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Ankylosing spondylitis
This document describes Ankylosing Spondylitis, also known as Marie-Strumpell disease. It notes that the disease commonly affects males between 15-30 years old and presents with lower back pain and stiffness that is worse in the morning and improves with movement. Characteristics include pain in the lower back, hips, and shoulders that may radiate to the buttocks and thighs. Over time, the spine can develop a kyphotic deformity. Investigations show elevated ESR and the presence of the HLA-B27 gene.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It has a strong genetic predisposition and is more common in males. Diagnosis involves tests like the Schober test and x-rays showing changes to the spine. Over time, new bone formation can fuse the vertebrae together into a "bamboo spine". Other complications can include eye inflammation, respiratory issues, and cardiac abnormalities. Careful pre-operative evaluation of a patient's airway, spine, and cardiopulmonary status is important due to the risks general anesthesia may pose. Regional techniques or awake fiberoptic intubation are preferable.
Inflammatory effects of HLA-B27 as a Mechanism in Ankylosing Spondylitis
This document summarizes the proposed mechanisms behind ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a type of arthritis that mainly affects the lower spine. It discusses how the presence of the HLA-B27 protein, found in over 95% of Caucasians with AS, may lead to inflammation through aberrant antigen processing and presentation. Specifically, mutations in HLA-B27 or the protein ERAP1, which helps cleave antigens for presentation, could cause immune responses through endoplasmic reticulum stress or inability to associate antigens with HLA-B27. Additional factors like the IL-23 pathway may also contribute to AS development. Genome-wide studies have identified other genetic loci associated with AS risk.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis is a disease characterized by sacroiliitis and inflammation of the spine and tendon attachments. It commonly causes dull low back pain, bony tenderness, and arthritis. Over time, it can lead to a loss of spinal mobility and changes in posture like loss of lumbar lordosis and accentuated thoracic kyphosis. Disease progression is measured by factors like loss of height, limited chest expansion, and spinal flexion. Poor prognostic markers include early onset disease, early hip involvement, and smoking. Common extraarticular manifestations include anterior uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Disease activity is measured by tools like the BASDAI and BASFI scales.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document provides information on seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA), including ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Key points:
- SpA involve ligamentous attachments rather than the synovium and commonly affect the sacroiliac joints. They are seronegative for rheumatoid factor.
- AS is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily involving the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. It has associations with HLA-B27 and may involve extra-articular manifestations.
- Diagnosis of AS combines criteria of inflammatory back pain, enthesitis or arthritis on physical exam with radiographic findings like sacroiliitis and syndesmophyte formation seen
Ankylosing spondylitis. Self study materials for medical students.
This document provides information about ankylosing spondylitis (AS), including its definition, symptoms, signs, and management. AS is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing stiffness, pain and fusion of the vertebrae. It has strong genetic associations with HLA-B27 antigen and may be triggered by bacterial infections. Symptoms often begin with lower back pain and stiffness that worsens with rest and improves with activity. Advanced cases can result in a fixed "question mark" posture as the spine becomes fused. The document discusses diagnostic criteria, extra-articular manifestations involving the eyes, heart, lungs and bowels, and treatment approaches for AS.
Ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis
1) Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.
2) It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene and has a prevalence of 0.2-1.2% among the general population.
3) The hallmark feature of AS is bony ankylosis of the spine that results in a "bamboo spine" appearance on imaging. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in driving the inflammation seen in AS.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 200 million people annually and kills over 400,000, mainly young children in Africa. The disease causes flu-like symptoms and periodic fevers. If untreated, it can lead to severe complications affecting the brain, kidneys, and fetus. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid tests. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species but includes chloroquine and artemisinin combination therapies. Control relies on mosquito elimination, bed nets, antimalarial drugs, and vaccination research.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
This document describes Ankylosing Spondylitis, also known as Marie-Strumpell disease. It notes that the disease commonly affects males between 15-30 years old and presents with lower back pain and stiffness that is worse in the morning and improves with movement. Characteristics include pain in the lower back, hips, and shoulders that may radiate to the buttocks and thighs. Over time, the spine can develop a kyphotic deformity. Investigations show elevated ESR and the presence of the HLA-B27 gene.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It has a strong genetic predisposition and is more common in males. Diagnosis involves tests like the Schober test and x-rays showing changes to the spine. Over time, new bone formation can fuse the vertebrae together into a "bamboo spine". Other complications can include eye inflammation, respiratory issues, and cardiac abnormalities. Careful pre-operative evaluation of a patient's airway, spine, and cardiopulmonary status is important due to the risks general anesthesia may pose. Regional techniques or awake fiberoptic intubation are preferable.
Inflammatory effects of HLA-B27 as a Mechanism in Ankylosing Spondylitis
This document summarizes the proposed mechanisms behind ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a type of arthritis that mainly affects the lower spine. It discusses how the presence of the HLA-B27 protein, found in over 95% of Caucasians with AS, may lead to inflammation through aberrant antigen processing and presentation. Specifically, mutations in HLA-B27 or the protein ERAP1, which helps cleave antigens for presentation, could cause immune responses through endoplasmic reticulum stress or inability to associate antigens with HLA-B27. Additional factors like the IL-23 pathway may also contribute to AS development. Genome-wide studies have identified other genetic loci associated with AS risk.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis is a disease characterized by sacroiliitis and inflammation of the spine and tendon attachments. It commonly causes dull low back pain, bony tenderness, and arthritis. Over time, it can lead to a loss of spinal mobility and changes in posture like loss of lumbar lordosis and accentuated thoracic kyphosis. Disease progression is measured by factors like loss of height, limited chest expansion, and spinal flexion. Poor prognostic markers include early onset disease, early hip involvement, and smoking. Common extraarticular manifestations include anterior uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Disease activity is measured by tools like the BASDAI and BASFI scales.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document provides information on seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA), including ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Key points:
- SpA involve ligamentous attachments rather than the synovium and commonly affect the sacroiliac joints. They are seronegative for rheumatoid factor.
- AS is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily involving the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. It has associations with HLA-B27 and may involve extra-articular manifestations.
- Diagnosis of AS combines criteria of inflammatory back pain, enthesitis or arthritis on physical exam with radiographic findings like sacroiliitis and syndesmophyte formation seen
Ankylosing spondylitis. Self study materials for medical students.
This document provides information about ankylosing spondylitis (AS), including its definition, symptoms, signs, and management. AS is a chronic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing stiffness, pain and fusion of the vertebrae. It has strong genetic associations with HLA-B27 antigen and may be triggered by bacterial infections. Symptoms often begin with lower back pain and stiffness that worsens with rest and improves with activity. Advanced cases can result in a fixed "question mark" posture as the spine becomes fused. The document discusses diagnostic criteria, extra-articular manifestations involving the eyes, heart, lungs and bowels, and treatment approaches for AS.
Ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis
1) Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.
2) It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene and has a prevalence of 0.2-1.2% among the general population.
3) The hallmark feature of AS is bony ankylosis of the spine that results in a "bamboo spine" appearance on imaging. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in driving the inflammation seen in AS.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. It affects over 200 million people annually and kills over 400,000, mainly young children in Africa. The disease causes flu-like symptoms and periodic fevers. If untreated, it can lead to severe complications affecting the brain, kidneys, and fetus. Diagnosis is via blood smear microscopy or rapid tests. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species but includes chloroquine and artemisinin combination therapies. Control relies on mosquito elimination, bed nets, antimalarial drugs, and vaccination research.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that affects the spine. It causes joints of the spine, particularly in the lower back, to become inflamed and painful. This inflammation can lead to new bone growth that fuses the vertebrae together, restricting flexibility and movement. Symptoms include lower back and hip pain and stiffness that lasts more than 3 months, as well as morning pain and stiffness that improves with exercise. It mainly affects males between ages 14-35 and has no cure, though medication can help relieve pain and stiffness.
Malaria
This document summarizes malaria, including its history, symptoms, treatment, and complications. It notes that malaria was described in ancient Chinese and Greek literature and that the parasite was discovered in 1880. Symptoms include cyclic fevers, chills, and sweats. Treatment depends on the malaria species and severity, ranging from chloroquine for uncomplicated cases to intravenous quinine, artemisinins, or exchange transfusion for severe cases. Complications can include cerebral malaria, renal failure, and death if not promptly treated.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most severe form of malaria is caused by P. falciparum, which can lead to high mortality if left untreated. Malaria transmission varies geographically, from holoendemic areas with very high rates of infection to hypoendemic areas with low transmission. Disease severity depends on the infecting species and the level of immunity developed in the human host.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document provides an overview of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathological anatomy, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and evaluation, and treatment of these conditions. Key points include that ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the HLA-B27 gene, it predominantly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, and diagnosis involves assessing symptoms of inflammatory back pain and structural damage visible on imaging studies according to criteria from ASAS.
Ankylosing spondylitis management
The document discusses the investigation and treatment modalities for ankylosing spondylitis. It states that each patient should receive an individualized evaluation and treatment plan to provide the best outcome. Treatment involves a team approach including orthopedists, rheumatologists, physiotherapists and others. Drug therapy aims to relieve symptoms, slow disease progression, and produce immunosuppression. Physical therapy focuses on maintaining joint movement and strengthening muscles. Surgery may be considered for severe deformities or other complications.
Ankylosing spondylitis UG lecture
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the entheses, where ligaments and tendons attach to bone. Over time, this leads to ossification and fusion of the vertebrae (bamboo spine). Symptoms include chronic lower back pain and stiffness, especially early morning, as well as restricted spinal mobility. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed by presence of HLA-B27 and imaging showing sacroiliitis and vertebral squaring/syndesmophytes. There is currently no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, but treatment can help reduce symptoms and prevent deformity.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of chronic arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes inflammation and stiffness of the spinal joints and surrounding tissues, which can eventually lead to a complete fusion of the spinal bones. The condition is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 genetic marker and tends to develop early, between ages 18-30. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and immune system factors like tumor necrosis factor are thought to play a role. There is no cure, but treatments can help reduce symptoms, slow the progression, and manage pain.
Malaria update
Malaria remains a major global health problem, infecting over 240 million people annually and killing over 1 million, mostly children in Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. Diagnosis and treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria is discussed. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended treatments. For severe malaria, artesunate is the treatment of choice due to its superiority over quinine in clinical trials. Malaria control efforts aim to expand access to effective prevention and treatment.
Lab diagnosis of malaria
This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis of malaria, including light microscopy, antigen detection tests, serology, and molecular techniques. Light microscopy examination of thick and thin blood films is the gold standard for diagnosis and can identify parasite species, but requires trained technicians. Rapid diagnostic tests provide rapid results but cannot detect mixed infections. Serology is useful for epidemiological purposes rather than direct diagnosis. Molecular techniques like PCR provide high sensitivity but are best for research and special cases due to cost and complexity. No single method is ideal so a diagnostic approach depends on the clinical situation and available resources.
Malaria final
Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by mosquitoes that infects over 350 million people annually, killing over 1 million mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites including P. falciparum which is responsible for the majority of deaths. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the liver and blood cells of humans. Infected mosquitoes can then transmit the parasite to other humans, perpetuating the cycle. Symptoms include fevers, anemia, and enlarged spleen. Without treatment, P. falciparum malaria can lead to severe complications and death.
Diabetes mellitus
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document discusses ankylosing spondylitis and anti-TNF therapies. It describes ankylosing spondylitis as a seronegative spondyloarthropathy characterized by sacroiliitis and spinal inflammation, resulting in back pain, stiffness, and new bone formation causing ankylosis. It presents criteria for diagnosis and notes therapies aim to relieve symptoms and improve spinal mobility, including NSAIDs, DMARDs, and anti-TNF therapies like adalimumab and etanercept, which block TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation. Side effects of these therapies can include injection site reactions and infections.
Diabetes mellitus 2017
The document summarizes guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) regarding standards of medical care for diabetes in 2017. It discusses recommendations for classifying and diagnosing different types of diabetes, including prediabetes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. The ADA recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in asymptomatic adults starting at age 45 or earlier for those with risk factors. It also provides criteria for diagnosing diabetes based on hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
Malaria treatment guideline 2012
1. Malaria is a life-threatening tropical disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites.
2. Malaysia has seen a large reduction in malaria cases from the 1980s but remains at risk due to its equatorial climate.
3. Malaria symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include fever, chills, headaches and more, with severe cases potentially involving coma, respiratory distress or kidney failure if left untreated.
Malaria
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites that is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and affects around 40% of the world's population. The most common and deadly type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which can lead to complications like cerebral malaria. Signs and symptoms include periodic fevers, headaches, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope to look for the parasites. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, and artemisinin combination therapies.
Malaria powerpoint
Malaria is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium type, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria most commonly occurs in subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. While the disease can be treated with antimalarial drugs, prevention through mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial prophylaxis is most effective.
F4a277a5d0a4f9
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that affects the spine. It causes joints of the spine, particularly in the lower back, to become inflamed and painful. This inflammation can lead to new bone growth that fuses the vertebrae together, restricting flexibility and movement. Symptoms include lower back and hip pain and stiffness that lasts more than 3 months, as well as morning pain and stiffness that improves with exercise. It mainly affects males between ages 14-35 and has no cure, though medication can help relieve pain and stiffness.
Malaria
This document summarizes malaria, including its history, symptoms, treatment, and complications. It notes that malaria was described in ancient Chinese and Greek literature and that the parasite was discovered in 1880. Symptoms include cyclic fevers, chills, and sweats. Treatment depends on the malaria species and severity, ranging from chloroquine for uncomplicated cases to intravenous quinine, artemisinins, or exchange transfusion for severe cases. Complications can include cerebral malaria, renal failure, and death if not promptly treated.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium that are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The most severe form of malaria is caused by P. falciparum, which can lead to high mortality if left untreated. Malaria transmission varies geographically, from holoendemic areas with very high rates of infection to hypoendemic areas with low transmission. Disease severity depends on the infecting species and the level of immunity developed in the human host.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document provides an overview of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathological anatomy, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and evaluation, and treatment of these conditions. Key points include that ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the HLA-B27 gene, it predominantly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, and diagnosis involves assessing symptoms of inflammatory back pain and structural damage visible on imaging studies according to criteria from ASAS.
Ankylosing spondylitis management
The document discusses the investigation and treatment modalities for ankylosing spondylitis. It states that each patient should receive an individualized evaluation and treatment plan to provide the best outcome. Treatment involves a team approach including orthopedists, rheumatologists, physiotherapists and others. Drug therapy aims to relieve symptoms, slow disease progression, and produce immunosuppression. Physical therapy focuses on maintaining joint movement and strengthening muscles. Surgery may be considered for severe deformities or other complications.
Ankylosing spondylitis UG lecture
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is characterized by inflammation of the entheses, where ligaments and tendons attach to bone. Over time, this leads to ossification and fusion of the vertebrae (bamboo spine). Symptoms include chronic lower back pain and stiffness, especially early morning, as well as restricted spinal mobility. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed by presence of HLA-B27 and imaging showing sacroiliitis and vertebral squaring/syndesmophytes. There is currently no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, but treatment can help reduce symptoms and prevent deformity.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of chronic arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes inflammation and stiffness of the spinal joints and surrounding tissues, which can eventually lead to a complete fusion of the spinal bones. The condition is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 genetic marker and tends to develop early, between ages 18-30. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and immune system factors like tumor necrosis factor are thought to play a role. There is no cure, but treatments can help reduce symptoms, slow the progression, and manage pain.
Malaria update
Malaria remains a major global health problem, infecting over 240 million people annually and killing over 1 million, mostly children in Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. Diagnosis and treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria is discussed. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are the recommended treatments. For severe malaria, artesunate is the treatment of choice due to its superiority over quinine in clinical trials. Malaria control efforts aim to expand access to effective prevention and treatment.
Lab diagnosis of malaria
This document discusses various methods for laboratory diagnosis of malaria, including light microscopy, antigen detection tests, serology, and molecular techniques. Light microscopy examination of thick and thin blood films is the gold standard for diagnosis and can identify parasite species, but requires trained technicians. Rapid diagnostic tests provide rapid results but cannot detect mixed infections. Serology is useful for epidemiological purposes rather than direct diagnosis. Molecular techniques like PCR provide high sensitivity but are best for research and special cases due to cost and complexity. No single method is ideal so a diagnostic approach depends on the clinical situation and available resources.
Malaria final
Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by mosquitoes that infects over 350 million people annually, killing over 1 million mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites including P. falciparum which is responsible for the majority of deaths. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the liver and blood cells of humans. Infected mosquitoes can then transmit the parasite to other humans, perpetuating the cycle. Symptoms include fevers, anemia, and enlarged spleen. Without treatment, P. falciparum malaria can lead to severe complications and death.
Diabetes mellitus
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
Ankylosing spondylitis
This document discusses ankylosing spondylitis and anti-TNF therapies. It describes ankylosing spondylitis as a seronegative spondyloarthropathy characterized by sacroiliitis and spinal inflammation, resulting in back pain, stiffness, and new bone formation causing ankylosis. It presents criteria for diagnosis and notes therapies aim to relieve symptoms and improve spinal mobility, including NSAIDs, DMARDs, and anti-TNF therapies like adalimumab and etanercept, which block TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation. Side effects of these therapies can include injection site reactions and infections.
Diabetes mellitus 2017
The document summarizes guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) regarding standards of medical care for diabetes in 2017. It discusses recommendations for classifying and diagnosing different types of diabetes, including prediabetes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. The ADA recommends screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in asymptomatic adults starting at age 45 or earlier for those with risk factors. It also provides criteria for diagnosing diabetes based on hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and oral glucose tolerance tests.
Malaria treatment guideline 2012
1. Malaria is a life-threatening tropical disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites.
2. Malaysia has seen a large reduction in malaria cases from the 1980s but remains at risk due to its equatorial climate.
3. Malaria symptoms vary from mild to severe and can include fever, chills, headaches and more, with severe cases potentially involving coma, respiratory distress or kidney failure if left untreated.
Malaria
Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites that is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and affects around 40% of the world's population. The most common and deadly type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which can lead to complications like cerebral malaria. Signs and symptoms include periodic fevers, headaches, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves examining blood smears under a microscope to look for the parasites. Treatment involves antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, and artemisinin combination therapies.
Malaria powerpoint
Malaria is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium type, which are transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. Symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Malaria most commonly occurs in subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. While the disease can be treated with antimalarial drugs, prevention through mosquito bite avoidance and antimalarial prophylaxis is most effective.
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