This document provides an overview of building materials and construction planning. It discusses naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, cement, and timber. It also discusses industrial materials like metal, ceramics, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, the document outlines requirements, types, uses, and properties. It also provides details on concrete, paints and varnishes, glass, plastics, and cement admixtures. The goal is to introduce the basic materials used in construction projects and planning.
advance concrete, advance concrete technology, introduction of advance concrete technology, history of advance concrete technology, types of concrete, market study of advance concrete technology, concrete technology, concrete definition, what is fiber concrete technology, what is ready mix concrete.
Design and Fabrication of Rotary Tiller BladeIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and fabrication of rotary tiller blades. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goals of optimizing blade parameters to reduce tillage energy requirements. It then provides background on rotary tillers and defines different types. The key sections analyze the geometry and equations that govern blade shape, including the cutting angle. Design calculations and specifications are provided for existing and new blade models. Tables compare performance metrics like peak torque across different blade designs. The document concludes by defining the specific work method for determining a rotary tiller's work output per soil volume tilled.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Study on Stress-Strain behaviour of M50 Grade High Strength Glass Fibre Reinf...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses superior flowability under maintained stability
(i.e., no segregation) thus allowing self-compaction—that is, material consolidation without addition of energy. It was first developed in Japan
in 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures by improving quality in the construction process. This was also partly in response to the
reduction in the numbers of skilled workers available in the industry. This paper outlines a brief history of SCC from its origins in Japan to the
development of the material throughout Europe. Research and development into SCC in the UK and Europe are discussed, together with a look
at the future for the material in Europe and the rest of the world
This document discusses various tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing checks for lumps, color, texture, and stability when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the ideal water-cement ratio for uniform consistency.
3. Fineness, soundness, and strength tests evaluate particle size, potential expansion, and compressive strength. Proper testing ensures cement meets specifications for hydration, strength development, and resistance to damage.
Mortars and concretes are mixtures of binding materials, aggregates and water that harden over time. Mortar is used to bind bricks, stones or tiles, while concrete includes both fine and coarse aggregates. There are many types of mortars and concretes classified according to their binding materials, designs and purposes. Cement mortar and concrete provide high strength and durability, while lime and mud mortars are cheaper but weaker. Reinforced concrete includes steel reinforcement to take tensile stresses.
This document provides an overview of building materials and construction planning. It discusses naturally available materials like stone, brick, lime, cement, and timber. It also discusses industrial materials like metal, ceramics, sand, aggregates, and mortar. For each material, the document outlines requirements, types, uses, and properties. It also provides details on concrete, paints and varnishes, glass, plastics, and cement admixtures. The goal is to introduce the basic materials used in construction projects and planning.
advance concrete, advance concrete technology, introduction of advance concrete technology, history of advance concrete technology, types of concrete, market study of advance concrete technology, concrete technology, concrete definition, what is fiber concrete technology, what is ready mix concrete.
Design and Fabrication of Rotary Tiller BladeIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and fabrication of rotary tiller blades. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goals of optimizing blade parameters to reduce tillage energy requirements. It then provides background on rotary tillers and defines different types. The key sections analyze the geometry and equations that govern blade shape, including the cutting angle. Design calculations and specifications are provided for existing and new blade models. Tables compare performance metrics like peak torque across different blade designs. The document concludes by defining the specific work method for determining a rotary tiller's work output per soil volume tilled.
This document discusses using a scientific approach to determine the workability of concrete by measuring its rheological properties. It outlines that workability is traditionally determined through empirical tests like slump tests, which have limitations. Rheology allows measurement of yield stress and plastic viscosity, parameters that better describe concrete flow. Various rheometers are described that can measure these properties, like coaxial cylinder and parallel plate devices. Factors influencing concrete rheology are also discussed. The document concludes workability should be evaluated based on rheological measurements to address limitations of empirical tests.
Study on Stress-Strain behaviour of M50 Grade High Strength Glass Fibre Reinf...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses superior flowability under maintained stability
(i.e., no segregation) thus allowing self-compaction—that is, material consolidation without addition of energy. It was first developed in Japan
in 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures by improving quality in the construction process. This was also partly in response to the
reduction in the numbers of skilled workers available in the industry. This paper outlines a brief history of SCC from its origins in Japan to the
development of the material throughout Europe. Research and development into SCC in the UK and Europe are discussed, together with a look
at the future for the material in Europe and the rest of the world
This document discusses various tests conducted on cement:
1. Field testing checks for lumps, color, texture, and stability when mixed with water.
2. The standard consistency test determines the ideal water-cement ratio for uniform consistency.
3. Fineness, soundness, and strength tests evaluate particle size, potential expansion, and compressive strength. Proper testing ensures cement meets specifications for hydration, strength development, and resistance to damage.
Mortars and concretes are mixtures of binding materials, aggregates and water that harden over time. Mortar is used to bind bricks, stones or tiles, while concrete includes both fine and coarse aggregates. There are many types of mortars and concretes classified according to their binding materials, designs and purposes. Cement mortar and concrete provide high strength and durability, while lime and mud mortars are cheaper but weaker. Reinforced concrete includes steel reinforcement to take tensile stresses.
Prestressed concrete is concrete reinforced with tensioned cables to counteract bending forces. There are losses in prestress over time due to various factors including elastic shortening, friction during tensioning, anchorage slip, and shrinkage and creep of the concrete as well as relaxation of the steel cables. These losses are calculated using step-by-step procedures accounting for time-dependent effects like creep and shrinkage to accurately determine the remaining prestress over the lifespan of the structure.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
Foundations transfer structural loads to the ground and include shallow foundations, such as spread footings, and deep foundations, such as piles. Piles are driven or drilled deep into the ground to gain bearing capacity from end-bearing or skin friction along their length. Pile driving involves using equipment like hammers, leads, and compressors to install piles, and dynamic testing helps evaluate pile capacity and optimize the driving system. Pile load tests provide a direct measurement of a pile's axial capacity. Proper installation and inspection techniques help ensure foundations perform as designed.
DPC, Back Filling and Plinth Protection.pptxSantoshreddy B
A DPC, or damp proof course, is a layer of waterproof material installed in walls near the ground to prevent rising damp. It restricts the flow of moisture through walls and floors, especially in basements. Without a DPC, moisture from the soil or groundwater can enter buildings through capillary action or rain penetration and cause dampness, damage structures and materials, promote mold and bacteria growth, and negatively impact occupant health. A DPC protects buildings by blocking moisture at its source.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and can be natural materials like sand, gravel, granite or artificial like slag or fly ash. They are classified based on weight as normal, light, or heavy. Aggregates are also classified based on size as fine or coarse, and on shape as rounded, irregular, angular or flat. Good aggregates are hard, durable, free of organic materials and have low moisture content. Tests are conducted to determine properties like crushing strength and impact and abrasion resistance.
chloride attack and sulphate attack on concretePratap Shinde
This document discusses chloride and sulfate attack on concrete. Chloride attack is a major cause of reinforcement corrosion, accounting for 40% of structure failures. Chlorides enter concrete through water, cement, aggregates or admixtures and exist in both bound and free forms, with free chlorides causing corrosion. Sulfate attack results in the formation of gypsum and ettringite, increasing concrete volume and causing disintegration. Preventative measures for chloride attack include proper cover, epoxy coatings, and permeability reduction. Sulfate attack can be controlled through the use of sulfate-resistant cement, quality concrete work, and pozzolanas or high alumina cement.
STABILITY OF SLOPESSEEPAGE CONTROL MEASURES AND SLOPE PROTECTION
a finite slope AB, the stability of which is to be analyzed.
The method Consists of assuming a number of trial slip circles, and finding the factor of safety of each.
The circle corresponding to the minimum factor of safely is the critical slip circle.
Let AD be a trial slip circle, with r as the radius and O as the centre of rotation
Let W be the weight of the soil of the wedge ABDA of unit thickness, acting through the centroid G.
The driving moment MD will be equal to W x, where x, is the distance of line of action of W from the vertical line passing through the centre of rotation O.
if cu is the unit cohesion, and l is the length of the slip arc AD, the shear resistance developed along the slip surface will be equal to cu • l, which act at a radial distance r from centre of rotation O.
When slip is imminent in a cohesive soil, a tension crack will always DevelOP by the top surface of the slope along which no shear resistance can develop,
The depth of tension crack is given by
The effect of tension crack is to shorten the arc length along which shear resistance gets mobilised to AB' and to reduce the angle δ to δ'.
The length of the slip arc to be taken in the computation of resisting force is only AB', since tension crack break the continuity at B'.
The weight of the sliding wedge is weight of the area bounded by the ground surface, slip circle arc AB' and the tension crack.
CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT MIX PROPORTIONSIjripublishers Ijri
Burnt Clay Brick is the predominant construction material in the country. The CO2 emissions in the brick manufacture
process have been acknowledged as a significant factor to global warming. Now-a-days there are so many technologies
involved in the recent development of concrete. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is one of the recent emerging technology
in making concrete. The usage of Cellular Light-weight Concrete (CLC) gives a prospective solution to building
construction industry along with environmental preservation. By using this type of concrete, we have found so many
advantages when compared to the burnt clay bricks.
1. The document discusses advances in concrete technology, including various admixtures that can improve the properties of concrete such as workability, strength, and durability.
2. It describes how plasticizers and super plasticizers can reduce the water-cement ratio while maintaining or improving workability. Retarders can delay the setting time of concrete to allow for longer transportation or pouring times.
3. The document also covers air-entraining admixtures, mineral admixtures, waterproofers, bonding agents, colorants, and corrosion inhibitors - explaining how each can enhance properties of concrete for different applications.
This document provides the specifications and design mix proportions for a grade M30 concrete. It specifies the materials to be used, including OPC 53 grade cement, 20mm coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate from zone 1. It then outlines an 8 step process to determine the mix proportions: 1) Target compressive strength, 2) Selection of water-cement ratio, 3) Selection of water content, 4) Calculation of cement content, 5) Proportions of coarse and fine aggregate volumes, 6) Calculation of mix proportions, 7) Adjustments for material conditions, 8) Final quantities of materials. The final mix proportions are provided as Cement: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate: Water in a ratio
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
The document contains figures and tables from mechanics of materials textbooks. It includes figures showing: load classifications, sign conventions, beam supports, simply supported beams, Mohr's circle diagrams, stresses on curved members, and development of transverse shear stresses. It also includes tables listing beam cross sections and their maximum shear stresses.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam under Cyclic LoadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete
beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with
conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of
the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility
and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together
even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post –
cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type
of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its
ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete
beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish loaddeflection
curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams
with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite
element models using ANSYS.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
Manual for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures to EC20984
Detailing is an essential part of the design process. This thorough reference guide for the design of reinforced concrete structures is largely based on Eurocode 2 (EC2), plus other European design standards such as Eurocode 8 (EC8), where appropriate.
With its large format, double-page spread layout, this book systematically details 213 structural elements. These have been carefully selected by José Calavera to cover relevant elements used in practice. Each element is presented with a whole-page annotated model along with commentary and recommendations for the element concerned, as well as a summary of the appropriate Eurocode legislation with reference to further standards and literature. The book also comes with a CD-ROM containing AutoCAD files of all of the models, which can be directly developed and adapted for specific designs.
Its accessible and practical format makes the book an ideal handbook for professional engineers working with reinforced concrete, as well as for students who are training to become designers of concrete structures.
This document discusses rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures to improve their resistance to earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes themselves do not cause deaths but collapsed buildings do. It then discusses causes of building failures in developing countries during earthquakes. The document outlines several past damaging earthquakes and their impacts. It discusses common causes of failure of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings during earthquakes. Finally, it describes various rehabilitation and retrofitting methods that can be used to strengthen existing structures, such as adding reinforcement, jacketing, and seismic belts.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete and different types of fibers that can be used. It describes various fiber materials including steel, glass, synthetic polymers like polypropylene and nylon, carbon, and natural fibers. For each type of fiber, the document discusses their properties, manufacturing methods, how they work to improve concrete properties, and common applications. Polypropylene fibers are discussed in more depth as one of the most common and cost-effective synthetic fiber options for concrete reinforcement.
Prestressed concrete is concrete reinforced with tensioned cables to counteract bending forces. There are losses in prestress over time due to various factors including elastic shortening, friction during tensioning, anchorage slip, and shrinkage and creep of the concrete as well as relaxation of the steel cables. These losses are calculated using step-by-step procedures accounting for time-dependent effects like creep and shrinkage to accurately determine the remaining prestress over the lifespan of the structure.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
Foundations transfer structural loads to the ground and include shallow foundations, such as spread footings, and deep foundations, such as piles. Piles are driven or drilled deep into the ground to gain bearing capacity from end-bearing or skin friction along their length. Pile driving involves using equipment like hammers, leads, and compressors to install piles, and dynamic testing helps evaluate pile capacity and optimize the driving system. Pile load tests provide a direct measurement of a pile's axial capacity. Proper installation and inspection techniques help ensure foundations perform as designed.
DPC, Back Filling and Plinth Protection.pptxSantoshreddy B
A DPC, or damp proof course, is a layer of waterproof material installed in walls near the ground to prevent rising damp. It restricts the flow of moisture through walls and floors, especially in basements. Without a DPC, moisture from the soil or groundwater can enter buildings through capillary action or rain penetration and cause dampness, damage structures and materials, promote mold and bacteria growth, and negatively impact occupant health. A DPC protects buildings by blocking moisture at its source.
Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete and can be natural materials like sand, gravel, granite or artificial like slag or fly ash. They are classified based on weight as normal, light, or heavy. Aggregates are also classified based on size as fine or coarse, and on shape as rounded, irregular, angular or flat. Good aggregates are hard, durable, free of organic materials and have low moisture content. Tests are conducted to determine properties like crushing strength and impact and abrasion resistance.
chloride attack and sulphate attack on concretePratap Shinde
This document discusses chloride and sulfate attack on concrete. Chloride attack is a major cause of reinforcement corrosion, accounting for 40% of structure failures. Chlorides enter concrete through water, cement, aggregates or admixtures and exist in both bound and free forms, with free chlorides causing corrosion. Sulfate attack results in the formation of gypsum and ettringite, increasing concrete volume and causing disintegration. Preventative measures for chloride attack include proper cover, epoxy coatings, and permeability reduction. Sulfate attack can be controlled through the use of sulfate-resistant cement, quality concrete work, and pozzolanas or high alumina cement.
STABILITY OF SLOPESSEEPAGE CONTROL MEASURES AND SLOPE PROTECTION
a finite slope AB, the stability of which is to be analyzed.
The method Consists of assuming a number of trial slip circles, and finding the factor of safety of each.
The circle corresponding to the minimum factor of safely is the critical slip circle.
Let AD be a trial slip circle, with r as the radius and O as the centre of rotation
Let W be the weight of the soil of the wedge ABDA of unit thickness, acting through the centroid G.
The driving moment MD will be equal to W x, where x, is the distance of line of action of W from the vertical line passing through the centre of rotation O.
if cu is the unit cohesion, and l is the length of the slip arc AD, the shear resistance developed along the slip surface will be equal to cu • l, which act at a radial distance r from centre of rotation O.
When slip is imminent in a cohesive soil, a tension crack will always DevelOP by the top surface of the slope along which no shear resistance can develop,
The depth of tension crack is given by
The effect of tension crack is to shorten the arc length along which shear resistance gets mobilised to AB' and to reduce the angle δ to δ'.
The length of the slip arc to be taken in the computation of resisting force is only AB', since tension crack break the continuity at B'.
The weight of the sliding wedge is weight of the area bounded by the ground surface, slip circle arc AB' and the tension crack.
CELLULAR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS WITH DIFFERENT MIX PROPORTIONSIjripublishers Ijri
Burnt Clay Brick is the predominant construction material in the country. The CO2 emissions in the brick manufacture
process have been acknowledged as a significant factor to global warming. Now-a-days there are so many technologies
involved in the recent development of concrete. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is one of the recent emerging technology
in making concrete. The usage of Cellular Light-weight Concrete (CLC) gives a prospective solution to building
construction industry along with environmental preservation. By using this type of concrete, we have found so many
advantages when compared to the burnt clay bricks.
1. The document discusses advances in concrete technology, including various admixtures that can improve the properties of concrete such as workability, strength, and durability.
2. It describes how plasticizers and super plasticizers can reduce the water-cement ratio while maintaining or improving workability. Retarders can delay the setting time of concrete to allow for longer transportation or pouring times.
3. The document also covers air-entraining admixtures, mineral admixtures, waterproofers, bonding agents, colorants, and corrosion inhibitors - explaining how each can enhance properties of concrete for different applications.
This document provides the specifications and design mix proportions for a grade M30 concrete. It specifies the materials to be used, including OPC 53 grade cement, 20mm coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate from zone 1. It then outlines an 8 step process to determine the mix proportions: 1) Target compressive strength, 2) Selection of water-cement ratio, 3) Selection of water content, 4) Calculation of cement content, 5) Proportions of coarse and fine aggregate volumes, 6) Calculation of mix proportions, 7) Adjustments for material conditions, 8) Final quantities of materials. The final mix proportions are provided as Cement: Fine Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate: Water in a ratio
This document discusses the compressive strength of concrete. It defines compressive strength as the ability of a material to withstand pushing forces. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The document describes how to test the compressive strength of concrete cube and cylinder specimens. It provides details on specimen size, curing, loading rate, and calculating compressive strength based on applied load divided by cross-sectional area.
The document contains figures and tables from mechanics of materials textbooks. It includes figures showing: load classifications, sign conventions, beam supports, simply supported beams, Mohr's circle diagrams, stresses on curved members, and development of transverse shear stresses. It also includes tables listing beam cross sections and their maximum shear stresses.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. This document discusses FRC, including its history, types of fibers used, applications, and mechanical properties. It also provides a case study comparing the effects of straight and hooked steel fibers on properties like workability, strength, and toughness. The study found that hooked fibers had better dispersion and increased flexural strength, toughness, and energy absorption compared to straight fibers. In conclusion, the document provides a detailed overview of FRC and how fiber type and content can influence its mechanical behavior.
Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beam under Cyclic LoadingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper describes the influence of steel fibre distribution on the ultimate strength of concrete
beams. An experimental & analytical investigation of the behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with
conventional steel bars and steel fibres under cyclic loading is presented. It is now well established that one of
the important properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. As a result of this ability to arrest cracks, fibre composites possess increased extensibility
and tensile strength, both at first crack and at ultimate load and the fibres are able to hold the matrix together
even after extensive cracking. The net result of all these is to impart to the fibre composite pronounced post –
cracking ductility which is unheard of in ordinary concrete. The transformation from a brittle to a ductile type
of material would increase substantially the energy absorption characteristics of the fibre composite and its
ability to withstand repeatedly applied, shock or impact loading. Tests on conventionally reinforced concrete
beam specimens, containing steel fibres in different proportions, have been conducted to establish loaddeflection
curves. It was observed that SFRC beams showed enhanced properties compared to that of RC beams
with steel fibres. The experimental investigations are validated with the analytical studies carried out by finite
element models using ANSYS.
Keywords: Steel fiber, concrete, properties, crack, ductility, technology.
Manual for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures to EC20984
Detailing is an essential part of the design process. This thorough reference guide for the design of reinforced concrete structures is largely based on Eurocode 2 (EC2), plus other European design standards such as Eurocode 8 (EC8), where appropriate.
With its large format, double-page spread layout, this book systematically details 213 structural elements. These have been carefully selected by José Calavera to cover relevant elements used in practice. Each element is presented with a whole-page annotated model along with commentary and recommendations for the element concerned, as well as a summary of the appropriate Eurocode legislation with reference to further standards and literature. The book also comes with a CD-ROM containing AutoCAD files of all of the models, which can be directly developed and adapted for specific designs.
Its accessible and practical format makes the book an ideal handbook for professional engineers working with reinforced concrete, as well as for students who are training to become designers of concrete structures.
This document discusses rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures to improve their resistance to earthquakes. It notes that earthquakes themselves do not cause deaths but collapsed buildings do. It then discusses causes of building failures in developing countries during earthquakes. The document outlines several past damaging earthquakes and their impacts. It discusses common causes of failure of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings during earthquakes. Finally, it describes various rehabilitation and retrofitting methods that can be used to strengthen existing structures, such as adding reinforcement, jacketing, and seismic belts.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete and different types of fibers that can be used. It describes various fiber materials including steel, glass, synthetic polymers like polypropylene and nylon, carbon, and natural fibers. For each type of fiber, the document discusses their properties, manufacturing methods, how they work to improve concrete properties, and common applications. Polypropylene fibers are discussed in more depth as one of the most common and cost-effective synthetic fiber options for concrete reinforcement.