of the Americas and includes multiple
reports of newborns sacrificed in bloody ceremonies that made perfect sense to the locals, but left
Spaniards astonished and appalle ...
Managing Cultural Diversity and Global TeamworkDaniela Kaneva
In a world where business and private life are increasingly globalized one key competence becomes keystone to success – the ability to understand and work effectively with people who are of different origin. Learn about the impact of National Culture on business and how you can manage it in order to achieve diversity and performance of global teams.
Prohibition Essay. History - Prohibition - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.comDiana Carroll
Why was Prohibition Introduced In The U.S.A In 1919? - GCSE History .... How successful was Prohibition? - A-Level History - Marked by Teachers.com. Why was Prohibition introduced in the USA Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Prohibition. In this essay I will be looking into prohibition, peoples .... Why was prohibition introduced in the USA in 191 Essay Example .... Why was Prohibition introduced into the USA in 1919? - GCSE History .... Why was Prohibition introduced in the USA in 1919? - GCSE History ....
Paul Sturges held a presentation "What we need to know: and why we need to know it" at the Serbian Library Association’s 10th International conference "The World and European Horizons of Librarianship in Digital Age", October 2011
Why the Framing of Globalization MattersJoe Brewer
This report looks at the different ways globalization has been framed and offers suggestions for how to address systemic risks in our rapidly changing world through better storytelling.
The Centre For Applied Research and Evaluation‐International Foundation: Position Statement on Stigma.
There is no doubt that cultural differences and exchanges can require great humility and sensitivity to avoid unintended insult or humiliation; the human desire to befriend and reach out can sometimes result in disagreements about entitlements and mutual obligations and rights.
Careif aims to address these aspects of stigma. We do this by identifying and confronting the sources of stigma and to empower all parties through dialogue, contact, education and research.
http://www.careif.org/news-a-events/131-careif-position-statement-on-stigma.html
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESCulture encompasses the va.docxsleeperharwell
9.1 UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Culture encompasses the values and norms shared by members of a group and the economic, social, political, and religious institutions that shape and mold their activities. At a fundamental level, these cultural values frame and guide the interpretation of experience, the processing of information, and the ways people communicate. It is possible to describe culture as a shared set of basic assumptions and values, with resultant behavioral norms, attitudes, and beliefs that manifest themselves in systems and institutions as well as behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns. There are various levels to culture, ranging from the easily observable outer layers, such as behavioral convention, to the increasingly more difficult to grasp inner layers, such as assumptions and values. Culture is shared among members of a group or society and has an interpretative function for the members of that group. Culture is situated between human nature on the one hand and individual personality on the other. Culture is not inheritable or genetic, but rather is learned. Although all members of a group or society share their culture, expressions of culture-resultant behavior are modified by an individual’s personality.
People create their culture as a way to adapt to their physical environment. Customs, practices, beliefs, and traditions for development and survival are passed along from generation to generation. Your culture facilitates day-to-day living by making sense out of your surroundings. The following characteristics of cultures can influence the way an individual might negotiate:
· Self-identity: Cultures provide an individual with a sense of self, which can be manifested anywhere from extreme independence to extreme interdependence. In a negotiation, this cultural sense of self may dictate whether the parties see negotiations as a competition or an opportunity to collaborate.
· Relationships: Cultures also organize the relationships between individuals according to age, sex, status, or degree of kinship. Such relationships may influence a negotiation by dictating who the culture recognizes as its leaders, who makes the decisions, and who will be governed by those decisions.
· Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication distinguishes one culture from another. A multitude of languages, dialects, and colloquialisms combine with body language and gestures to make communication unique within cultures and subcultures. Another aspect of communication relevant to negotiations is whether the culture exchanges information in a direct or indirect manner.
· Time and time consciousness: In some cultures time may be viewed as a cycle, constantly reoccurring so that it involves many simultaneous experiences and people. Or time can be viewed as a lineal, sequential event. In that case, time once lost is never regained. A culture that views time as lineal and finite will expect negotiations to begin on time and to finish as soon .
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY• Individual written task in Harvard sty.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY COMMENTARY
• Individual written task in Harvard style format, cover page, table of contents, blocked text and reference list.
• The student must build a coherent discussion or argument in essay format, analyzing theories and models. Ethical theories, legal cases and case studies may be referred to when providing examples. Cite all sources.
• Students must write in complete sentences and develop paragraphs. No bullet points are allowed. Provide spacing between the sentences.
• Prepare and Introduction, Body, and Conclusion paragraphs.
• Sources must be used, identified, and properly cited.
• Format: PDF submitted through Turnitin
• The answers should analyse the following based on the case study provided with this task below the Rubrics:
1. Identify and explain the relevant parties in this case study?
2. Identify and explain in order the ethical issues related to each party involved in this case study? Cite your sources.
3. What ethical theories can each party use to support their behavior or decisions? Cite your sources.
4. Identify and discuss the points of law raised in the case? Cite your sources.
5. Identify and explain an additional case that supports or differentiates this case/situation.
Case study:
Cyber Harassment
In many ways, social media platforms have created great benefits for our societies by expanding and diversifying the ways people communicate with each other, and yet these platforms also have the power to cause harm. Posting hurtful messages about other people is a form of harassment known as cyberbullying. Some acts of cyberbullying may not only be considered slanderous, but also lead to serious consequences. In 2010, Rutgers University student Tyler Clementi jumped to his death a few days after his roommate used a webcam to observe and tweet about Tyler’s sexual encounter with another man. Jane Clementi, Tyler’s mother, stated, “In this digital world, we need to teach our youngsters that their actions have consequences, that their words have real power to hurt or to help. They must be encouraged to choose to build people up and not tear them down.”
In 2013, Idalia Hernández Ramos, a middle school teacher in Mexico, was a victim of cyber harassment. After discovering that one of her students tweeted that the teacher was a “bitch” and a “whore,” Hernández confronted the girl during a lesson on social media etiquette. Inquiring why the girl would post such hurtful messages that could harm the teacher’s reputation, the student meekly replied that she was upset at the time. The teacher responded that she was very upset by the student’s actions. Demanding a public apology in front of the class, Hernández stated that she would not allow “young brats” to call her those names. Hernández uploaded a video of this confrontation online, attracting much attention.
While Hernández was subject to cyber harassment, some felt she went too far by confronting the student in the classroom.
Case Study Chapter 5 100 wordsTranscultural Nursing in the.docxmoggdede
Case Study Chapter 5
100 words
Transcultural Nursing in the Community Community health clients belong to a variety of cultural groups. To gain acceptance, nurses must strive to introduce improved health practices that are presented in a manner consistent with clients’ cultural values. The student nurse is going to visit two different homes with the community health nurse with different cultural beliefs. 1. In preparation for the student nurse’s visits to two different homes, what five transcultural principles will assist in guiding community health nursing practice in these settings? 2. During the first visit, the student nurse has to conduct a cultural assessment by questioning the patient and observing the family dynamics. The community health nurse has requested that the student nurse assess for appropriate information in six major areas. What six major areas should the student nurse consider? 3. After the conclusion of the first visit, the community health nurse cautions the student nurse to be consciously aware of any ethnocentrism attitudes toward other cultures and the importance of cultural diversity. What is ethnocentrism and why is it so important to be conscious of cultural diversity?
.
Case Study Chapter 10 Boss, We’ve got a problemBy Kayla Cur.docxmoggdede
Case Study: Chapter 10
Boss, We’ve got a problem
By Kayla Curry
Background
Charlie Upton was the most beloved citizen of the close knit village of Summit. Everyone knew and respected Charlie. As a 17 year veteran of the police department, he was valued and admired for his unyielding care for the community. Charlie Upton gained acclaim for his heavy involvement in youth activities. He coached the boys pee-wee football team to victory in back to back seasons. He was known to get passionate about a bad call by referees. Coach Upton cared so much for his team, he generously offered to reward the team with a trip to Disney World. The man was even President of the local school board at one time. The highlight of the Christmas season was when he would dress up as a convincing Santa Claus for all of Summit’s children and visit the elementary schools.
Cont.
Charlie Upton’s popularity within Summit was unparalleled. Upton was known to rub shoulders with the Village’s elite. Primarily Village Administrator Tim Bell, whose son was star quarterback of Upton’s pee-wee team, and his own boss Police Chief Martin Owens. It was safe to say, nobody was expecting the coming scandal that would forever shake the community of Summit.
When Chief Martin Owens first heard the news, he decided to run straight to Administrator Tim Bell for direction. Highly unsettled, together they came up with a plan to combat the coming storm.
Cont.
Chief Owens and Administrator Bell called Charlie Upton into the Chief’s office and demanded an explanation to the allegations brought against him. A 12 year old boy who was being treated by a social worker for emotional problems, claimed that he had been sexual molested by none other than the Department’s beloved Charlie Upton.
When confronted with the accusations Upton replied simply, “well, there goes 17 years of police work down the drain.” Taking Upton’s non-denial as admission of guilt, Bell furiously demands he surrenders his badge and places him on unpaid leave on the spot. An outside agency would handle a 3 week investigation into the charges and in the meantime nobody outside of those three parties would know why Charlie Upton was being investigated.
Cont.
The investigation was completed and Upton was charged with criminal sexual conduct with a minor. He was immediately terminated. Against legal advice Administrator Bell refused to pay Upton’s separation pay of $26,000 in unused vacation time and sick leave.
From that point, the Village of Summit turned into a political circus:
Anticipating tough questions, Bell and Owens crafted their responses ahead of time
Pending public announcement Administrator Bell held a closed door meeting with the Council informing them that the Officer in charge of youth offenses was a child molester
Three of the Council members didn’t believe Upton would do such a thing and demanded Bell put him back in a uniform and on the streets
When the public was made aware they went int.
CASE STUDY Caregiver Role Strain Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-o.docxmoggdede
CASE STUDY: Caregiver Role Strain: Ms. Sandra A. Sandra, a 47-year-old divorced woman, received a diagnosis of stage 3 ovarian cancer 4 years ago, for which she had a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo- oophorectomy, omentectomy, lymphadenectomy, and tumor debulking followed by chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin (Platinol), paclitaxel (Taxol), and doxorubicin (Adriamycin). She did well for 2 years and then moved back to her hometown near her family and underwent three more rounds of secondline chemotherapy. She accepted a less stressful job, bought a house, renewed old friendships, and became more involved with her two sisters and their families. Sandra developed several complications, including metastasis to the lungs. Then she could no longer work, drive, or care for herself. She had been told by her oncologist that there was nothing else that could be done and that she should consider entering a hospice. She met her attorney and prepared an advance directive and completed her will. She decided to have hospice care at home and, with the help of her family, set up her first floor as a living and sleeping area. She was cared for by family members around the clock for approximately 3 days. Sandra observed that she was tiring everyone out so much that they could not really enjoy each other’s company. At this time, she contacted the Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) to seek assistance. Her plan was to try to enjoy her family and friend’s visits. After assessment, the VNA nurse prioritized her problems to include fatigue and caregiver role strain. Other potential problem areas that may need to be incorporated into the care plan include anticipatory grieving and impaired comfort.
Reflective Questions
1. What are some of the stresses on Sandra’s middle-aged sisters and their families?
2. What resources are available to manage these stresses and support the sisters while caring for their dying sister Sandra?
3. Describe Sandra’s feelings about dependency and loss of autonomy because she is unable to do her own activities of daily living any longer
.
Case Study Answers Week 7 and 8Group OneIn your grou.docxmoggdede
Case Study Answers Week 7 and 8
Group One
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Beverages business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Two
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Snackfoods business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Three
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocusSupplements business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
Group Four
In your group, prepare a business portfolio analysis on the InFocus businesses
Focus on the following:
Prepare the following charts and plot the InFocus Sportswear business:
BCG matrix
GE-McKinsey matrix
Synergy matrix
Provide a recommendation advising InFocus what it should do with this business
2
InFocus Business Statistics
Market Statistics
Week 7 inFocus case
3
BCG Matrix
GE-Mckinsey Matrix
Synergy Matrix
Recommendations
InFocus Beverages: Star, Growth, Fit – Keep and invest in this business
InFocus Snack foods: Cash Cow, Selective, Giver – Keep this business but minimise further investment
InFocus Supplements: Question Mark, Selective, Taker – Keep this business and consider further investment
InFocus Sportswear: Dog, Harvest, Misfit – Sell this business
Group One
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of dynamic capability
Discuss the principle of core competency and identify an InFocus core competency
List three types of activities InFocus could perform to develop dynamic capabilities and provide a specific example for each
Group Two
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of learning
Discuss how learning is captured and leveraged by organisations
Demonstrate how InFocus could apply the 5 why process to learn more about its current processes
Group Three
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the concept of integration
Discuss why the successful integration of strategic assets and new learnings into business processes is so important
List and discuss three techniques or models that InFocus could integrate into its current processes and recommend the adoption of one of them
Group Four
In your group, prepare a report for Jackie on InFocus’s dynamic capability
Focus on the following:
Explain the need for transformatio.
Case Study and Transition Plan TemplateCase StudyD.docxmoggdede
Case Study and Transition Plan Template
Case Study
Darren is a 17-year-old student. He is a junior at his local high school. Darren has a specific learning disability in reading. He attends the resource classroom for English classes. All other courses are in the general education setting with accommodations, modified grades (for some subjects), and push-in supports from the special education teacher at least three times per week for core courses requiring extensive reading and writing. He is currently decoding at the fifth grade reading level, but reading comprehension is at the third grade level. Fluency is at the fifth grade level.
Darren also has difficulty with written expression, and needs graphic organizers and pre-writing activities to help him develop a thesis statement and organize his written work. His handwriting is difficult to read and it takes him a long time to complete written assignments without assistive technology and software. He can be impulsive, and will sometimes miss important portions of written directions resulting in frequent errors on assignments. He frequently turns in assignments late or not at all. He needs assistance remembering to take his medication at school and at home. He has tried to pass a driver’s license exam so he can get a driver’s permit to learn how to drive. However, his impulsivity and reading ability have affected his performance and he has not been able to pass the written exam as required by the state motor vehicle department.
Darren loves cars. He can describe makes and models of practically any vehicle and describe the type of engine and standard features. He also helps his dad and older brother work on vehicles in the family’s car restoration business. Darren can wash the cars, detail the interior, and clean the windows. He has recently started doing oil changes with some supervision.
His parents are concerned about Darren’s impulsivity, his inability to remember directions, and his unrealistic views of his abilities. His mother is concerned about him needing prompts to brush his teeth, wear clean clothes, and comb his hair before leaving the house. He tends to blame others when he is not successful and makes excuses for not following through on responsibilities. His father expressed concern about Darren’s difficulty in putting tools away in the shop and cleaning up his work area after he changes the oil in a vehicle. Teachers express concern over late assignments, a reluctance to take responsibility for his own actions, and the need for constant prompts and reminders. Darren uses an electronic spelling dictionary and a word processor with word prediction software and spell check to complete assignments.
Darren’s parents indicated on a parent survey that they do not know if Darren would be eligible to receive adult services, social security, and they do not know how to contact adult service agencies.
During a student interview, Darren stated he wanted to become a professional foo.
Case Study AnalysisRead Compassion for Samantha Case Study.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis
Read
Compassion for Samantha Case Study
Samantha Lizonia has been with Prestige Shipping for 35 years. As one of the first employees hired when the business launched, she has weathered many storms with the company, including receiving late paychecks, times of slow growth, a year where she worked 7 days a week without fail, and working for 4 years in a row without a vacation or sick day. As the office manager, she greets all visitors and is the first point of contact when customers and vendors calls. The CEO always praises Samantha and often states that without her diligence and faithfulness all those years they may not have survived.
Unfortunately, Samantha’s job performance has been declining. She has submitted reports untimely and unfinished, been late to work, and has become cold and difficult to work with. Coworkers and vendors complain about her rude comments and harsh demeanor. The CEO spoke to Samantha about her performance and behavior, but nothing has changed. Actually, she did not appreciate being reprimanded, and her behavior got worse. However, during their meeting, the CEO did find out that Samantha is planning on retiring in 2 years, and the value of her retirement savings plan has drastically declined.
If Samantha would have been any other employee, she would have been fired a long time ago. Because of her age, years of loyal service, lack of retirement savings, and the CEO’s commitment to continuing the family-like environment, this is a difficult choice. However, he knows that he must come to a decision about her soon.
Consider
the following:
SHRM ethical guidelines
Ethical processes for hiring, evaluating, disciplining, and terminating employees
Regulations for equal opportunity and employee rights
Commonly held values such as compassion, courage, integrity, and wisdom that can help people clarify their differences with others, understand their positions, and communicate values more effectively
Disagreements about moral choices in an organization are a natural part of doing business. Appreciate the viewpoints of other parties instead of vilifying them. Anticipate these disagreements by developing strategies for dealing with the most common conflicts you will face in your work.
Your personal strengths, unique voice, core identity and desired self-image.
Potential arguments that others will use to support immoral or unethical behavior
Write
a 1,050- to 1,400-word analysis of the scenario. Include the following:
Describe the ethical dilemma presented in the scenario, and explain why it is an ethical dilemma.
Describe the government and industry regulations relevant to this scenario.
Explain why specific elements from SHRM guidelines would apply to this situation.
Describe the ethical way to resolve the issue with Samantha.
Justify your resolution.
Format
your paper according to APA guidelines.
Reference
2 peer-reviewed scholarly ariticles
.
Case Study AnalysisAn understanding of cells and cell behavi.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis
An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.
An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.
Scenario: Case study
An 83-year-old resident of a skilled nursing facility presents to the emergency department with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen. History obtained from staff reveals the patient has history of malabsorption syndrome and difficulty eating due to lack of dentures. The patient has been diagnosed with protein malnutrition
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
The Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis in which you:
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:
Explain why you think the patient presented the symptoms described.
28 (28%) - 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.
The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with an explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
25 (25%) - 27 (27%)
The response describes the patient's symptoms.
The response includes accurate reasons, with an explanation for the symptoms supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
23 (23%) - 24 (24%)
The response describes the patient's symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.
The response includes reasons for the symptoms, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
0 (0%) - 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the de.
Case Study Analysis and FindingsThe final assignment for this co.docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis and Findings
The final assignment for this course is a Case Study Analysis and Findings. The purpose of the Case Study Analysis and Findings is for you to utilize the knowledge and skills developed in this course to evaluate the psychological methods and theoretical models of criminal behavior as well as the police psychology and the psychological aspects of all participants in the criminal justice process relative to a specific criminal episode. An overview of forensic psychology as it relates to the criminal justice process should be included.
This course has addressed issues of psychological theory and practice relative to the functioning of the criminal justice system. These impacts range from the offender, to law enforcement and investigations, to practices and legalities of law in the courtroom, to the participation and impact of victims and witnesses, and to treatment and sentencing rendered in the correctional environment. Research continues regarding the biological, genetic, psychological, and social impacts on mental health and resulting behavior. These findings will continue to find their way into the legal implications of the psychological influences on behavior.
The focus of your Case Study Analysis and Findings paper will be based, in large part, on the weekly assignments you completed throughout the course. In each of the weekly assignments, you address a particular aspect of the overall criminal case and offender that you selected in Week 1.
In the Week 1 Literature Review assignment, you provide the resources necessary for each phase of your final analysis and findings.
In the Week 2 Case Summary and Offender Profile assignment, you provide an analysis of the behavior of the offender relative to the psychological history and evaluation of the offender.
In the Week 3 Investigative Psychology assignment, you provide an analysis of the behavior of the investigators including the analysis of the crime scene. This assignment also describes the psychological, behavioral, environmental, and cognitive factors that influence the investigation, including intervention strategies to reduce the impact of stress on law enforcement.
In the Week 4 Legal Psychology and Victimization assignment, you provide a discussion on the role of the psychological profile of the offender and the victims have on the presentation of evidence in court, including the analysis of legal psychology as it is implemented in the criminal justice process.
Finally, in the Week 5 Psychological Treatment in Correctional Settings assignment, you provide a discussion on the impacts the psychological make–up of offenders have on the functional responsibilities of incarceration facilities and how the biases and assumptions of correctional service providers influence their assessment of and interaction with these offenders.
Utilizing your research and analyses completed for the Weeks 1 through 5 assignments, consider the psychological methods .
Case Study Analysis A TutorialWhat is it Case studies are a .docxmoggdede
Case Study Analysis: A Tutorial
What is it? Case studies are a popular and effective teaching tool for business and non-business students. Often described as the “Harvard method,” case studies permit students to apply learned concepts and techniques to “real world” situations. Although our assignments are individual work only, case studies may also allow students to use their knowledge of course material in addressing business/marketing problems or issues through collaboration (much as in the workplace). Case studies may be quite detailed or simple in scope. In some assignments, strong familiarity with financial analysis and operations management are needed to successfully complete the case.
How to be effective? For any case study assignment, common sense; research; and a good understanding of basic marketing/management concepts are needed. You should carefully read the case several times, highlighting information/details that you believe important. Understand what the assignment is requesting. In the Popchips and Grand Theft Auto cases, you are asked questions for response. In addressing each question, you should justify (document) your answer with case information and additional Internet research. All sources should be properly cited.
It is important that you do not assume anything. Many students err in case analysis by confusing personal opinion or inference (guess) with the facts presented in the case. It is permissible (and, often required) to supplement case information with various research methods (i.e., observation and/or Internet) gain a clearer understanding of the issues, forces, questions and requirements of the case. Rely on the text book and lecture notes to help you.
Put yourself in the case as the key decision maker(s). What needs to be addressed concerning marketing? What could have been done differently? What should the marketing strategy (plan) be going forward? Be prepared to explain your reasoning.
Most importantly, don’t procrastinate on this assignment. Your time well-spent will result in a well-done report.
In summary, to complete a case study assignment successfully, you must:
1. Read the case thoroughly several times.
2. Complete independent research about the case issue/topic.
3. Identify and verify sources.
4. Answer the questions contained in the case with completeness and accuracy using case and research information.
5. Write your report and proof it for grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes.
A Rite of Passage Approach
Designed to Preserve the
Families of Substance-Abusing
African American Women
Vanesta L. Poitier, Makini Niliwaambieni, and
Cyprian Lamar Rowe
This article approaches the treatment of addicted
African American women in ways drawn from
traditional African culture. While the modern African
American woman is clearly not the same as her
continental African foremother, the reality of her life
is still predicated on the basis of her culture and
her material wealth or.
Case Study AlcoholCertain occasional behaviors can cause more tro.docxmoggdede
Case Study: Alcohol
Certain occasional behaviors can cause more trouble than one might think. For many college students, drinking does not seem dangerous and is often viewed as a normal. Alcohol absorption and factors involved with alcohol metabolism are rarely discussed.
Review the following case study and answer the questions in essay format.
Paulo is a sophomore in college. On the weekends he goes out with his friends and will have anywhere from 5-8 drinks during the evening. Paulo met his friends during freshman year and they all agree that drinking is part of the college experience. Paulo always has a hangover after a big night of drinking, but doesn't think it's an issue because he never drinks on the weekdays and it isn't affecting his schoolwork. On a football weekend that included a lot of drinking, one of Paulo's friends, Luke, got into a fight and ended up in the emergency room. The doctor told Luke his Blood Alcohol Concentration was so high that he nearly had alcohol poisoning. Although Paulo knew drinking and driving could be dangerous, Paulo was surprised that the doctor warned Luke about "binge drinking." Paulo began to wonder whether his drinking was affecting his own health.
How common is binge drinking in college? What factors increase an individual's risk for the short and long term effects of alcohol? Why do college students like Paulo feel it is part of the college experience to drink regularly? What should universities, parents, friends, and others do to address high risk drinking and to change these behaviors?
4 Essays, 1 essay per Part:
Part I: Finding the Perfect Balance
Chapter # 1 General Health Concepts
Chapter # 2 Promoting and Preserving Your Psychological Health
Chapter # 3 Managing Stress: Managing Stress and Coping with Life Challenges
Chapter # 4 Preventing Violence and Injury
Part II: Building Healthy Relationships
Chapter # 5 Understanding Sexuality
Chapter # 6 Considering your Reproductive Alternatives
Part III: Avoiding Risks Related to Bad Habits
Chapter # 7 Recognizing and Avoiding Addiction and Drug Use
Chapter # 8 Drinking Alcohol Responsibly and Ending Tobacco Use
Part IV: Building Healthy Lifestyles
Chapter # 9 Eating for a Healthier You
Chapter # 10 Reaching and Maintaining a Healthy Weight
.
Case study A group of nurse educators are having a discussion about.docxmoggdede
Case study: A group of nurse educators are having a discussion about the minority student nurses. The nurse educators believe that there are numerous barriers to minority student success in nursing education. The nurse educators want to develop strategies to increase the success rate in graduation of these students.
1. The nurse educators make a list of the barriers that exist for minority student success. What are common barriers for minority student success?
2. The group of nurse educators is acutely aware that different generations are represented in nursing today. These different generations have different attitudes and value systems, which greatly affect the settings in which they work. What are the key characteristics of the four generational groups that are present in today’s workforce?
3. Analyze and describe how the different generations present in nursing today affect nursing care and the nursing workplace.
.
Case study ;1Callista Roy and Betty Neumans theories view the.docxmoggdede
Case study ;1
Callista Roy and Betty Neuman's theories view the person (individual, group, or community) as a holistic adaptive system that constantly interacts with the internal and external environments. Both theories view the person as being the center of nursing and present health/wellness and illness as parts of the same continuum, however there are some key assumptions that are different. As such, select one of the theories and identify1 assumption of the theory and discuss how the care rendered for this patient by an advanced practice nurse would be structured (assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, evaluation) according to the theory. Give 2 specific examples of interventions that you anticipate will be included in the patient's care.
Mr. Reynolds is a 32 year-old male patient hospitalized on the orthopedic unit of the hospital. He is status-post motorcycle accident and right leg below the knee amputation. He has a history of Depression and Schizophrenia. He is currently separated from his wife and estranged from his family. He is awaiting social work for placement in a rehabilitation facility, where he will continue his recovery.
.
Case Study 9Running head BP & THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILLC.docxmoggdede
Case Study 9
Running head: BP & THE GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL
Case Study: BP & The Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
Central Michigan University
Organizational Dynamics & Human Behavior – MSA 601
Abstract
This paper will focus on the monumental disaster and ensuing public relations nightmare of British Petroleum (BP). This disaster of course was brought about by the oil rig explosion and fire in the Gulf of Mexico. BP is a multinational conglomerate of gargantuan proportions. They have molded and perfected their public image over decades. This paper will take a look at the lapses in BP’s management and public relations efforts and what measures the company should have taken.
BP & the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill
The reason that the authors selected to evaluate British Petroleum (BP) for a case study was due in no small part to the endless media attention given to the oil spill in the Gulf. BP is an extremely popular brand that everyone in this country undoubtedly is effected by in one way or another. One of the initial reasons for choosing BP was the unmitigated disaster put forth on the public relations front in explaining the company’s efforts at dealing with the Gulf of Mexico oil crisis. The authors were further intrigued at this assignment for the poor leadership and decision making acumen of the former CEO Tony Hayward (CMU, 2009, p. 227). With this multi-focal approach, the study will highlight the conflicting messaging presented to the public and the lackluster and ultimately ineffective leadership within the organization.
BP is a huge multinational conglomerate whose primary focus is the petroleum industry. The company does business in over 30 countries around the globe. Its annual operating income is $239 billion dollars with over $14 billion dollars in profit in the year 2009. The company employs over 80,300 individuals and owns 16 refineries worldwide. BP operates several subsidiaries under the names AM/PM markets, BP and ARCO gas stations, Aral gas stations in Germany, Wild Bean Café, and Castrol Motor Oil (BP at a glance, 2010).
The competition within the petroleum industry is not as plentiful as one might think. There are actually very few players in the game. Due to the limited number of refiners of crude in this country the oil from various sources are blended prior to coming to the consumer. BP doesn’t have much use for the service station business anymore. In 2007, it announced plans to sell the last 700 stations that it hadn’t already sold to franchisees. The company chose to focus on finding and collecting oil. Once companies make a discovery, it comes out of the ground and ends up at a refinery. There, it can be mixed with oil that a variety of companies have poured into the tanks. This is further evidenced by BP’s plans to divest itself of its remaining 700 gas service stations. The highest percentage of income is made from oil exploration and extraction and not in the selling of gasoline at its stations (Lieber, 2010).
BP.
Case Study 9-1 IT Governance at University of the Southeast. Answer .docxmoggdede
Case Study 9-1 IT Governance at University of the Southeast. Answer question 1. Describe the IT governance system that was in place at the University of the Southeast using both decision rights and structure as the basis of goverance.
Note: Minimum 300 words not including title and reference page. References should be taken from peer revived
.
Case Study 7-2 Sony Pictures The Criminals Won. Answer question 2 W.docxmoggdede
Case Study 7-2 Sony Pictures: The Criminals Won. Answer question 2 What access and data protection controls would you recommend Sony use to provide better security for unreleased digital films and emails?
Note: Minimum 300 words not including title and reference page. References should be taken from peer revived
.
Case Study 8.1 Team DenialEmory University Holocaust studies pr.docxmoggdede
Case Study 8.1: Team Denial
Emory University Holocaust studies professor Deborah Lipstadt faced an uphill battle when she was sued by British amateur historian David Irving in 1995. Irving was the world’s best known Holocaust denier. He claimed that Hitler didn’t order the killing of Jews. Instead, the Führer’s subordinates acted on their own, without his knowledge. Irving’s most audacious assertion was that no Jews and other victims were gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. He denied that there were gas chambers. Instead, deaths were caused by typhus and other illnesses, not murder. Speaking before neo-Nazi groups, Irving declared that more people died in the back of Senator Edward Kennedy’s car (one young woman) than were deliberately killed at Auschwitz.
In her book Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, professor Lipstadt called Irving “a Hitler partisan wearing blinkers” who distorted historical evidence to “reach historically untenable conclusions.”1 Irving then threatened to sue unless she retracted her comments. He likely thought she would settle out of court. Not Lipstadt. Surrender would give deniers a victory, meaning a “second death” to the victims of Auschwitz and other Jews who perished under the Nazis. But Irving had the upper hand. Under British law, Lipstadt had to defend herself from the allegations. (In the United States, accusers have to prove that they have been libeled and defamed.) The lengthy court case would cost over a million dollars to fight and would be held in London, thousands of miles from Atlanta, where Lipstadt taught.
Fortunately for Dr. Lipstadt, others rallied to her cause. Emory gave her financial support and paid leave while hiring adjuncts to teach her classes. (School officials believed that canceling Holocaust courses would be a victory for Irving.) Penguin, her publisher, provided legal and financial support and Jewish groups raised money for her defense. Most important, she gained the support of a top-notch legal team who believed in her cause. This team included (1) those who prepared her case—a team of researchers who gathered information and the attorneys who assembled court documents; and (2) a pair of barristers who argued in front of the judge. (In Britain, one set of attorneys prepares the case while a different set of attorneys presents the case in court.) Lipstadt needed all the help she could get. Preparation for the trial took five years. Researchers had to sift through thousands of documents checking footnotes as well as hundreds of Irving’s personal diaries. They generated an eight-foot-tall stack of trial notebooks.
The legal team decided to put Irving on trial, demonstrating how he systematically altered historical evidence to support his anti-Semitic views. That meant that Deborah wouldn’t testify, turning her into a spectator at her own trial. Lipstadt, a skilled public speaker, objected to these restrictions but eventually gave in. She said, “Being q.
Case Study 7 Solving Team Challenges at DocSystems Billing, Inc.docxmoggdede
Case Study 7: Solving Team Challenges at DocSystems Billing, Inc.
Read the DocSystems Billing case, including the briefing document and four scenes, and consider the following questions:
What problems exist in this organization? How do these problems differ based on the employees’ roles? Why do employees object to Jim’s proposed solution?
Make a recommendation to the client about what could be done next based on the data included. Summarize your observations for Jim, offer possible interpretations, and suggest an approach for next steps.
Briefing Document: DocSystems Billing, Inc.
About the Company
DocSystems Billing, Inc., processes insurance billing paperwork for a network of small health care clinics throughout the United States. Privately owned physician practices, as well as specialists such as cardiologists and physical therapists, contract with DocSystems to process the billing paperwork through the maze of health care insurance companies and networks. DocSystems charges either a flat fee for each bill it processes or a percentage of the total, depending on the contract with the provider.
About the Call Center
Forty full-time employees work at the onsite call center: 30 Medical Insurance Specialists (who handle cases of moderate complexity) and 10 Senior Insurance Consultants (who handle very complex cases). The senior consultants have usually worked up through the ranks, often first working on basic billing, then as medical insurance specialists. Most of them have a long tenure with DocSystems, ranging from 17 to 23 years.
An additional 100 employees (called Billing Specialists) work at an outsourced call center. DocSystems contracts out the initial processing of claims and basic computer input. The contract employees used to work at DocSystems until the outsourcing.
285
The call center was outsourced a year ago to another organization. Almost all of the former DocSystems employees were offered jobs with the new company, but the pay and benefits were not comparable. Word has spread to the former colleagues who remain at DocSystems that the outsourcing company treats its employees poorly.
Call Center Reorganization
The remaining group of 40 employees was reorganized into two new teams about 3 months ago. Initially, there had been two managers—Alex managed the senior insurance consultants, and Dana managed the medical insurance specialists. Both reported to Jim, the senior director. In the new structure, Alex and Dana both manage 20 employees, with each managing half of the specialists and half of the consultants.
That meant that some of each group remained with their former manager, while some moved to a new manager. Senior management hoped that the integrated teams would start to share knowledge between more senior and more junior practitioners.
Roles and Work Process
Billing Specialist
The billing specialists do the initial computer input and handle the majority of the cases. Normally this occurs without any need .
Case Study 5.2 Hiding the Real Story at Midwestern Community Acti.docxmoggdede
Case Study 5.2: Hiding the Real Story at Midwestern Community Action
Recently, life at Midwestern Community Action has been anything but smooth. The nonprofit runs a variety of programs in a midsized city, including preschools, teen drop-in centers, a food pantry, a medical clinic, and low-income housing. Health problems forced founding executive director Sally May, who was well loved by staff, to quit after 20 years in her position. The board then appointed Josiah Lang, who had served as the manager of a local government service agency, as the next executive director.
When Lang arrived at Community Action, he discovered that May had been a hands-off leader. She allowed coordinators to run their programs without much supervision. Used to operating on their own, they resisted Lang’s efforts to institute performance evaluations, to evaluate the effectiveness of each program, and to reallocate funds between programs. It didn’t help that Lang made little effort to get to know his subordinates and has an abrasive personality. Three coordinators and a half dozen front-line staff quit. Lang has the support of the board, which believes that the organization needs more structure and accountability, but staff morale is low. Employees have lost faith in the organization’s leadership. However, they remain committed to helping the disadvantaged and to Community Action’s mission. For that reason, they largely keep their frustrations to themselves and are careful to protect the organization’s public image. Community Action continues to be well regarded by clients, government officials, donors, and the public at large.
This week Community Action will interview an applicant for its housing coordinator position, a vacancy created when the previous coordinator left in frustration. This is the most important open position to fill. The housing coordinator oversees three apartment complexes with 200 tenants and manages the most employees. Failure to fill the vacancy soon could reduce Community Action’s outreach to the homeless. The applicant, Albert Singh, appears to be highly qualified. If he takes the position, Singh will move his family from out of state. He has no idea that Community Action is dealing with significant conflict and poor morale.
Singh will make a brief presentation to the entire staff during his visit and then meet for an extended time with the current program coordinators. During this session, the coordinators (without the director present) will question him and present an overview of Community Action. Albert will also have an opportunity to ask questions of the coordinators.
Discussion Probes
1. What ethical duties are in conflict in this situation?
2. Are Community Action employees justified in keeping their concerns “in house,” out of the public eye? Why or why not?
3. If you were one of the current program coordinators, how much would you reveal about the turmoil at Community Action to Singh?
4. As a coordinator, what would you say if Singh.
Case Study 5.1Write a 3 to 4 (not including title or reference.docxmoggdede
Case Study 5.1
Write a 3 to 4 (not including title or reference page) page paper that describes some your state laws protecting data or security of personal information (the state you live in ,have lived in, or want to live in). First, list the state you chose. Then provide the name and a brief description of the law, to include when it was enacted, punishment if not followed, and who/what the law protects. Make sure you follow the grading rubric and write your paper in APA format. Cite all sources appropriately.
Writing Requirements
4 pages in length (excluding cover page, abstract, and reference list)
Include at least two peer reviewed sources that are properly cited
APA format, Use the
APA template
located in the
Student Resource Center
to complete the assignment.
Please use the Case Study Guide as a reference point for writing your case study.
.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
13 Ethics in a Global SocietyChapter Preview· The Dangers of G.docx
1. 13 Ethics in a Global Society
Chapter Preview
· The Dangers of Globalization and the Challenges of Ethical
Diversity
· Developing Cross-Cultural Ethical Competence
· Coming to Grips With Ethnocentrism
· Becoming a World Citizen
· Understanding Ethical Diversity
· Finding Moral Common Ground
· Resolving Ethical Cross-Cultural Conflicts
· Chapter Takeaways
· Application Projects
Globalization is having a dramatic impact on life in the 21st
century. We inhabit a global society knit together by free trade,
international travel, immigration, satellite communication
systems, and the Internet. In this interconnected world, ethical
responsibilities extend beyond national boundaries. Decisions
about raw materials, manufacturing, outsourcing, farm
subsidies, investments, marketing strategies, suppliers, safety
standards, and energy use made in one country have
ramifications for residents of other parts of the world.
Organizational citizenship is now played out on a global stage.
Businesses, in particular, are being urged to take on a larger
role in solving the world’s social problems.
To act as ethical global citizens, organizations must confront
and master the dangers of globalization and the dilemmas of
ethical diversity. In this section, I’ll describe these obstacles
and offer tactics for overcoming them.
The Dangers of Globalization and the Challenges of Ethical
Diversity
The benefits of living in a global economy are obvious: lower
labor costs, higher sales and profits, cheaper goods and
services, instant communication to anywhere on Earth,
increased information flow, and cross-cultural contact. What’s
2. often hidden is the downside of globalization. Of particular
concern is the growing divide between the haves and the have-
nots. The richest 10% of the global population controls over
85% of the world’s assets and income, with the top 1%
controlling 46% of the wealth. Governments of wealthy nations
appear more interested in promoting the sale of their goods
(including agricultural products) than in opening up their
markets to poor countries.1 Lumber, minerals, and oil are
extracted from poor regions and consumed in privileged areas,
leaving environmental damage behind. At the same time, the
United States sends solid and toxic waste to the developing
world.2
Critics also note that global capitalism frequently promotes
greed rather than concern for others. Ethical and spiritual values
have been shunted aside in favor of the profit motive. Few
industrialized countries give even the suggested minimum
of.07% of gross national product (70 cents of every $100
produced by the economy) to alleviate global poverty.3 Local
cultural traditions are being destroyed in the name of economic
progress. As burgers, fries, pizza, and other popular American
foods replace local fare, people around the world can expect to
suffer the same kinds of chronic health problems as U.S.
residents do—type II diabetes, obesity, and heart failure.
The big winners in globalization are multinational corporations.
According to one estimate, 44 of the world’s 100 largest
economies are corporations. Royal Dutch Shell, for example,
has revenues that exceed the gross domestic products of 171
countries.4 Some multinationals have pursued free trade at the
cost of human rights and the environment. They have employed
sweatshop and slave labor, stood by as repressive regimes
tortured their citizens, and plundered local resources.
Along with the potential moral pitfalls of globalization,
organizations also face the challenges of ethical diversity.5
Nations, tribes, ethnic groups, and religions approach moral
dilemmas differently. What members of one group accept as
right may raise serious ethical concerns for another. For
3. example, in Germany contracts are highly detailed and strictly
enforced. In Egypt, contracts spell out guidelines for business
deals rather than specific requirements. Egyptians expect to
renegotiate and revise contracts, and there is no moral stigma
attached to violating a signed agreement. In Mexico, honoring a
contract is based on the signer’s personal ethics. There is little
legal recourse if a contract is violated.
Bribery offers another instance of conflicting moral standards.
In South American countries, it is nearly impossible to move
goods through customs without making small payments to cut
through red tape. At the other extreme, Malaysia executes
corporate officials who offer and accept bribes. U.S.
corporations and foreign firms listed on a U.S. stock exchange
are prevented from exchanging money or goods for favors or
services under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977.
However, in recognition of the fact that petty bribery is
common in some parts of the world, small payments to facilitate
travel and business are permitted under the statute. Cultures
also clash over intellectual property rights (which are strictly
enforced in the West but not protected in parts of Southeast
Asia) and deception (Americans lie to protect their privacy,
whereas Mexicans are more likely to lie to protect the group or
family). Another clash of moral standards is described in Case
Study 13.1.
The challenges posed by globalization and ethical diversity can
undermine ethical decision making. For some organizations, it
is business as usual. Interested only in making a profit or
expanding their influence, they fail to weigh the possible
negative consequences of their choices in the global
environment. Leaders faced with ethical diversity sometimes
behave as ethical imperialists by imposing their personal moral
standards on members of other cultures. Or they may opt for
cultural relativism by always following local customs (“When in
Rome, do as the Romans do”). Nevertheless, being in a new
culture or working with a diverse group of followers doesn’t
excuse managers from careful ethical deliberation. Standards
4. from one culture can’t be blindly forced upon another;
conversely, just because a culture has adopted a practice doesn’t
make it right. For example, trafficking in humans takes place in
some parts of the world, but most societies condemn this
practice.
Fortunately, you can develop your cross-cultural ethical
competence and help your organizations to do the same. To
achieve this goal, you must first wrestle with ethnocentrism and
consider becoming a world citizen. Next, you have to recognize
the value orientations of cultural groups and how these patterns
influence ethical decision making. Then, you need to adopt
universal moral principles that should govern behavior in every
cultural setting and employ guidelines for sorting through
conflicts between competing ethical norms.
Developing Cross-Cultural Ethical Competence
Coming to Grips With Ethnocentrism
Overcoming the challenges of globalization and ethical
diversity is impossible if we fall victim to ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism is viewing the world from our cultural group’s
point of view, which makes our customs and values the standard
by which the rest of the world is judged. Our ways are “right,”
while their ways fall short. A certain degree of ethnocentrism is
probably inevitable; it can help a group band together and
survive in the face of outside threats. Nevertheless, high levels
of ethnocentrism can lead to reduced contact with outsiders,
racial slurs, insensitivity to strangers, pressure on other groups
to conform, justification for violence and war, and other
negative outcomes.6
A number of the ethical communication competencies
introduced earlier in the text can be used to confront
ethnocentrism. Pursue dialogue in cross-cultural conversations
by treating members of other cultures as equal partners and by
trying to understand their point of view. Mindfulness is
particularly important in diverse cultural settings because the
scripts we follow in our own groups don’t work when we find
ourselves in other cultures. Adopt a pluralistic perspective that
5. acknowledges the legitimacy of other groups and customs in
order to avoid moral exclusion. (See the next section for more
information on an ethical approach that greatly expands the
circle of moral inclusion.)
Personal virtues can help undermine ethnocentric attitudes and
at the same time lay the groundwork for meeting the challenges
of globalization and ethical diversity. Philosopher and
theologian Michael Novak identifies four cardinal or hinge
virtues essential to encouraging global cooperation: cultural
humility, truth, dignity, and solidarity.7 Cultural humility
means acknowledging the shortcomings of our own cultures as
well as our personal biases. A commitment to truth allows for
reasoned argument based on evidence and logic. Recognition of
human dignity forbids using others as a means to an end.
Solidarity is being aware that each individual lives in
communion with others and has responsibility for their welfare.
Case Study 13.1
The Right to Be Forgotten
Individual privacy is a fundamental right in both the United
States and Europe. However, the two regions define this right
very differently. In the United States, privacy is “the right to be
left alone” and this right is often superseded by free press and
free speech rights.1 This view of privacy was illustrated by a
California Supreme Court ruling that journalists could publicize
the sexual orientation of a gay man who stopped an
assassination attempt on former President Gerald Ford. The hero
repeatedly asked the press not to reveal this information, which
was hidden from his family, but the court ruled that helping to
protect the president had made him a public figure. In Europe,
dignity underlies privacy concerns. According to Zurich law
professor Rolf Weber, Europeans consider “dignity, honor and
the right to private life” the most fundamental rights. There is
the “right for the [moral and legal] integrity of a person not to
be infringed and for a sphere of privacy to be maintained and
distinguished.”2 The European Court of Human Rights ruled,
for example, that German papers had violated Princess Caroline
6. of Monaco’s privacy rights by publishing photographs of her
and her family. The tribunal noted that the pictures were taken
in “a climate of continual harassment” and involved “a very
strong sense of intrusion into their private life.”3
The European Court of Justice applied the European conception
of privacy to the Internet when it ruled that its citizens have the
“right to be forgotten.” A Spaniard petitioned the court to force
Google to remove information about the auction sale of his
repossessed home. He argued that this reference was irrelevant
because the matter had been resolved years earlier. He asked
Google to remove the pages and to ensure that news of the
auction no longer appeared in search results. The Court of
Justice agreed, declaring that individuals have a limited right to
ask search engines to remove links with personal information if
the information is “inaccurate, inadequate, irrelevant or
excessive.”4 This judgment applies to all current or future
Internet providers operating in Europe.
In response to the ruling, Google, which handles an estimated
85% of Europe’s web traffic, set up a system to handle data
removal requests. Applicants fill out an online form that is
submitted to a team within Google’s legal department, which
weighs the request against the public interest. If the request is
approved, the search engine then removes the web link within
the 28 nations of the European Union as well as in Iceland,
Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. (The link would still
be visible outside the region.) Country data-protection
regulators will decide in cases where individuals dispute
Google’s decision. Initially 70,000 requests came in to remove
personal information. Several links to stories in The Guardian
newspaper, including articles about a disgraced soccer referee
and the ouster of former Merrill Lynch CEO Stanley O’Neill,
were among the first to be removed. Google later restored
several of these links after free speech advocates and journalists
complained. However, opponents of the right to be forgotten
worry that prominent people and corporations will use the
system to delete unfavorable information about them.
7. The European Parliament is expected to pass digital privacy
legislation that would expand the right to be forgotten to social
media providers like Facebook as well as to e-commerce sites.
Some U.S. observers argue that American citizens should have
the same right to maintain their electronic dignity as Europeans.
They then could petition Google, Bing, Yahoo, and other
providers to take down embarrassing personal photos, criminal
convictions and mug shots, old bankruptcy filings, caustic blog
posts, and other items they would like to leave in their pasts.
Discussion Probes
1. What does the right to privacy mean to you? The right to be
left alone or the right to maintain your dignity?
2. What should take precedence—the right of privacy or the
right of free speech?
3. What do you think constitutes “inaccurate, inadequate,
irrelevant or excessive” information on the Internet? Can you
think of any examples?
4. Should American citizens “have the right to be forgotten”?
5. What information should never be deleted from the Internet?
Notes
1. Chow (2013).
2. Learning from Europe’s ‘right to be forgotten’ (2013).
3. Learning from Europe’s ‘right to be forgotten’ (2013).
4. Factsheet on the “Right to be Forgotten’ ruling. (2014, May
13). European Commission. Additional sources for this section
are Google restores links to some news articles after outcry
(2014); Scott (June 18, 2014; July 5, 2014); Spanier (2014).
Becoming a World Citizen
A number of scholars argue that cosmopolitanism is the best
way to meet the ethical challenges of globalization while
avoiding ethnocentrism. Since we live in a global society, they
argue, we should consider ourselves citizens of the world
(cosmopolitans) rather than of one particular nation-state. This
approach acts as an “ethics of strangers” in a world where we
increasingly interact with those outside our cultural group.8
Cosmopolitanism has a long history in Western philosophy,
8. stretching back to the ancient Greek Stoic philosophers who
believed that our responsibilities extend to strangers as well to
acquaintances. Immanuel Kant proposed the creation of an
international legal authority to regulate relations between
nations. He encouraged hospitality toward foreigners.9 Modern
cosmopolitans take a humanistic approach to globalization
based on the fundamental premise that every human being has
dignity and value, regardless of their location, status, or
background. They have a strong sense of global justice and
work to ensure human rights. Their sense of care or empathy for
the needs of others extends well beyond their immediate group
to helping the “distant needy”—the less privileged who are
often found in the world’s developing nations. Cosmopolitans
believe that they have a moral obligation or duty to act on that
concern by providing assistance to others around the world. In
particular, cosmopolitans argue that affluent businesses and
nations have a responsibility to give to less fortunate people and
nations.10 Some other values and norms underlying ethical
cosmopolitanism include the following:11
1. Limitations on patriotism and the sovereignty of countries
2. Opposition to nationalism
3. Commitment to aid those suffering from natural or human-
made disaster, which includes extreme poverty
4. Liberalization of immigration and refugee policies
5. Quest for lasting world peace
6. Prosecution of crimes against humanity
7. Submission to the rule of international law
8. Religious and cultural tolerance
9. Dialogue and communication across cultural and national
boundaries
10. Viewing the world as single polity and community
Acting as a global citizen takes certain attitudes and skills, what
British political and social theorist William Smith calls
cosmopolitan “worldliness.”12 Worldliness means, first off,
being self-reflexive. To be self-reflexive, we need to step back
from (create distance from) our relationships and culture in
9. order to offer criticism and reform. Next, worldliness involves
compassion for the world’s people and working to create
institutions and laws that will protect the less fortunate.
However, worldliness does not mean feeling pity for others but
having a sense of solidarity with them. Third, worldly
individuals have the necessary skills to bring about change
through setting strategy, persuading others, working with
governments and nonprofits to promote global initiatives, and
so forth.
Being totally cosmopolitan may be impossible given the fact
that, as we noted earlier, humans naturally band together in
local groups. And you might take issue with some of the tenets
of cosmopolitanism, such as its rejection of patriotism and
promotion of a world government. Nevertheless, cosmopolitans
offer an attractive normative framework for living ethically in a
global society. They encourage us to be altruistic, becoming
compassionate citizens of the world who keep the dignity of all
human beings in mind. We do need to be able to step back from,
and then critique, our cultural norms and values. If we fail to
distance ourselves, we blindly follow our cultural programming
no matter how unethical our culture’s practices.
Understanding Ethical Diversity
Ethical decisions and practices are shaped by widely held
cultural values. Every culture has its own set of ethical
priorities; however, researchers have discovered that ethnic
groups and nations hold values in common. As a result, cultures
can be grouped according to their value orientations.
Understanding these orientations helps explain ethical
differences and enables us to better predict how members of
other societies will respond to moral dilemmas. Three widely
used cultural classification systems include Hofstede’s
programmed value patterns, the GLOBE studies, and moral
foundations theory.
1. Programmed Value Patterns
Geert Hofstede of the Netherlands argues that important values
are “programmed” into members of every culture. To uncover
10. these value dimensions, he conducted the first extensive
international investigation of cultural value patterns, surveying
more than 100,000 IBM employees in 50 countries and three
multicountry regions.13 He then checked his findings against
those of other researchers who studied the same countries. Four
value orientations emerged:
· Power distance. The first category concerns how societies deal
with human inequality. While status and power differences are
universal, cultures treat them differently. In high–power
distance cultures (Malaysia, Guatemala), inequality is accepted
as part of the natural order. Leaders are set apart and enjoy
special privileges and make no attempt to reduce power
differentials. Low–power distance cultures (Israel, Austria), on
the other hand, are uneasy with large gaps in wealth, power,
privilege, and status. Superiors tend to downplay status and
power differentials, and such societies stress equal rights.
· Individualism versus collectivism. This category divides
cultures according to their preference for either the individual
or the group. Individualistic cultures (the United States,
Australia, Great Britain) put the needs and goals of the person
and her or his immediate family first. Members of these cultures
see themselves as independent actors and believe that everyone
should take care of themselves and their immediate family. In
contrast, collectivistic cultures give top priority to the desires
of the larger group—extended family, tribe, community.
Members of these societies (Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama) think
in terms of “we,” not “I.” They want to fit into the collective,
not stand out. (You can determine your level of individualism
and collectivism by completing Self-Assessment 13.1.)
· Masculinity versus femininity. The third dimension reflects
attitudes toward the roles of men and women. Highly masculine
cultures (Japan, Austria, Saudi Arabia) maintain clearly defined
sex roles. Men are expected to be tough and focus on
performance; women are to be tender and focus on
relationships. Men should be ambitious and assertive, while
women are expected to care for the weak. Feminine cultures
11. (Sweden, Norway, Netherlands) blur the differences between
the sexes. Both men and women can be competitive and caring,
assertive and nurturing. These cultures are more likely to stress
cooperation, quality of life, and concern for others.
· Uncertainty avoidance. This dimension describes the way in
which cultures respond to uncertainty about the future.
Members of high–uncertainty avoidance societies (Greece,
Portugal, Uruguay) feel anxious about uncertainty and view it
as a threat. They are less likely to break the rules; they value
loyalty to the company, accept directives from those in
authority, and view outsiders and change as threats. In addition,
they are reluctant to change jobs or to express dissatisfaction
with their current employers. People who live in low–
uncertainty avoidance cultures (Sweden, Denmark, Jamaica) are
more comfortable with uncertainty, viewing ambiguity as a fact
of life. They experience lower stress and are more likely to
pursue their ambitions by, for example, starting a new company
or accepting a new job in another part of the country. These
people tend to trust their own judgments instead of obeying
authority figures. As a result, they are more likely to break
rules and regulations.
Hofstede argues that the value patterns he identifies have a
significant influence on ethical behavior.14 For instance,
countries that are masculine, high–power distance, and high–
uncertainty avoidance are generally more corrupt. Masculine
European countries give little to international development
programs but invest heavily in weapons. Feminine European
nations do just the opposite. High–uncertainty avoidance
cultures are prone to ethnocentrism and prejudice because they
follow the credo “What is different is dangerous.” Low–
uncertainty avoidance cultures follow the credo “What is
different is curious” and are more tolerant of strangers and new
ideas.
Other researchers have also linked Hofstede’s value patterns to
ethical attitudes and behavior.15 They have discovered that
members of feminine cultures are more sensitive to the presence
12. of moral issues. Consumers from societies characterized by
short-term orientation, low power distance, and low uncertainty
avoidance generally punish socially irresponsible firms.
Corporate governance is better in individualist societies as
compared to masculine, high uncertainty societies. Accounting
organizations from high individualism/high uncertainty
avoidance cultures are less likely to adopt global codes of ethics
because they don’t want to submit to the authority of outside,
international organizations. Individualistic countries prefer
universal ethical standards such as Kant’s categorical
imperative. Collectivistic societies take a more utilitarian
approach, seeking to generate the greatest good for in-group
members.
Individualistic and collectivist societies have different
communication patterns, which also shape the ethical behavior
of citizens.16 Individualists use low-context communication in
which most of the information in the message is embedded in
the message itself. In nations like Germany and Switzerland,
communicators directly express their thoughts and feelings as
clearly as possible and rely heavily on carefully crafted written
messages like contracts. To them, conflict should be faced head-
on. Collectivists engage in high context communication where
most of the information is contained in the situation or context
where the message is delivered. Speakers in Japan and other
high-context cultures communicate indirectly, rarely expressing
direct disagreement, for example. They are more interested in
maintaining harmony in the group than in expressing their true
thoughts and feelings and often avoid direct confrontation. As a
consequence, followers are much less likely to confront
unethical superiors or coworkers or to blow the whistle on
corporate misbehavior.17 They are more willing to sacrifice the
truth to save “face” and to protect their group.
Additional examples of how individualism and collectivism
affect ethical decisions are presented in Table 13.1.
Self-Assessment 13.1
Individualism/Collectivism Scale
13. Instructions: This questionnaire will help you assess your
individualistic and collectivistic tendencies. Respond by
indicating the degree to which the values reflected in each
phrase are important to you: “Opposed to My Values” (answer
1), “Not Important to Me” (answer 2), “Somewhat Important to
Me” (answer 3), “Important to Me” (answer 4), or “Very
Important to Me” (answer 5).
· _______ 1. Obtaining pleasure or sensuous gratification
· _______ 2. Preserving the welfare of others
· _______ 3. Being successful by demonstrating my individual
competency
· _______ 4. Restraining my behavior if it is going to harm
others
· _______ 5. Being independent in thought and action
· _______ 6. Having safety and stability of people with whom I
identify
· _______ 7. Obtaining status and prestige
· _______ 8. Having harmony in my relations with others
· _______ 9. Having an exciting and challenging life
· _______ 10. Accepting cultural and religious traditions
· _______ 11. Being recognized for my individual work
· _______ 12. Avoiding the violation of social norms
· _______ 13. Leading a comfortable life
· _______ 14. Living in a stable society
· _______ 15. Being logical in my approach to work
· _______ 16. Being polite to others
· _______ 17. Being ambitious
· _______ 18. Being self-controlled
· _______ 19. Being able to choose what I do
· _______ 20. Enhancing the welfare of others
Scoring
To find your individualism score, add your responses to the
odd-numbered items. To find your collectivism score, add your
responses to the even-numbered items. Both scores will range
from 10 to 50. The higher your scores, the more individualistic
or collectivistic you are.
15. · Assertiveness. Assertiveness is defined as the extent to which
a culture encourages individuals to be tough, confrontational,
and competitive, as opposed to modest and tender. Spain and the
United States rate high on this dimension; Sweden and New
Zealand rate low. Those in highly assertive societies have a
take-charge, can-do attitude and value competition. They admire
the strong and assertive and are not particularly sympathetic to
the weak and less fortunate. Members of less assertive cultures
place more value on empathy, loyalty, and solidarity. They have
empathy for the weak and want to live in harmony with the
environment rather than control it.
· Humane orientation. Humane orientation refers to the extent to
which a culture encourages and honors people for being
altruistic, caring, kind, fair, and generous. Support for the weak
and vulnerable is particularly high in such countries as
Malaysia, Ireland, and the Philippines. Members of society care
for one another and rely much less on the government. In
contrast, power and material possessions are more likely to
motivate people in the former West Germany, Spain, and
France; self-enhancement takes precedence. Individuals are to
solve their own problems, and the state provides more support
for the less fortunate.
The GLOBE values dimensions have also been linked to ethical
diversity. People oriented toward the future will save and
invest. They will condemn those who live in the moment and
spend all they earn. Future-oriented organizations are also more
likely to engage in practices that benefit society. Competition,
direct communication, power, and personal advancement are
applauded in assertive, performance-oriented, less humane
groups. These elements are undesirable to people who put more
value on harmony, cooperation, family, and concern for others.
Those living in assertive, performance-oriented cultures are
tempted to engage in unethical activities in order to succeed.
The businesses they create are more likely to be focused on
shareholders, profits, and results instead of on stakeholders and
social responsibility (including care for the environment).20
16. Countries high in uncertainty avoidance and future orientation
are more likely to protect intellectual property than cultures
high in humane orientation and in-group collectivism.21
3. Moral Foundations Theory
Hofstede and the GLOBE researchers treat ethical diversity as
just one of the outcomes of cultural diversity. In contrast, moral
foundations theory was developed specifically to account for
the ethical differences between cultures. University of Virginia
moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt and others believe that to
understand ethical diversity we first need to understand the
psychological systems or foundations of morality. These mental
foundations, which are part of our genetic makeup, enable
humans to successfully live together in groups. Cultures shape
how these systems are used, emphasizing one or more values
over the others. Haidt compares these moral systems to taste
buds. Nearly everyone is born with the same set of taste
receptors, but each culture develops its own cuisine, which
highlights different tastes.
Haidt identifies five foundations for our moral intuitions.22
They include the following:
· Harm/care. All species are sensitive to suffering in their own
offspring, but for primates and humans sensitivity to suffering
extends beyond the family. We can also feel compassion for
outsiders. Attuned to cruelty and harm, we generally approve of
those who prevent or alleviate suffering. Kindness and
compassion are therefore important human virtues. However,
the other moral foundations described below temper the amount
of compassion that individuals in different cultures display.
· Fairness/reciprocity. Reciprocity—paying back others—is
essential for the formation of alliances between individuals who
are not related to each other. As a result, all cultures have
virtues related to justice and fairness. Individual rights and
equality are highly prized in the West. However, many
traditional societies put little value on personal autonomy or
equal treatment.
· In-group/loyalty. Trust and cooperation have been critical to
17. human survival. Individuals need to work effectively with
others in their group while being wary of outsiders. As a result,
they value those who sacrifice on behalf of the in-group while
despising members who don’t come to their aid in times of
conflict. They are disturbed when fellow citizens challenge
symbols of group unity, like the pledge of allegiance to the
national flag.
· Authority/respect. Hierarchy is fact of life in primate as well
as human groups. Dominant individuals get special perks but are
expected to provide services (e.g., protection, food) in return.
Primates rely on brute strength to assert their authority; people
use such factors as prestige and deference. Followers in many
cultures feel respect, awe, and admiration for leaders and expect
them to act like wise parents. Many of these same societies
make virtues out of duty, obedience, respect, and other
subordinate behaviors.
· Purity/sanctity. Only humans appear to feel disgust, which
helps to protect the body against the transmission of disease
through corpses, feces, vomit, and other possible contaminants.
Disgust has a social dimension as well, becoming associated
with those who are diseased or deformed or with certain
occupations (gravediggers and those who dispose of excrement,
for example). Members of most cultural groups admire those
who are spiritually minded or pure and disapprove of
individuals who seem to be ruled by lust, gluttony, greed, and
uncontrolled anger. For example, in the United States, one of
the most materialistic societies in the world, most citizens still
look down on those who regularly “shop until they drop.”
The United States and many other Western nations largely focus
on reducing harm and promoting autonomy. But as Haidt points
out, that is not the case in much of the rest of the world. In
Brazil, morality is based on loyalty, family, respect, and purity
in addition to care. Confucian and Hindu value systems
emphasize authority and stability. Muslim societies place a high
priority on purity, which is reflected in the segregation of men
and women and separation from infidels. Haidt urges us to keep
18. all five moral systems in mind when dealing with diverse
groups. Purity and authority may not be important to us, but
they are to a great proportion of the world’s population. Our
ethical appeals will be most effective if they speak to loyalty,
authority, and purity in addition to care and fairness. (Complete
Self-Assessment 13.2 to determine which moral intuitions are
most important to you.)
Professor Haidt developed his theory to explain moral
differences between cultures, but he soon discovered that moral
foundations explain the differences between liberals and
conservatives in the United States.23 Contrasts between these
political philosophies further demonstrate how the moral
foundations shape ethical attitudes. Haidt believes that the
purity/sanctity dimension is the best predictor of positions on
abortion, for example. American liberals who value autonomy
want to preserve the woman’s right to choose, and conservatives
want to preserve the sanctity of the fetus. Authority predicts
competing attitudes toward gay marriage. Liberals believe that
individuals have a right to do as they choose if they don’t hurt
anyone else. In their minds, opposition to gay marriage is
homophobic. Conservatives, on the other hand, see gay marriage
as a threat to the family, which serves as the foundation of
society. Those on the political left and right are also divided by
their attitudes toward loyalty. Liberals believe that citizens can
protest against a war while at the same time supporting the
soldiers fighting in the conflict. This argument offends
conservatives, who believe it is unpatriotic to protest when the
country is at war.
Self-Assessment 13.2
Moral Foundations Questionnaire
Part I. Moral Relevance
When you decide whether something is right or wrong, to what
extent are the following considerations relevant to your
thinking? Please rate each statement using this scale:
0 = not at all relevant, 1 = not very relevant, 2 = slightly
relevant, 3 = somewhat relevant, 4 = very relevant, 5 =
19. extremely relevant.
1. Whether or not someone suffered emotionally.
2. Whether or not someone cared for someone weak or
vulnerable.
3. Whether or not some people were treated differently from
others.
4. Whether or not someone acted unfairly.
5. Whether or not someone’s action showed love for his or her
country.
6. Whether or not someone did something to betray his or her
group.
7. Whether or not someone showed a lack of respect for
authority.
8. Whether or not someone conformed to the traditions of
society.
9. Whether or not someone violated standards of purity and
decency.
10. Whether or not someone did something disgusting.
· Part II. Moral Judgments
Please read the following sentences and indicate your agreement
or disagreement.
0 = strongly disagree, 1 = moderately disagree, 2 = slightly
disagree, 3 = slightly agree, 4 = moderately agree, 5 = strongly
agree
11. Compassion for those who are suffering is the most crucial
virtue.
12. One of the worst things a person could do is hurt a
defenseless animal.
13. When the government makes laws, the number one principle
should be ensuring that everyone is treated fairly.
14. Justice is the most important requirement for a society.
15. I am proud of my country’s history.
16. People should be loyal to their family members, even when
they have done something wrong.
17. Respect for authority is something all children need to
learn.
21. ground can be found. In fact, the existence of common moral
standards has enabled the world community to punish crimes
against humanity in Germany, Serbia, and Rwanda. Responsible
multinational corporations like Starbucks, The Body Shop, and
Proctor & Gamble adhere to widely held moral principles as
they do business in a variety of cultural settings. Activist
groups use these same guidelines to condemn irresponsible
firms.
One group of researchers used the “trolley problem” to
determine if there are similarities in cross-cultural reasoning.24
In the trolley problem, an out-of-control trolley threatens to kill
five people unless immediate action is taken. In one case, the
trolley operator is incapacitated, and a passenger has to decide
whether or not to throw a switch that will divert the vehicle to
safety on a side track (and save the five passengers) but will kill
a pedestrian who happens to be standing on the rails. In the
other case, someone standing by the tracks must decide whether
or not to directly intervene by throwing another bystander into
the path of the trolley to slow it down and save the five
passengers.
Responses to the trolley problem from 30,000 subjects in 120
countries revealed widespread agreement across all groups,
regardless of nationality, educational level, or religion. By a
significant margin, participants said it was justified to throw the
switch to save the trolley passengers but not to throw someone
onto the tracks to accomplish the same goal. Respondents
reported that throwing a switch is an impersonal act, and they
saw the death of the pedestrian as an unfortunate consequence.
On the other hand, throwing a bystander onto the track is a
deliberate, highly personal act that makes the victim a means to
an end.
The hypothetical trolley problem has parallels in real life. For
example, most of us would allow terminally ill patients to
refuse treatment and thus die sooner than they would have with
the additional care. (This approach is similar to throwing the
trolley switch.) However, it is illegal in most states to give a
22. drug overdose to hasten a terminally ill patient’s death (which
raises the same concerns as throwing a bystander onto the
trolley track).
Universal standards provide additional evidence that members
of diverse societies can find moral common ground. Such global
standards have enabled members of the world community to
punish crimes against humanity and to create the United Nations
and its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. I’ll describe
three different approaches to universal ethics, any one of which
could serve as a worldwide standard. You’ll note a number of
similarities between the lists. Decide for yourself which
approach or combination of approaches best captures the
foundational values of humankind (see Application Project 5 at
the end of the chapter).
The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Human rights are granted to individuals based solely on their
status as persons. Such rights protect the inherent dignity of
every individual regardless of background. Rights violations are
unethical because they deny human value and potential.25
The most influential list of basic human rights was adopted by
the United Nations immediately following World War II, a
conflict fought in large part to protect human freedoms. Among
the key rights spelled out in the universal declaration are the
following:26
Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery
and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention, or exile.
Article 13. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and
residence.
Article 17. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well
as in association with others.
Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience, and religion.
23. Article 25. Everyone has the right to a standard of living
adequate for the health and well-being of himself [or herself]
and of his [or her] family.
Article 26. Everyone has the right to education.
In 2000, the United Nations launched a program called the
Global Compact (GC) to encourage multinational corporations
to honor human rights, labor rights, and the environment.
Members agree to the principles outlined in Ethics in Action
13.1 and specify how they are complying with these guidelines.
Nonprofit watchdog groups meet regularly with corporate
representatives to talk about their firms’ performance.
Membership in the Global Compact has grown rapidly. It is now
the largest voluntary corporate citizen group in the world.
However, there is considerable debate about the effectiveness of
this organization. Critics argue that the UN leaders have
weakened the Compact’s standards in order to attract new
members and they claim that there is little evidence that the GC
has improved the conduct of member firms. GC staff and
supporters argue, on the other hand, that the Global Compact
has contributed to growing consensus about moral norms for
global business. They point to the contrasting responses of Nike
and Apple to mistreatment of overseas workers as evidence of
that fact. It took Nike 20 years to take responsibility for the
behavior of subcontractors after initial criticism in the 1970s.
Apple responded immediately in 2012 to reports that Foxconn, a
major contract supplier in China, was forcing employees to
work long hours for low wages in unsafe conditions, all while
living in overcrowded dormitories. The Global Compact has
also sponsored initiatives to reduce bribery in India, Brazil,
Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa.27
Ethics in Action 13.1 United Nations Global Compact: The Ten
Principles
Human Rights
· Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the
protection of international human rights within their sphere of
influence; and
24. · Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human
rights abuses.
Labour
· Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of
association and the effective recognition of the right to
collective bargaining;
· Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and
compulsory labour;
· Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and
· Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of
employment and occupation.
Environment
· Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary
approach to environmental challenges;
· Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater
environmental responsibility; and
· Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of
environmentally friendly technologies.
Anti-Corruption
· Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all
its forms, including extortion and bribery.
SOURCE: United Nations Global Compact: The ten principles.
Retrieved from http://unglobalcompact.org.
The Global Business Standards Codex
Harvard business professor Lynn Paine and her colleagues argue
that outstanding (“world-class”) corporations base their codes
of ethics on a set of eight universal, overarching moral
principles.28 Paine’s group came to this conclusion after
surveying a variety of global and corporate codes of conduct
and government regulations. They offer the following Global
Business Standards Codex as a benchmark for those who want
to conform to universal standards of corporate conduct.
1. Fiduciary principle. Act on behalf of the company and its
investors. Be diligent and loyal in carrying out the firm’s
business. As a trustee, be candid (open and honest).
2. Property principle. Respect and protect property and the
25. rights of its owners. Don’t steal or misuse company assets,
including information, funds, and equipment. Avoid waste and
take care of property entrusted to you.
3. Reliability principle. Honor all commitments. Keep promises
and follow through on agreements even when they are not in the
form of legally binding contracts.
4. Transparency principle. Do business in a truthful manner.
Avoid deceptive acts and practices and keep accurate records.
Release information that should be shared in a timely fashion
but maintain confidentiality and privacy as necessary.
5. Dignity principle. Respect the dignity of all who come in
contact with the corporation, including employees, suppliers,
customers, and the public. Protect their health, privacy, and
rights. Avoid coercion. Promote human development instead by
providing learning and development opportunities.
6. Fairness principle. Deal fairly with everyone. Engage in fair
competition, provide just compensation to employees, and be
evenhanded in dealings with suppliers and corporate partners.
Practice nondiscrimination in both employment and contracting.
7. Citizenship principle. Act as a responsible member of the
community by (a) obeying the law, (b) protecting the public
good (not engaging in corruption, protecting the environment),
(c) cooperating with public authorities, (d) avoiding improper
involvement in politics, and (e) contributing to the community
(e.g., economic and social development, giving to charitable
causes).
8. Responsiveness principle. Engage with groups (neighborhood
groups, activists, customers) that may have concerns about the
company’s activities. Work with other groups to better society
while not usurping the government’s role in protecting the
public interest.
The Caux Principles
The Caux Round Table is made up of corporate executives from
the United States, Japan, and Europe who meet every year in
Caux, Switzerland. Round Table members believe that
businesses should improve economic, social, and environmental
26. conditions and hope to set a world standard by which to judge
business behavior. Their principles are based on twin ethical
ideals. The first is the Japanese concept of kyosei, which refers
to living and working together for the common good. The
second is the Western notion of human dignity, the sacredness
and value of each person as an end rather than as a means to
someone else’s end.29 The Caux Principles for Business,
perhaps because they were written by corporate executives from
around the world, have gained widespread support. Business
schools in Latin America, Asia, Europe, and the United States
have endorsed them, and a number of international firms have
used them as a guide when developing their own mission
statements and ethics codes. However, as Case Study 13.2
illustrates, many firms continue to fall short on these standards.
· Principle 1. Respect stakeholders beyond shareholders.30
Businesses should have goals that extend beyond economic
survival. Corporations have a responsibility to improve the lives
of everyone they come in contact with, starting with employees,
customers, shareholders, and suppliers, and then reaching out to
local, national, regional, and global communities.
· Principle 2. Contribute to economic, social, and environmental
development. Companies operating in foreign countries not only
should create jobs and wealth but should also foster human
rights, better education, and social welfare. Multinational
corporations have an obligation to enrich the world community
through the wise use of resources, fair competition, and
innovation.
· Principle 3. Build trust by going beyond the letter of the law.
Businesses ought to promote honesty, transparency, integrity,
and keeping promises. These behaviors make it easier to
conduct international business and to support a global economy.
· Principle 4. Respect rules and conventions. Leaders of
international firms must respect both international and local
laws in order to reduce trade wars, to ensure fair competition,
and to promote the free flow of goods and services. They also
need to recognize that some behaviors may be legal but still
27. have damaging consequences.
· Principle 5. Support responsible globalization. Firms should
support international trading systems and agreements and
eliminate domestic measures that undermine free trade.
· Principle 6. Respect the environment. Corporations ought to
protect and, if possible, improve the physical environment
through sustainable development and by cutting back on the
wasteful use of natural resources.
· Principle 7. Avoid illicit activities. Global business managers
must ensure that their organizations aren’t involved in such
forbidden activities as bribery, money laundering, supporting
terrorism, and drug and arms trafficking.
After spelling out general principles, the Caux accord applies
them to important stakeholder groups. Corporations following
these standards seek to (1) treat customers and employees with
dignity, (2) honor the trust of owners and investors, (3) create
relationships with suppliers based on mutual respect, (4)
interact fairly with competitors, and (5) work for reform and
human rights in host communities. The Caux Round Table has
also developed principles for moral governments and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Integrity is the
fundamental principle for NGOs, which must serve the common
good while remaining true to their mission. NGO staff members
should not abuse the public trust or use their positions for
personal gain. Grounded in integrity, NGOs need to retain their
independence, respect international and local laws, take care to
be truthful when advocating positions while recognizing the
potential impact on governments and corporations, and be
accountable by regularly reporting on their activities and
finances.31
Resolving Ethical Cross-Cultural Conflicts
So far, we’ve established that (1) there are significant
differences between cultures in how they respond to ethical
issues, and (2) there are universal moral principles that apply
across cultural boundaries. Reconciling these two facts when
making ethical decisions is not easy. How do we respect ethical
28. diversity while remaining true to global moral principles, for
example? What do we do when two competing ethical
perspectives appear to be equally valid? What set of standards
should have top priority—those of the host nation or those of
the international organization? Business ethicists Thomas
Donaldson and Thomas Dunfee developed the integrated social
contracts theory (ISCT) to help us answer questions like
these.32
ISCT is based on the notion of social contracts, which are
agreements that spell out the obligations or duties of
institutions, communities, and societies. The model is
integrative because it incorporates two kinds of contracts. The
first kind of contract (macrosocial) sets the groundwork or
standards for social interaction. Examples of ideal contracts
include the requirement that governments respect the rights of
people and help the poor. The second type of contract
(microsocial) governs the relationships between members of
particular communities—nations, regions, towns, professions,
industries. These contracts are revealed by the norms of the
group. Community contracts are considered authentic or binding
if (1) members of the group have a voice in the creation of the
norms, (2) members can exit the group if they disagree with
prevailing norms, and (3) the norms are widely recognized and
practiced by group members.
According to ISCT, universal principles (called hypernorms) act
as the ultimate ethical standard in making choices. Communities
have a great deal of latitude, or moral free space, to create their
own rules, however, as long as these local norms do not conflict
with hypernorms. Victim compensation provides one example of
norms arising out of moral free space. In Japan (where the
victim compensation system is unreliable), airline officials go
in person to offer compensation to victims’ families after an
accident. In the United States (where the compensation system
is more reliable), payments are determined through court
decisions.
Dunfee and Donaldson offer a number of guidelines for
29. determining which norms should take priority. Three of these
rules of thumb are particularly important. One, determine if the
local practice is authentic (widely shared) and legitimate (in
harmony with hypernorms). If it’s not, it should be rejected.
Second, follow the legitimate local customs of the host
community whenever possible. To return to our earlier
compensation example, a U.S. airline official stationed in Japan
should distribute compensation directly to crash victims’
families instead of relying on the Japanese court system. Third,
give more weight to norms generated by larger communities. A
norm embraced by a nation as a whole, for instance, should
generally take precedence over the norm of a region. The U.S.
government followed this guideline in overturning laws
promoting racial discrimination in the South. A similar
argument can be made for choosing the norm of gender
equality—which has broad international acceptance—over the
norms of a particular nation that discriminates against women.
(You can test the ISCT model and the one that follows by
applying them to one or more of the scenarios in Case Study
13.3 at the end of the chapter.)
University of Louisiana professors J. Brooke Hamilton, Stephen
B. Knouse, and Vanessa Hill offer an alternative strategy for
resolving cross-cultural ethical conflicts, one specifically
designed for use in multinational enterprises (MNEs).33 They
provide six questions (the HKH model) to guide managers in
determining whether to follow the values of their firms or to
adopt the practices of the host country instead. Decision makers
don’t have to completely answer one question before moving
onto the next. Instead, they can move ahead, returning to
reconsider earlier questions as needed in order to clarify the
final course of action.
1. What is the questionable practice (QP) in this situation? The
first question identifies the nature of the problem, which may or
may not have an ethical component. To qualify as an ethical
conflict, the norms and values of the host country and the
business must clash. A firm then has to determine whether to
30. comply with local customs or to follow its own standards, which
may mean leaving the host country.
2. Does the QP violate any laws that are enforced? Managers
need to determine if the contested practice violates either the
laws of their home country or the country where they are doing
business. For example, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
prevents U.S. firms from offering bribes anywhere in the world.
Refusing to support government Internet censorship violates
Chinese law.
3. Is the QP simply a cultural difference, or is it also a potential
ethics problem? A questionable practice qualifies as an ethical
issue if it seems to cause harm or violates widely accepted
ethical principles like justice or human rights. For example,
offering small gifts to show respect is standard business
procedure in much of Asia. Gift giving doesn’t become an
ethical issue unless significant sums are offered to bribe
recipients at the expense of other parties.
4. Does the QP violate the firm’s core values or code of
conduct, an industrywide or international code to which the firm
subscribes, or a firmly established hypernorm? The answer to
this question may differ based on whether a company is
interested only in complying with the law or is also interested
in living up to its values. For a compliance-only company, an
action is ethical as long as it is legal. Managers are interested
only in avoiding punishment or harm to the company.
Corporations seeking both to comply with the law and to live
out their values (compliance/integrity firms) follow a higher
standard. They recognize that the law doesn’t condemn all
forms of unethical behavior, and at the same time they empower
their employees to base their decisions on core values. For
example, workers at Motorola are encouraged to follow the
firm’s guidelines, called “Uncompromising Integrity and
Constant Respect for People.” Organizational decision makers
can also base their choices on the widely accepted moral
standards described earlier in the chapter.
5. Does the firm have leverage (something of value to offer) in
31. the host country that allows the firm to follow its own practices
rather than the QP? Companies with leverage have greater
freedom to follow their own standards or to adapt their practices
in a way that doesn’t violate their central principles. Leverage
comes from contributing to the local economy, offering jobs,
supplying currency that can be used for international trade,
providing training, purchasing local goods and services,
transferring technology to the regional economy, and having an
ethical reputation. McDonald’s used its leverage to operate in
Moscow without engaging in bribery and other forms of
corruption endemic to the Russian economy. Of course,
compliance-only companies don’t have to worry about using
leverage, since they automatically follow local regulations.
6. Will market practices in the host country improve if the firm
follows its own practices rather than the QP in the host country
marketplace? This question should be considered only after
determining the amount of leverage held by the firm. If the
company has significant leverage, it has a responsibility to try
to change prevailing practices by refusing to engage in the
questionable practice. Improving the way business is done (by
not offering bribes, for example) may encourage local firms to
follow suit, and local residents will benefit as a result.
Chapter Takeaways
· In addition to providing significant benefits, globalization
poses a number of ethical dangers, including increasing the gap
between the haves and have-nots and promoting greed and
corporate power at the expense of individuals.
· Overcome ethnocentrism—the tendency to see the world from
your cultural group’s point of view—through dialogue,
mindfulness, adoption of a pluralistic perspective, and the
practice of personal virtues that promote global cooperation.
· Seeking to be a citizen of the world is one way to address the
dangers of globalization while combating ethnocentrism.
Cosmopolitanism encourages compassion for those outside our
nations to extend aid to the less fortunate no matter how distant
from us.
32. · Understanding the values that ethnic groups and nations hold
in common helps explain ethical differences and better equips
you to predict how members of other societies will respond to
moral dilemmas. Common values orientations include power
distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus
femininity, uncertainty avoidance, performance orientation,
future orientation, assertiveness, and humane orientation.
· Ethical differences between cultures can also be explained by
the emphasis that various groups place on one or more of the
following: harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, in-group/loyalty,
authority/respect, purity/sanctity.
· Resist the temptation to practice cultural relativism. Instead,
look for ethical common ground, found in such universal
principles as the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
the Global Business Standards Codex, and the Caux Principles
for Business.
· When making ethical decisions in global settings, balance
universal principles with the need to honor local laws and
values. Keep three key decision-making guidelines in mind:
local customs must (1) conform to global standards or
hypernorms; (2) give priority to the authentic, legitimate norms
of the host country; and (3) whenever possible, give more
weight to norms generated by larger communities. In cases
involving conflicts between your company’s norms and those of
the host country (questionable practices), empower employees
to decide based on corporate values, and look for ways to
leverage your firm’s influence to change local business
practices.
Application Projects
1. Do you think the benefits of globalization outweigh its costs?
Defend your position.
2. What do you think it means to be a “citizen of the world?”
Should you strive to be a cosmopolitan? Why or why not? What
would be some of the implications of living as a world citizen?
Write up your response.
3. Select a culture, and write an analysis using the Hofstede and
33. GLOBE dimensions. Determine how the culture rates on each
dimension, and determine how this cultural profile shapes the
ethical attitudes and behaviors of citizens. Write up your
findings.
4. Is there a common morality that peoples of all nations can
share? Which of the global codes described in the chapter best
reflects these shared standards and values? If you were to create
your own declaration of global ethics, what would you put in it?
5. What do your scores on Self-Assessment 13.1 and Self-
Assessment 13.2 reveal about how your culture has shaped your
values and ethical decision making?
6. Develop a case study based on the conflict between the
ethical norms of different countries. Identify the values patterns
that are contributing to this dilemma. Resolve the conflict using
the guidelines provided by integrated social contracts theory or
the HKH (questionable practices) model.
7. Create a case study based on a company or other organization
that you believe is a good example of a global citizen.
8. Select one of the diversity scenarios in Case Study 13.3, and
reach a conclusion based on concepts presented in the chapter.
Case Study 13.2
The High Cost of Cheap Clothes
Bangladesh’s Rana Plaza factory collapse in April 2013 was one
of the worst industrial accidents of all time. Over 1,100 workers
died and 1,800 more were injured when a nine-story building
housing a collection of garment makers fell after support beams
gave way. The day before, the building—which was designed
for shops and offices and not the weight of heavy machinery—
had been evacuated after video footage of cracks in the building
was aired on a local television station. The building’s owner
then told the media the building was safe and employees
returned. (Some workers were threatened with the loss of a
month’s pay if they didn’t show up for work.) The building
imploded after diesel generators were started the next morning.
This disaster came just a few months after a fire killed 112
workers making shorts and sweaters at another Bangladeshi
34. clothing factory. (Another building collapse claimed 64 lives in
2005.)
In the aftermath of the tragedy, a group of clothing
manufacturers, led by Primark (which markets Atmosphere and
Denim Company brands) and Loblaw (maker of the Joe Fresh
brand) created a compensation fund for victims and their
families. Said Primark’s general counsel: “When you know
where your clothes are made, then you take responsibility for
the results of where your clothes are being made.”1 A Loblaw
official noted, “We believe we have a moral obligation to
support workers who are producing our products.”2 Several
large retailers, including Walmart, Sears, The Children’s Place,
JC Penney, Benetton, Matlan, and Carrefourt did not contribute
to the fund, though Walmart and Children’s Place later relented.
Some of the firms who refused to give claimed that they had no
products being manufactured at Rana Plaza when the building
collapsed. While this may officially be the case, factory owners
in Bangladesh often turn to friends in the industry when they
receive large orders they cannot fill on their own. As a result,
unauthorized subcontractors may have been producing clothing
for Walmart, Sears, and JC Penney that day.
Both European and U.S. retailers formed organizations to
inspect Bangladeshi garment factories and to close them if they
are structurally unsound, have faulty electrical boxes, or lack
fire exits and sprinkler systems. However, efforts to even
temporarily close unsafe factories have met with stiff
resistance. Factory owners, who say they do not have money for
repairs, fear they will lose large contracts to other
manufacturers or to other countries. Workers fear that they will
lose their jobs and not get paid. (Bangladesh has the lowest
wage rates in the world, but garment workers still make more
than most of their fellow citizens and the garment industry is
credited with lifting many out of extreme poverty.) In at least
one case, the Bangladeshi government sided with a company
that refused to close down, perhaps because the garment
industry accounts for 17% of the country’s economy and 75% of
35. its exports. The worst offenders, who make up the vast majority
of firms manufacturing for clothing export, are unregulated.
Industrial accidents in Bangladeshi garment factories will
always be a significant threat as long as Western consumers
continue to look for clothing bargains, paying more attention to
the price tag than to where (and how) the garment was made.
The demand for low-cost clothing puts pressure on retailers
who, in turn, put pressure on their suppliers to keep costs down.
According to the executive director of Worker Rights
Consortium, little will change unless major retailers are willing
to pay more: “The front line responsibility [for improving safety
standards] is the government’s, but the real power lies with
Western brands and retailers, beginning with the biggest
players: Walmart, H & M, Inditex, Gap and others. The price
pressure these buyers put on factories undermines any prospect
that factories will undertake the costly repairs and renovations
that are necessary to make these buildings safe.”3
Discussion Probes
1. How much attention do you pay to where your clothing is
made? Have you ever refused to buy clothing manufactured in a
certain country?
2. Do you think consumers could change factory conditions in
Bangladesh and other developing countries if they agreed to pay
more for their clothes? Would you pay more if you knew your
garments were made in safer conditions by workers earning
higher wages?
3. Should retailers help compensate the Rana Plaza victims even
if they did not have contracts with factories operating in the
building at the time of the tragedy?
4. Who should pay for factory improvements in Bangladesh—
European and U.S. retailers or the garment manufacturers?
Why?
5. If manufacturing standards are tightened, what might be some
of the negative consequences for Bangladesh’s people, garment
industry, and economy? How could some of these costs be
reduced?
36. Notes
1. Greenhouse (2013).
2. Greenhouse (2013).
3. Manik and Yardley (2013). Additional sources for this
section are Greenhouse and Manik (2014); Kennedy (2014);
O’Connor (2014); Report: A year after Bangladesh disaster,
retailers fail to address biggest factory risks (2014).
Case Study 13.3
Scenarios for Analysis
Layoffs in Saudi Arabia
You’re a British consultant sent to Saudi Arabia to have a look
at a new joint venture your company has taken a stake in—a
family-run, light manufacturing firm with 400 employees. You
look at the books and mention that you think the workforce is
terribly bloated. Output and revenue per employee are below
average. You suggest laying off up to 20% of the workforce.
The Saudi owners look at you in horror, saying that layoffs are
downright unethical and that there is more to business than
maximizing profits. You are equally horrified.
What will you do?
SOURCE: Mitchell (2003), p. 162.
Real Estate Guanxi
You are a licensed realtor who recently helped a family from
Hong Kong find a new home in the San Francisco, California,
area. Fortunately for you, locating a suitable property for your
clients wasn’t hard and didn’t require much effort on your part.
(It can be difficult to find reasonably priced housing in the Bay
area, which is one of the most expensive regions of the United
States.) In two weeks your clients made an offer that was
accepted by the seller. At the home closing, after the papers
were signed, the father of the family took you aside and gave
you $2,000 in cash as a thank you gift. This money is an
addition to your commission, which is a percentage of the
home’s sale value. You know that gifts are frequently used to
cement business relationships in China, part of the practice
known as guanxi. However, you don’t believe that your effort
37. on behalf of these clients merits any special consideration and
worry that this “gift” could be seen as a “bribe.”
Would you accept the $2,000?
NOTE: For more information on the practice of guanxi, see
Langenberg (2013).
The Warlord Tax
You are the CEO of a small international relief agency. Your
group’s policy is never to pay bribes in any of the countries in
which you operate, no matter how corrupt. The policy has not
seriously hampered your operations until now. Severe famine
has struck in the Horn of Africa, in an area controlled by armed
warlords. In order for food to reach the 100,000 starving
residents of the region, you must pay a “tax” to the local
military commander in the form of money or foodstuffs. This
“tax” is clearly a form of extortion and violates your antibribery
policy and possibly U.S. law. Other international relief agencies
pay the tax, so you know that food shipments won’t be
completely cut off if your organization decides to pull out of
the area. On the other hand, stopping shipments would
significantly reduce food supplies to the region and could
contribute to malnutrition and starvation.
Will you pay the warlord tax and continue the food shipments?
Note: This scenario is loosely based on actual events.
Shutting Down the Internet
You are in charge of Far East operations for a multinational
Internet and cell phone company. Your firm recently became the
largest provider for a small country in your region. Over the
past month thousands of citizens have taken to the street to
overthrow this nation’s repressive regime. Antigovernment
forces rely heavily on e-mail, Facebook, Twitter, and phone
calls to rally their supporters and to pressure government
leaders to step down. To cripple the protest movement, the head
of the nation’s security forces has demanded that your company
shut down all service for a week. You believe the government
has the authority to make this request and, if you don’t comply,
will cut off service on its own and imprison your local
38. employees. However, shutting off service puts you on the side
of an authoritarian government and violates your company’s
mission, which is to promote the free flow of information.
Based on the response to a similar shutdown during
antigovernment protests in Egypt, you expect heavy criticism
from international human rights groups if you go along with the
current government’s request.
Will you shut down Internet and cell phone service for a week?
NOTE: Thanks to Jonathan Cooley, Concordia University,
Portland, Oregon, for bringing my attention to the issues raised
in this case.
SOURCES: Beam, C. (2011, January 28). Block like an
Egyptian. Slate.com. Garside, J. (2011, July 26). Vodaphone
under fire for bowing to Egyptian pressure. The Guardian.
Running head: DATA SOURCES 1
DATA SOURCES 3
Data Sources
Janella Campbell
Professor Doris Mitchell
CRJ499
November 6, 2017
Data Sources
I have reviewed data from various articles, which indicates that
the cyberspace is providing a new battlefield for law
enforcement. The law enforcement officers’ attempts to reduce
39. the rate of crime are proving futile because the cyberspace is
offering a new avenue for crimes. In one of the article, authored
by Berg (2007), the research that was conducted indicates that
the increased growth of information technology is contributing
to more cases of cybercrime. In addition, fighting these crimes
is proving difficult due to inadequate skills of the law
enforcement officers and the difficulty in tracking these
criminals.
The other source of data reviewed is the Fafinski and Minassian
(2008) analysis of UK cybercrime report of 2008. The report
provides statistics on the increased rates of crime, which are
resulting from increased use of the internet. This report cites
some of the cybercrimes to include issues such as hacking, data
breach, and industrial espionage, among others. Furthermore,
the report notes that the increased internet access in households
is one of the reasons why more people are becoming targets for
the cybercriminals. Moreover, the report indicates that efforts
have been undertaken to conduct investigations to apprehend
those involved.
These data sources are relevant in that they examine different
angles of this problem. Berg (2007) investigates how
cyberspace is changing the face of crime, whereby there is an
increase of crimes that are conducted over the internet. On the
other hand, Fafinski and Minassian (2008) provide data reported
in the UK Cyber Crime Report, which indicates the extent to
which cybercrime has developed. These data sources provide
insight into the struggles that the law enforcement agencies
have to go through in fighting these crimes.
References
Berg, T. (2007). The Changing Face of Cybercrime New
Internet Threats Create Challenges to Law Enforcement.
Michigan Bar Journal, 86(6), 18.
Fafinski, S., & Minassian, N. (2008). UK Cybercrime Report
2008. New York: Garlik, 1-55.
40. Running head: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 5
Technology Influences
Janella Campbell
Professor Doris Mitchell
CRJ499
November 6, 2017
Technology Influences
Introduction
Cybercrime is a vice in the modern society that has a
worrying growth trend. Cybercrime has significantly developed
over the years, and law enforcement considers it as a crime
according to the law. Commonly, cybercrime is attributed to the
human perspective. The concept advocates that cybercrime is as
a result of the exploitation of human inadequacies. Despite this
ideology being accurate, the development of technology and
information systems significantly contribute to the predicament.
This paper is a highlight on how information systems and
modern technology contribute to the plight. Also, the study
outlines technological proposals to solve cybercrime that
threatens the advancement of technology (Abdelbaqi, 2016).
Impact of technology and information systems to cybercrime
The primary objective of cybercrime is to access
41. information and data stored or transmitted through computer
systems. Currently, the advancement of technology focuses on
the enhancement of data transmission and availability. Social
media is modern technology that contributes to cybercrime. It is
estimated that over fifty percent of cybercrime acts originate
from social media. Social media is an ideal source of
information required by cybercrime perpetrators. Social media
provides access to personal information that can be used in
cybercrime.
The integration of information systems that can be
remotely accessed contributes to cybercrime. Accessibility is a
primary focus in the modern environment. The need for
convenience has led to the development of remotely accessible
systems across organizations. Despite the benefit of
availability, the remotely accessible information systems enable
hacking and a breach by hackers. The network used in
information systems is susceptible to security attacks such as
spoofing and SQL injections by hackers. In the recent past, law
enforcement has reported that there has been a significant
increase in the number of corporations infiltrated by hackers
(CONSTANTIN, 2013).
The introduction of botnets has increased cybercrime
across networks. Botnets are software applications that request
information from a specific server. In the recent past, botnets
have been used to overload systems to induce Distributed
Denial of Service (DDOS). DDOS is recognized as a cybercrime
acts by the law and is punishable.
Proposal to Cybercrime
Despite the adverse effects of technology on the war
against cybercrime, there are benefits to its use in combating
the predicament. Cybercrime can be handled efficiently by
minimizing opportunities for the crime rather than punishing
perpetrators. Firstly, it is important to note that the need for
remote access to information in organizations is paramount.
This epiphany ensures the development of a solution with
remote access as a consideration. In the transmission of
42. information and data, there should be encryption of data.
Encryption means that data is transformed into an unintelligible
format to reduce its use by hackers during a breach of the
network. Additionally, encryption of data is useful in the
transfer of sensitive data such as bank details and access
information of different users.
In tackling cybercrime, authentication and authorization
are a preventive approach in tacking the issue. Authentication
and authorization ensure only intended users can access a
system by providing security tokes. The two strategies enhance
data integrity as hackers cannot alter or modify information in
the system (Wall, 2008).
As an active approach to cybercrime, computer forensics
should be adopted as a security practice. Computer forensics is
an approach that seeks to identify and capture perpetrators of
cybercrime activities. Computer forensics encompasses scrutiny
and assessment of computer systems and networks highlighting
areas prone to cybercrime. This strategy ensures strengthening
of such areas thereby averting cybercrime.
Conclusion
Decisively, technology advancement information systems
have an adverse effect as they contribute to cybercrime. Despite
these limitations, the use of computer forensics, authentication,
authorization and data encryption reduce instances of
cybercrime in the modern world. Conclusively, modern
technology can be used to tackle cybercrime in the society and
should be supported in its advancement.
References
Abdelbaqi, M. (2016). Enacting Cybercrime Legislation in an
Endeavour to Counter Cybercrime in Palestine. Global Journal
of Comparative Law, 226-261.
CONSTANTIN, A. (2013). Cybercrime and National Security in
the Context of Globalization. International Journal of
Information Security and Cybercrime, 43-48.
43. Wall, D. S. (2008). CYBERCRIME AND THE CULTURE OF
FEAR. Information, Communication & Society, 861-884.
Running head: LAW ENFORCEMENT FACES THE NEW
BATTLEFIELD, CYBERCRIME: INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS 1
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS 5
Law Enforcement Faces the New Battlefield, Cybercrime:
Internal and External Stakeholders
Janella Campbell
Professor Doris Mitchell
CRJ499
October 29, 2017
Internal and External Stakeholders
Introduction
Cybercrime is an evolving type of crime that threatens the
computer safety of individuals in the society. Cybercrime has
adverse effects in the community such as erosion of moral
cultures and loss incurred from data loss by multinationals or
companies. It is due to this epiphany that mitigation strategies
should be put in place to reduce the vice. Cybercrime is a
practice that involves various stakeholders. The battling of the
vice also requires inputs from multiple individuals to combat
44. the predicament efficiently. Internal and external stakeholders
concerned with cybercrime battling are identified in the paper.
Also, there is a highlight on the impact of the stakeholders, and
a possible solution to the predicament is featured (Kazan,
2016).
Stakeholders
Stakeholders are individuals or departments affected by
cybercrime. Stakeholders include internal and external
participants who perpetrate or fight against cybercrime in the
society. Additionally, the general public and organizations are
classified as external stakeholders as they are the victims of
cybercrime acts. The general public and enterprises suffer from
reputation damage, breach of privacy, loss of business
opportunities and theft of fund as a result of cybercrime acts by
hackers or malicious individuals. Under external stakeholders,
hackers are the primary focus. Hackers primarily are linked to
different actions of cybercrime in the community. Hackers can
infiltrate computer infrastructure or networks and exploit them
for self-benefit or to cause harm in an enterprise. Internal
stakeholders primarily concentrate on strategies and avenues
that can be deployed to mitigate or reduce cybercrime.
Government departments and associated Non-Governmental
Organizations are the primary internal stakeholders that seek to
stop the spread of the predicament in the society (Martin, 2011).
Impacts of stakeholders
Various stakeholders related to cybercrime law
enforcement have different implications. The implications may
be positive or negative in the community. Firstly, external
stakeholders such as hackers negatively influence the effort of
law enforcers to mitigate cybercrime in the modern
technological world. Hackers are the primary cause of
cybercrime and contribute to the wrongful use of computer
infrastructure in the modern era. Spoofing, SQL injection and
DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) are among the techniques
used by hackers to facilitate cybercrime. Consequently, the
methods mentioned above cause loss of data to companies and
45. individuals who are the victims of cybercrime.
Government agencies such as DHS (Department of
Homeland Security) and NGOs are the primary external
stakeholders in cybercrime law enforcement. These
organizations are equipped with tools and infrastructure such as
computer forensics that positively influence the war on
cybercrime. The aforementioned external stakeholders receive
training on how to combat various acts of cybercrime in the
society effectively. Additionally, the external stakeholders have
resources provisions that encourage research on better and
improved ways of tackling cybercrime acts (PARODI, 2013).
Stakeholder Consideration
The tackling of cybercrime in the modern era needs first to
be recognized as a process that requires time and patience. The
recognition of cybercrime law enforcement as a process makes
it possible to address the various inputs by different
stakeholders in addressing the predicament. To begin with, the
objective of cybercrime law enforcement is to eliminate
external stakeholders such as hackers who contribute to the
problem. Identification of the primary target enables
development of mitigation strategies to reduce the threat.
The significant parts of cybercrime law enforcement are
the internal stakeholders who combat the predicament. The
practical implementation of a solution solely lies on the
capabilities of internal stakeholders such as DHS. As part of the
solution, government agencies such as U.S. Secret Service
should receive continuous training on the emerging techniques
used in cybercrime. Also, the dedicated offices should be
equipped with relevant infrastructure and software to mitigate
cybercrime. Brainstorming and promotion of new solutions to
cybercrime are new avenues that could be implemented to
reduce cybercrime in the modern world.
Motivation of Individuals
The effectiveness of cybercrime solutions is dependent on
the positive reception to various stakeholders. It is due to this
realization that strategies should be implemented that
46. encourages positive response in the community. Education of
the public and companies is vital to the enactment of the
solution. Education enables businesses and individuals to
perform strategies such as protection of computers by passwords
or security tokens. This approach reduces the effects of
cybercrime to the victims.
Additionally, education on cybercrime gives guidance to
potential victims in the society. The information provided to
victims enable reporting of incidences related to cybercrime.
The successful implementation of solutions to mitigate
cybercrime relies on the availability of resources. The solution
strategy advocates for government and private agencies to have
adequate funds to implement and research on new ways of
tackling cybercrime. Computer forensics, authentication, and
authorization are positive developments on the war to fight
cyber, but there is still room for improvement.
Conclusion
Cybercrime is a new issue that threatens the advancement
of modern technology. Cybercrime should be addressed
promptly in the society to avert the potential losses induced by
the predicament. In the process of addressing the issue, it is
important to identify key internal and external stakeholders as it
would enable formulation of a strategy to solve the problem. In
addressing potential cybercrime, solutions should be
campaigned for to different stakeholders to makes sure for an
effective treatment against cybercrime in the modern
technological era.
References
Kazan, H. (2016). Contemporary Issues in Cybersecurity.
Journal of Cybersecurity Research (JCR), 1.
Martin, N. (2011). Cybercrime: Understanding and addressing
the concerns of stakeholders. Computers & Security, 803-814.
PARODI, F. (2013). The Concept of Cybercrime and Online
Threats Analysis. International Journal of Information Security
47. and Cybercrime, 59-66.
Running head: Law Enforcement Faces the New Battlefield,
Cybercrime: Identifying the Challenge 1
Identifying the Challenge 5
Law Enforcement Faces the New Battlefield, Cybercrime:
Identifying the Challenge
Janella Campbell
Professor Doris Mitchell
CRJ499
October 22, 2017
Law Enforcement Faces the New Battlefield, Cybercrime:
Identifying the Challenge
As law enforcement attempts to reduce crime rates, in an effort
to increase the safety of citizens, they are faced with a new and
every evolving threat, cybercrime. Technology has created a
new avenue for criminals to decrease their chances of being
detected while committing crimes. It has made traditional
crimes easier to get away with as well as created a brand-new
category of crime. Although the federal government has not
48. established one definition for cybercrime because of its constant
evolution, cybercrime is considered to be any crime that
involves a computer, network, or technology. These three
components can be used to commit a crime or the targets of a
criminal.
Law enforcement is faced with several obstacles when
attempting to prevent cybercrime or catch the criminal that
committed this crime. Proper training for employees, updated
technical and analytical equipment, network intrusion software,
jurisdictional laws, and cybercrime reporting are the main
issues that federal and local law enforcement aim to overcome
in regard to cybercrime. Although there have been significant
improvements over the past decade in cybercrime prevention
and investigation, technology changes at a much faster pace
than any other criminal activity.
The Challenges
On any job two of the most important things an
employee must have to be effective are training and equipment.
College provides individuals with the knowledge needed to
enter the workforce however; additional training is often
required to ensure employees are up to date on current
operational techniques. This is especially important for those
that deal with cybercrime prevention or cyber-criminal
prosecution. These individuals must be trained regularly to
ensure they are able to keep up with the new cyber threats that
are developed in conjunction with new technology.
Cyber security has become a necessary part of our
society; rather it’s an individual securing their personal
electronic devices or a company security their network. Law
enforcement administrative employees must also receive cyber
security awareness training to prevent law enforcement
databases from being compromised due to accidental insider
threats. So not only are law enforcement agencies fighting
cybercrime for citizens, they are also fighting to prevent being
the victims of a cyber-attack.
Technical and analytical equipment is also important
49. because it provides employees with the necessary tools to
prevent and detect cyber-criminal activity. Criminals will often
attempt to cover up any evidence used to commit a crime such
as burning a computer used to store child pornography. For
example, if a damaged computer is recovered during an
investigation of a crime, specific computer forensic equipment
or software must be used to gather information from it.
Cybercrime became very attractive to those looking to get extra
money, test out computer hacking skills, and decrease their
chances of getting caught committing crimes. This type of
crime can be done from the comfort of your own home or
completely out of sight with little to no physical ability.
Gaining access to a person’s account information from hundreds
of miles away has created several jurisdictional issues for law
enforcement.
Conclusion
Cybercrime will continue to evolve with our society due to
the constant development of new technology. It is a difficult
task for law enforcement to constantly keep up with this
evolution but it is necessary. Cybercrime, like most other
crimes, will likely never be eliminated but it can be decreased.
By taking the necessary steps to train employees, update
equipment and software, and be well versed on jurisdiction
laws, the law enforcement community can begin to decrease
cybercrime.
50. References
CYBER CRIME INVESTIGATIONS. (n.d.). Retrieved October
18, 2017, from http://www.iacpcybercenter.org/chiefs/cyber-
crime-investigations/
Dolliver, D. (2013). How Cybercrimes Challenge Law
Enforcement. Retrieved October 18, 2017, from
http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/brief/how-cybercrimes-
challenge-law-enforcement
Finklea, K. M., & Theohary, C. A. (2012). CYBERCRIME:
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES FOR CONGRESS AND U.S. LAW
ENFORCEMENT. Journal Of Current Issues In Crime, Law &
Law Enforcement, 5(1/2), 1-27.
Wexler, C. (2014). The Role of Local Law Enforcement
Agencies In Preventing and Investigating Cybercrime. Retrieved
October 19, 2017, from
http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series_
2/the%20role%20of%20local%20law%20enforcement%20agenci
es%20in%20preventing%20and%20investigating%20cybercrime
%202014.pdf
12 Promoting Organizational Citizenship
Chapter Preview
· The Organization as Citizen
· Components of Organizational Citizenship
· Corporate Social Responsibility
· Sustainability
· The Stages of Corporate Citizenship
· Promoting Organizational Citizenship
· Adopting a Stewardship Mindset
· Measuring Social Performance
· Chapter Takeaways
· Application Projects
51. In this chapter, we’ll look beyond the borders of our
organizations to focus on the role that they should play in local
and national communities. Our individual responsibility is to
equip our groups to act as socially responsible citizens. The
first section of the chapter describes what it means for an
organization to act as a citizen. Section two outlines strategies
for encouraging our organizations to play this role.
The Organization as Citizen
“From those to whom much has been given, much will be
required.” That saying encapsulates the relationship between
organizations and Western society over the past several
decades. Organizations wield more power than ever before. The
decline of the extended family, urbanization, industrialization,
and other factors have increased our reliance on corporations,
governments, schools, nonprofit agencies, and other
institutions. At the same time, societal expectations of
organizations have greatly expanded. We now demand that
organizations, even for-profit entities, behave responsibly. As
evidence of that fact, consider the following:1
· Seventy-nine percent of Americans believe that businesses
should support social causes; three quarters of business leaders
say that the public should expect good citizenship from
companies.
· A survey of citizens in 23 countries found that 90% of
respondents wanted firms to focus on more than profits; another
survey of online consumers from 60 nations revealed that 55%
were willing to pay more for products and services provided by
“socially responsible brands.”
· Sales of organic foods increased during a major global
recession and are expected to continue to grow by over 9% a
year for the foreseeable future.
· Over $3 trillion in U.S. assets are held in funds that only
invest in companies that meet high environmental, social, and
corporate governance standards. This is equivalent to the annual
gross domestic product (GDP) of Canada and Brazil combined.
· America’s Most Admired Companies earn that label in part
52. because they are concerned about the community and the
environment.
· Watchdog groups regularly monitor the financial status and
effectiveness of charities.
· Labor activists, disability advocates, environmentalists, and
other groups are quick to bring suit against governments and
businesses that don’t fulfill their social duties.
The term organizational citizenship best describes what society
expects from businesses, governments, and nonprofits. Good
citizens acknowledge their obligations to their communities.
They use their influence to improve society.2 Sandra Waddock
offers this definition of outstanding corporate citizenship:
Leading corporate citizens are companies that live up to clear
constructive visions and core values consistent with those of the
broader societies within which they operate, respect the natural
environment, and treat well the entire range of stakeholders who
risk capital in, have an interest in, or are linked to the firm
through primary and secondary impacts. . . They recognize they
are responsible for their impacts and are willing to be held
accountable for them.3
Three components or elements are key to the practice
organizational citizenship: (1) a stakeholder focus, (2) corporate
social responsibility (CSR), and (3) sustainability.
Components of Organizational Citizenship
Stakeholder Focus
To function as citizens, organizations must first recognize that
they have obligations to a variety of groups who have an
interest or “stake” in their operations. The stakeholder
framework first developed as an alternative way to define the
relationship between large businesses and society but since has
been extended to organizations of all types—partnerships, small
businesses, governments, and nonprofits.4 Traditionally,
corporate executives were viewed as agents who acted on behalf
of the company’s owners. According to this perspective (called
agency theory), the manager’s primary ethical obligation is to
promote the interests of stockholders. Companies that operate
53. efficiently and profitably benefit the community through the
creation of jobs and wealth as well as through higher tax
revenues.
Stakeholder theorists challenge the notion that a manager’s sole
moral duty is to company owners.5 They note that the pursuit of
corporate wealth doesn’t benefit everyone. When a major
retailer like Walmart forces its suppliers to cut costs, for
example, lots of groups suffer. Employees manufacturing the
goods see their wages and benefits cut, and jobs are lost; local
businesses and economies decline. Also, shareholders aren’t the
only groups with an interest or stake in what the company does.
Governments charter corporations based in part on the
expectation that they will provide benefits to society.
Governments invest in businesses by supplying them with cheap
land, building access roads, and offering tax breaks.
Advocates of stakeholder theory argue that organizations of all
kinds have an ethical obligation to “heed the needs, interests,
and influence of those affected by their policies and
operations.”6 (See Ethics in Action 12.1 for a list of the
possible stakeholders of one organization.) Drawing from
Kant’s categorical imperative, some proponents believe that all
stakeholders have intrinsic value.7 It is wrong to use any group
of people as a means to organizational ends. The interests of
diverse stakeholder groups are valid and worthy of respect.
Other supporters of this approach draw upon justice-as-fairness
theory to emphasize that outside groups and individuals need to
be treated fairly by the organization.8 Still others believe that
the stakeholder framework best reflects the feminist
commitment to relationships. Feminists see corporations as
webs of relationships with stakeholders, not as independent
entities.9 One final group adopts a communitarian perspective,
which emphasizes the importance of serving the common good.
They point out that serving stakeholders, not just stockholders,
is more likely to promote cooperation and the development of
networks that advance the overall good of society.10
Recognizing the concerns of multiple stakeholders has strategic