1. What is the purpose of the ICMPv4 protocol and mobile IP2. Dif.pdf

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1. What is the purpose of the ICMPv4 protocol and mobile IP? 2. Differentiate the terms Delay and Throughput? Solution The purpose of ICMP is that it is used by routers or hosts to transfer the information regarding error in any other routers. ICMP messages are transferred as datagrams and the data is encapsulated as IP header. Mobile IP assign each node a permanent address that is a care of address which helps in identifying the current location of the device in the network. So when the user moves the device in other network its care of address chages and hence it can be identified thT IT HAS BEEN MOVED TO OTHER NETWORK.

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The owner of a small business is planning on expanding his business. The expansion will take an initial investment of S12,000 in cash from his existing business. The owner is interested in estimating the risk involved in the expansion. If there is more than a 10% risk ofhaving a negative net present value of the investment for the expansion, he might reconsider the expansion. The expansion will have revenues and expenses associated with it The following are the assumptions about the income and expenses (a) Quarter 1 Sales A normally distributed variable with a minimum of $110,000 and a maximum of S140,000 (b) Cost of Goods Sold Ratio: Rate Prob 70%-75% 75%-80% 80%-85% 30% 60% 10% (c) General and Administrative Expenses Salaries: S14,000 for Quarters 1 and 2 $15,500 for Quarters 3 and 4 The following are 96\'s of Gross Profit Commissions: 10% Utilities Telephone Avriable with a skewed left distribution with a minimum value of 3%, a most likely value of 6%, and a maximum value of 890 Solution Quarter 1 Amount ($) Amount ($) Sales (110000 x 0.5 + 140000 x 0.5) 125000 Cost of goods sold (125000 x 76.5%) 95625 Gross profit 29375 Salaries 14000 Commission (29375 x 10%) 2937.5 Utilities (29375 x %) 1468.75 Telephone (29375 x 6%) 1762.5 Travel (29375 x 3%) 881.25 Entertainment promotion (29375 x 7.5%) 2203.125 Payroll taxes (14000 x 7%) 980 24233.13 Net profit before tax 5141.875 Less: Tax @36% (5141.875 x 36%) 1851.075 Net profit after tax 3290.8 Quarter 2 Amount ($) Amount ($) Gross profit 32312.5 Salaries 14000 Commission (32312.5 x 10%) 3231.25 Utilities (32312.5 x5 %) 1615.625 Telephone (32312.5 x 6%) 1938.75 Travel (32312.5 x 3%) 969.375 Entertainment promotion (32312.5 x 7.5%) 2423.438 Payroll taxes (14000 x 7%) 980 25158.44 Net profit before tax 7154.063 Less: Tax @36% (7154.063 x 36%) 2575.463 Net profit after tax 4578.6 Quarter 3 Amount ($) Amount ($) Gross profit 35543.75 Salaries 15500 Commission (35543.75 x 10%) 3554.375 Utilities (35543.75 x5 %) 1777.188 Telephone (35543.75 x 6%) 2132.625 Travel (35543.75 x 3%) 1066.313 Entertainment promotion (35543.75 x 7.5%) 2665.781 Payroll taxes (15500 x 7%) 1085 27781.28 Net profit before tax 7762.469 Less: Tax @36% (7762.469 x 36%) 2794.489 Net profit after tax 4967.98 Quarter 4 Amount ($) Amount ($) Gross profit 39098.13 Salaries 15500 Commission (39098.13 x 10%) 3909.813 Utilities (39098.13 x5 %) 1954.906 Telephone (39098.13 x 6%) 2345.888 Travel (39098.13 x 3%) 1172.944 Entertainment promotion (39098.13 x 7.5%) 2932.359 Payroll taxes (15500 x 7%) 1085 28900.91 Net profit before tax 10197.22 Less: Tax @36% (10197.22 x 36%) 3670.998 Net profit after tax 6526.218 Total net profit after tax (3290.8 + 4578.6 + 4967.98 + 6526.22) 19363.6 PV factor @8% pa. 0.925926 Present value of net profit for year (19363.60 x 0.926) 17929.26 Less: Initial investment 12000 Net present value (NPV) 5929.257 As can be seen from the above calculation that the expansion with an initial investment of $12,000 is expected.

The owner of a small business is planning on expanding his business. .pdf

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The government safety net creates an adverse selection problem and moral hazard problem. Explain. Solution Adverse selection occurs when there is an asymmetric information between the two parties. One who has more information will take advantage. the government safety net creates adverse selection problem because risk loving individuals might view the banking system as wonderful opportunity to use other\'s fund as they know those funds are protected. So here customers have more information than the bank and customers are in advantage. Moral hazard occurs when the behavior of the people change after getting protection. The government safety net creates moral hazard problem because depositors do not maintain discipline as their funds are protected. Banks know that will result in more risk than they would otherwise..

The government safety net creates an adverse selection problem and m.pdf

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Syntrophy often involves: A. hydrogen B.Oxygen C. fermentation byproducts D. all of the above E. all but B Solution Syntrophy is a phenomenon where one species lives off the products of other species. The examples are Hydrogen transfer and fermentation byproducts. In syntrophic association, one partner growth depends on the nutrients provided by other partner. Interspecies hydrogen transfer is an excellent example of Syntrony. Some fermenting microbes degrade organic matter to short chain fatty acids and hydrogen..

Syntrophy often involvesA. hydrogenB.OxygenC. fermentation by.pdf

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scene from American Samoa: Paradise Lost? •How does power, both formal and informal, influence the interaction of stakeholders in a potential conflict situation? a scene from American Samoa: Paradise Lost? In this scene the interaction between American government representatives and the traditional Samoan chiefs is illustrated. Note that the High Chief, who was educated at the University of Hawaii, is more outspoken and critical of the American government representatives. Also, note how the apparent tension in the meeting may signal the potential for conflict among the two groups. Solution Different stakeholders interact differently based on their interests and the unfounded of formal and informal power. The role of the company and the stakeholders might differ based in the conflict situation and their response to it. There is cooperation, competition, conflict interest aspects that reflect through this. There are technical interactions that take place and the way the stakeholders interact differs. This can have a completely different resolution or outcome for the desired conflict issue. American Samoa: A Paradise Lost movie has a scene where in the different interests of the two stakeholders are revealed. The traditional life of Polynesians of American samoa is covered and the conflict of interest. There is clash of values and the two stakeholders are interacting on the power dynamics. There were issues and power related concerns in the scene with the educated chief being critical of the American government representatives. The reflection of strong power came across through the authoritarian attitude of the American representatives. The efforts to show a side which is concerned with putting across the information and ideals that both these parties stand for was apparent. There is information exchange and the hierarchical relationship explored through the different stakeholders. Power can have a strong influence on the way the concerns of the company are tackled. It is not necessary that the choices or interests of a single stakeholder would meet the other one. This can vary with time, the type of power in play and the the need to show higher power..

scene from American Samoa Paradise Lost •How does power, both form.pdf

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QUESTION 25 Chris Korda, an advocate of a certain religion, publishes an aršidle in New York Times magazine insisting that Congress base all federal law on his religion\'s principles The First Amendment guarantees freedom of O a religion only Ob religion, speech, and the press. O C speech only o d the press only QUE STION 26 Devin Nunes Construction Corporation makes a side payment to a senior govemment official in Russia to obtain a contract in the United States, this is O a unethical but not illegal legal and ethical. O llegal but not unethical Od egal and unethical Solution 25) The correct choice is b : - religion , speech , and the press Explanation : - The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of U.S. citizens to express themselves. These rights include freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press , and freedom of assembly (people gathering together). 26) The correct choice is a Explanation : - The amendment to the foreign corrupt practices act allows for \" facilitating payment\" which is known as speed money or grease payment ..

QUESTION 25 Chris Korda, an advocate of a certain religion, publishes.pdf

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Problems: 2. This is a map for a diploid plant: R--------35--------E--------17---------F One parental plant is R e f/r E F. It is mated with a homozygous recessive plant: r e f/r e f. Give the proportion of the offspring assuming there is both no interference, and complete interference. 3. In a newly discovered insect, the three genes R, A, and P located on the same chromosome (R= red body, A= spotted coloring, P=purple eyes, r=white body, a=solid coloring, p=white eyes). A heterozygous parent(R A P/r a p) is mated with a homozygous recessive parent (r a p/ r a p). The following offspring are shown below: (210) dominant for all traits (16) red body, solid coloring, purple eyes (70) red body, spotted coloring, white eyes (50) red body, solid coloring, white eyes (200) recessive for all traits (55) white body, spotted coloring, purple eyes (13) white body, spotted coloring, white eyes (72) white body, solid coloring, purple eyes Perform a three-point linkage to determine the gene order and relative distance between the genes. How did the distance between the 2 genes affect the frequency of crossing-over events? 4. Here are four recombinant sequences that came from four Hfr matings during an interrupted mating experiment. Determine the order and relative distance by setting A to 0/100 minutes. Hfr1) A T1 H T2 8 26 33 53 Hfr2) E1 T1 E2 E3 4 12 24 54 Hfr3) T2 S T3 A 7 37 52 62 Hfr4) T3 C E1 E3 2 17 22 72 5. In a u-tube experiment, a researcher placed a kanamycin resistant strain of E. coli on one side of a membrane impervious to the cells, and a wild-type strain on the other side. After a day, he then plated a sample from both sides of the tube on plates containing kanamycin and observed growth on both plates. He then repeated this experiment, but this time he added DNase to the tube and observed the same results when he plated both cell types. What happened inside the tube? 6. Pretend the following is a chromosome that underwent some changes. What were they? (the dot is the centromere). A B C D E F . G H I J A B C G . F E H I J a. pericentric inversion, deletion b. paracentric inversion, deletion c. deletion, translocation d. Robertsonian translocation, pericntric inversion 7. Given: Type of mutation Cistron A or B 1. point A 2. point A 3. point B 4. point B 5. deletion A Results from 5 crosses: 1x2 (plaque) 2x3 (plaque) 3x4 (plaque) 4x5 (plaque) 1x3 (plaque) 2x4 (plaque) 3x5 (plaque) 1x4 (plaque) 2x5 (no plaque) 1x5 (plaque) 8. The following nucleotide sequence is found in a piece of DNA 5’-TTAACA-3’ 3’-AATTGT-5’ if the cytosince undergoes a tautameric shift for one replication cycle draw two round of replication and explain what type of mutation occurred (Transition or Transversion)? Bonus: Explain the relationship between mosaicism and x-inactivation using an example. 9. In a diploid fly, the three loci R E and D are linked as follows R--------------22cm------------E----------16cm-------------D One fly is available to you and its genotype is R.

Problems2. This is a map for a diploid plantR--------35-------.pdf

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Prompt a user to enter a series of integers separated by spaces and accept the input as a String. Display the list of integers and their sum. Save the file as SumIntegersInString.java. I have tried the following code, but it just runs continuously with no opportunity for input. import java.io.*; import java.util.Scanner; class SumIntegersInString { public static void main(String args[]) { Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); String input = in.nextLine(); int sum = 0; for(String value : input.split(\" \")) { System.out.print(value + \" \"); sum += Integer.parseInt(value); } System.out.println(\"Sum:\" + sum); } } Solution import java.io.*; import java.util.Scanner; public class SumIntegersInString { public static void main(String args[]) { // statement to prompt the user for a series of integers System.out.print(\"Enter a series of integers separated by a space: \"); Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); String input = in.nextLine(); int sum = 0; for(String value : input.split(\" \")) { System.out.print(value + \" \"); sum += Integer.parseInt(value); } System.out.println(\"\ Sum:\" + sum); } }.

Prompt a user to enter a series of integers separated by spaces and .pdf

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PLEASE PLEASE use you own words, do not copy and paste !!! This is a computer science/ Data Structure assignment !! Write one to two paragraphs describing each of the following topics separatly (each paragraph must be 3 sentences or more): 1. Binary Tree Nodes 2. Binary Search Trees Make sure to include resources. Thank you, Solution The basic difference if we say about Binary Tree Nodes and Binary Search Tree is that BST is a type of Binary tree. Binary Tree is the one in where each node will have a left and right node , the topmost elements of the tree is called root.Every node is connected to another node via directed edge.And when there are no ledt and right to node which means no children then that node is called leaf and also called external nodes whereas other nodes are called internal nodes. Binary Search Tree are the one where everyproperty defined above will be there plus additonal property that data will be stored in sorted manner , for every node the data on left subtree is less than parent node and on right subtree will be greater than parent node.Also duplicate keys are not allowed..

PLEASE PLEASE use you own words, do not copy and paste !!!This is .pdf

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List the limitations of the GDP. Which one is most importantSol.pdf

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Information is given about a polynomial f(x) whose coefficients are r.pdf

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I need to create two binary search trees in Ruby. One using recursion. One using iteration. I\'m new to programming so I don\'t understand the differences between the two and could use some help getting started with these two programs. Solution For recursive: def insert_rec(node, value) if node.nil? return Node.new(value, nil, nil) elsif value < node.value node.left ||= insert_rec(node.left, value) elsif value > node.value node.right ||= insert_rec(node.right, value) else # TODO return? end end for iteration: class Node def initialize(name, nodes @name = name @nodes = nodes end end class Iterator def initialize(node) @node = node end def next ??? end end In recursion, function call itself until the base condition is reached whereas iteration means repetition of process until the condition fails..

I need to create two binary search trees in Ruby. One using recursio.pdf

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I am studying gut flora and had a few questions. Can you discribe a few gut flora and their function in the human body? Then can you describe what would happen if they were removed, had altered metabolic activity, or had an increase/decrease in population size in the human gut. also could you list a few human diseases caused by gut flora or caused from a increased/decreased gut flora number Solution E coli, Lactobacillus, bacteroids, streptococcus mutans, saccharomyces, enterobacter are few examples of gut flora... They grow as commensals in the body and by utilising the available media they prevent that pathogenic bacteria to grow within by competition ..Thus their presence is needed for normal body function. Even they help in synthesis of vitamins like cyanocobalamin, vitamin k.,etc.. If their number Is altered it would usually result in infections to set in..Like gastroenteritis, chronic diarrhoea..Etc. They can also lead to diseases if there is contamination with gut flora ,eg urinary tract infections in females by Ecoli.

I am studying gut flora and had a few questions.Can you discribe a.pdf

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https://www.aitp.org/news/98451/ \"Security Administration and Access Control\" Please respond to the following: From the article, summarize the ethical dilemma, and develop a plan in which you would mitigate the vulnerability. Compare and contrast physical access controls and logical access controls. Further explain in what ways both physical and logical access controls are related to implementing a security policy. Solution 1.The company that happen to mind is sony. In the previous Year 2011 sony play station was violated and 77 million accounts are stolen and approximated nearly 171 dollars which were lost.after four years sony picture was hacked almost across the year duration conceivably be extensive.Many top level executive,actor and employees personal details were stolen cmprises of the names,adress,social security and also the accounting details.At the time of investigation it is noticed that the sony company is not enough and much poorly documented.it is clear that the sony company is not able to preserve itself. I Migitate that total of sony IT secirity to a third party in order to handle the logical and physical controls. physical acess control are just similar to a smart card or Bio_metric scan where the users details are preserved in the database in order to acess to parking guage and also to unlock the computers to login. Logical acess controls are assure who are able to utilize the system and also which file to acess in order to utilize. The above two controls are related in such a way that i.e both offers the authorization for the people who acess the file and to utilize it.additionally they also include discrete variations on which they recognize the individual users which modifies the data to assist through accountability..

httpswww.aitp.orgnews98451 Security Administration and Acces.pdf

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Hwk due June 7th June 7th Kimmel, Accounting, 6e Help I S ES Exercise 2-5 These items are taken from the financial statements of Windsor, Inc. at December 31, 2017. Buildings Accounts receivable Prepaid insurance Cash $97,336 11,592 2,944 10,893 75,808 56,304 udy Equipment Land Insurance expense 718 Depreciation expense Interest expense Common stock Retained earnings (January 1, 2017) Accumulated depreciation-buildings Accounts payable Notes payable 4,876 2,392 55,200 36,801 41,952 8,740 86,112 17,222 3,312 13,524 Accumulated depreciation- equipment Interest payable Service revenue Prepare a classified balance sheet. Assume that $12,512 of the note payable will be paid in 2018. (List curr equipment in order of land, buildings and equipment.) Windsor, Inc Balance Sheet Solution Windsor Inc Balance Sheet Assets Current Assets Cash 10,893 Accounts Receivables 11,592 Prepaid Insurance 2,944 25,429 Plant, Property, and Equipment Buildings 97,336 Accumulated Dep-Building (41,952) 55,384 Equipment 75,808 Accumulated Dep-Equip (17,222) 58,586 Land 56,304 Total Assets 195,703 Liabilities & Shareholder’s Equity Current Liabilities Accounts Payables 8,740 Interest Payable 3,312 Note Payable 12,512 24,564 Long Term Liabilities Note Payable 73,600 Total Liabilities 98,164 Shareholder Equity Common Stock 55,200 Retained Earnings 42,339 97,539 Total Liabilities & Shareholder Equity 195,703 Net Income for the year = 13524 -2392 -4876 -718 = $5,538 Retained Earnings = Beginning Balance + Net Income for the year = $36,801 + 5,538 = $42,339 Windsor Inc Balance Sheet Assets Current Assets Cash 10,893 Accounts Receivables 11,592 Prepaid Insurance 2,944 25,429 Plant, Property, and Equipment Buildings 97,336 Accumulated Dep-Building (41,952) 55,384 Equipment 75,808 Accumulated Dep-Equip (17,222) 58,586 Land 56,304 Total Assets 195,703 Liabilities & Shareholder’s Equity Current Liabilities Accounts Payables 8,740 Interest Payable 3,312 Note Payable 12,512 24,564 Long Term Liabilities Note Payable 73,600 Total Liabilities 98,164 Shareholder Equity Common Stock 55,200 Retained Earnings 42,339 97,539 Total Liabilities & Shareholder Equity 195,703.

Hwk due June 7th June 7th Kimmel, Accounting, 6e Help I S ES Exercise.pdf

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Hint 1: 2D array of type Button, all buttons hidden except for one Hint 2: Add Insets and horizontal and vertical gaps Hint 3: The button text will correspond to the two dimensional position in the button array, i.e. the button in the top left corner at row zero column zero is labeled 00. Up to you if you want to label them rowcolumn or columnrow Hint 4: Math.random creates random numbers between 0 and 1 Hint 5: .setVisible( true ) shows a button, .setVisible( false ) hides it. Hint 6: Be careful not to try to uncover buttons that are out of bounds Hint 7: .getSource to get the event source object, .getText gets the text from the button, use already known methods and wrapper classes to get the numeric value You are to implement a JavaFX application containing a well formatted 10x10 button grid. Each button is labeled with two digits one for the row and one for the column. The program starts out with all buttons hidden except for one. The initial button should be decided at random. When a button is clicked, all of its surrounding buttons are uncovered If e.g. the button 64 is clicked, all not already visible valid buttons around it are to appear-buttons 53, 54, 55, 63, 65 73, 74, 75. However, for the button 00, the only valid buttons are 01, 10, and 11 53 54 55 000 01 63 64 65 10 11 73 74 75 Solution public class Minesweeper { public static void main(String[] args) { int m = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); int n = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); double p = Double.parseDouble(args[2]); // game grid is [1..m][1..n], border is used to handle boundary cases boolean[][] bombs = new boolean[m+2][n+2]; for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) bombs[i][j] = (Math.random() < p); // print game for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) if (bombs[i][j]) System.out.print(\"* \"); else System.out.print(\". \"); System.out.println(); } // sol[i][j] = # bombs adjacent to cell (i, j) int[][] sol = new int[m+2][n+2]; for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) // (ii, jj) indexes neighboring cells for (int ii = i - 1; ii <= i + 1; ii++) for (int jj = j - 1; jj <= j + 1; jj++) if (bombs[ii][jj]) sol[i][j]++; // print solution System.out.println(); for (int i = 1; i <= m; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) { if (bombs[i][j]) System.out.print(\"* \"); else System.out.print(sol[i][j] + \" \"); } System.out.println(); } } }.

Hint 1 2D array of type Button, all buttons hidden except for one.pdf

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Explain in 3 - 5 paragraphs what different skills and workstyles do millennials offer than previous generations? And how do these different skills and characteristics affect the businesses today? Solution Working style of an individual is based on his/her family & upbringing, Culture, past experience and ethics. Every individual come across various personal and professional situation daily in their life and their action/response to each situation is dependent on their surroundings. Millennials are the people born in between 1982 & 2004 year. Millennials in comparison to their previous generations i.e. The builders, the baby boomers and the X generation has better resource, lifestyle and access to knowledge. Hence, workstyle of Millennials is more efficient, productive and focused. Different style of work: Previous generation focuses more on teamwork and its team building but millennials emphasis more on working as an individual and its own growth first and then team effort. Communication: Being from different generations, Previous generation would prefer more formal communication and having every detail in written, whereas Millennials would be more comfortable with direct & informal communication and believes in communicating the messages through Verbal or non-verbal communication. Information availability: While Millennials has access to better information due to exposure to internet, Previous generation is not adaptable to these changes. Different set of expectations: Due to different workstyle, millennials have different expectations from team and organization which might leads to conflict i.e. focus on team/individual growth. Difference in opinion: Millennials will have different perspective towards situation and provide the solution according to it. Method of approach: For any solution, Millennials will have different approach to describe, analyze and resolve the problem due to different thought process. This difference in approach might give 2 different solution for same problem by Millennials or previous generations..

Explain in 3 - 5 paragraphs what different skills and workstyles do .pdf

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Describe your supervisor\'s ability and style of communication. Do you feel it is effective? Why or why not? Solution The communication style of my supervisor is Assertive which is an effective way of communication due to the below reasons - 1. With the expertise in the functional area coupled with confidence, he ensures that the project related communication is done clearly by setting the objectives and expectations while being polite enough not sound it rude or aggressive. 2. While he ensures that his point is made and put forward clearly to begin with, he also encourages any ideas from our team, listens, analyses and if he considered them as effective, he executes the same. This assures that the rights of individual team members are protected. 3. His body language is effective as he uses medium pitch with open posture while making good eye contact in communicating. 4. His emails and messages are well-articulated without an iota of confusion so that the team members can begin with the activities without waiting for his verbal explanation..

Describe your supervisors ability and style of communication. Do y.pdf

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Design a Windows Desktop application and write the code that will exe.pdf

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complete a correlation matrix of the four Interpersonal Strategies above with the eight CCSSM practices: 1.Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2.Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3.Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4.Model with mathematics. 5.Use appropriate tools strategically. 6.Look for and make use of structure. 7.Look for and express regularity in repeated Solution Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather than simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems, and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and change course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the problem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can explain correspondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features and relationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Younger students might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves, \"Does this make sense?\" They can understand the approaches of others to solving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches. MP2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability to decontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without necessarily attending to their referents—and the ability to contextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties of operations and objects. MP3 Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a.

complete a correlation matrix of the four Interpersonal Strategies a.pdf

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Compare the differences and uniqueness between Isometric, Oblique, and Perspective views. Please explain why CAD becomes the most important and fundamental tool in modern design and Manufacturing as well as in product development. Solution Isometric views Oblique views Perspective views An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional representation. Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line) All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel to projection planes and all the lines/edges are parallel to its respective foreshortened axes (30 degree axis) and can also be measured. All the lines/edges are drawn to the full length scale rather than reducing them to the true projection length. Oblique view also represents an object in the 3D format. But here the objects are drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly towards the observer, showing the true shape of these features. E.g. Circular features like round holes are drawn on this front face as true circles. Oblique view will always show the object as being perfectly flat with respect to the picture plane (i.e., that particular face of the object will have only two dimensions from the viewer\'s point of view). Oblique view shows one face with distinguishing feature of the object in true shape, but the other faces with foreshorten depth. It is quite a simple technique compared to isometric or even perspective drawing as the only the face with distinguishing feature has to be drawn to the scale. Perspective views also represent an object in the 3D format with approximate representation. The lines/edges of an object seem to meet at a point over a distance. This point is called the vanishing point. Here the vertical lines remain vertical, horizontal lines remain horizontal but the line that represents the depth of the object (3rd Dimension lines) are drawn converging on to this vanishing point. The depth lines are to be drawn from the vanishing point to the sides of the drawing paper as guide lines. Objects in a perspective drawing all the lines/edges are subject to foreshortening. The size of the object is drawn smaller as their distance from the observer increases. As their distance from the observer decreases they are drawn larger. Isometric views Oblique views Perspective views An isometric view represents an object in three dimensions with exact dimensional representation. Here the 3 sides of the object are drawn with all the vertical lines being vertically but all horizontal lines at 30 degree to the base line (x-axis line) All the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees In Isometric drawings, object are drawn with all its 3 planes parallel.

Compare the differences and uniqueness between Isometric, Oblique, an.pdf

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