The document describes the development of a dynamic simulator for assessing umbilical cord blood flow using Doppler ultrasound. The simulator aims to simulate various flow conditions in the umbilical cord to help train medical residents on interpreting Doppler ultrasound examinations of the umbilical cord. It consists of a flow system using a pump to circulate fluid through a model of the umbilical cord and placenta, a computer to control the pump and analyze ultrasound data, and a model of the umbilical cord and placenta within a surrounding environment. The goal is to provide a realistic training experience for residents to practice Doppler ultrasound assessments of umbilical cord blood flow under different simulated scenarios.
This review discusses getting started with endoscopic ear surgery (EES). It covers modern learning theory and its application to EES. Key aspects of instrumentation for EES are described, including endoscopes, cameras, and monitors. The optical chain is explained. Ideal initial cases for EES, such as cholesteatoma, are discussed. Common mistakes for early adopters of EES are also outlined.
Industrial electrician coursr book soft copy Ramesh Meti
The document provides safety guidelines for industrial electricians, including proper lifting techniques, electrical safety measures like using insulated tools and protective equipment, and procedures for handling electrical fires and providing first aid to electrocuted persons. It also covers basics of electricity, electrical circuits, wiring, motors, transformers, maintenance and other topics relevant to working as an industrial electrician.
This document is the user guide for the GENESYS 10S UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It provides instructions on setup, operation, and maintenance of the instrument. The guide covers topics such as connecting accessories, initializing cell holders, taking absorbance and transmittance measurements, performing concentration measurements using calibration curves, and managing stored test methods. It also provides contact information for technical support.
This document provides instructions for the Gene Pulser Xcell electroporation system. It describes unpacking and setting up the system, which includes a main unit and optional modules. The document outlines operating instructions, electroporation protocols for bacterial and fungal cells, and specifications. Safety information is provided, noting the system produces high voltages and currents and should only be operated according to instructions to avoid electrical or mechanical hazards.
This document provides an overview and instructions for the Total Eclipse Chemical Management System. It describes the system components, operating modes, formula programming, and installation and service procedures. The Total Eclipse uses formulas programmed via its keypad or a computer software to dispense chemicals based on trigger signals from a washing machine. It can control up to eight pumps and includes features like automatic formula selection, user-defined names, and report generation.
Design and implementation of autonomous quadcopter convertedZaima Wajid
The quadcopter is the useful tool to researchers in the field of flight control theory along with robotics and real-time systems. Quadcopters have applications in different areas like in surveillance, security and delivery systems also the search and rescue missions in cities but all of these are remotely controlled, highly expensive, have limited line of sight, no access to the places where humans can’t reach, limited range and the balancing or control is too hard for an inexperienced person.
Autonomous Quadcopter aims at replacing the Remote or manual control Quadcopters. My Project took an initiative for the monitoring of disasters place using Autonomous Quadcopter which had eliminated the need of human to take control of it and they will operate and balance themselves autonomously The Project proposed an ease to rescue and search operations, to military, marts and many more. Basically, it resolved all problems which one can face while using the remote control Quadcopter.
To meet the need of time the project is proposed a major modernism in which one would be able to give Autonomous Quadcopter a desired path on the google map, Quadcopter will follow that path autonomously as well as it will detect the hurdles and will change its path automatically to reach the destination safely. In the mountain areas, it also manages the altitude and provides us the required factors through live streaming on tablet or mobile phone.
This document is the user manual for the I-Max Touch x-ray device. It describes safety information, device functions, preparation and use for various examinations including panoramic, TMJ, sinus, and cephalometric exams. It also covers maintenance, potential defects, and error messages. The manual instructs users on safely and effectively operating the device for intended radiographic procedures.
This document provides details on the design and development of an ACL injury rehabilitation device created by biomedical engineering students. It includes chapters on the device's chassis, data acquisition/feedback system, resistance mechanism, constant force application, budget, schedule, and testing/validation. The device aims to assist with ACL rehabilitation in phases 2-3 by providing assisted motion, resistance training, and collecting usage data for physical therapists. Components include an ergonomic chassis, motor for constant force flexion/extension, resistance band, and sensors to monitor range of motion and ensure safe movement planes. Extensive testing was performed to verify the design met specifications for safety, accuracy and usability.
This review discusses getting started with endoscopic ear surgery (EES). It covers modern learning theory and its application to EES. Key aspects of instrumentation for EES are described, including endoscopes, cameras, and monitors. The optical chain is explained. Ideal initial cases for EES, such as cholesteatoma, are discussed. Common mistakes for early adopters of EES are also outlined.
Industrial electrician coursr book soft copy Ramesh Meti
The document provides safety guidelines for industrial electricians, including proper lifting techniques, electrical safety measures like using insulated tools and protective equipment, and procedures for handling electrical fires and providing first aid to electrocuted persons. It also covers basics of electricity, electrical circuits, wiring, motors, transformers, maintenance and other topics relevant to working as an industrial electrician.
This document is the user guide for the GENESYS 10S UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It provides instructions on setup, operation, and maintenance of the instrument. The guide covers topics such as connecting accessories, initializing cell holders, taking absorbance and transmittance measurements, performing concentration measurements using calibration curves, and managing stored test methods. It also provides contact information for technical support.
This document provides instructions for the Gene Pulser Xcell electroporation system. It describes unpacking and setting up the system, which includes a main unit and optional modules. The document outlines operating instructions, electroporation protocols for bacterial and fungal cells, and specifications. Safety information is provided, noting the system produces high voltages and currents and should only be operated according to instructions to avoid electrical or mechanical hazards.
This document provides an overview and instructions for the Total Eclipse Chemical Management System. It describes the system components, operating modes, formula programming, and installation and service procedures. The Total Eclipse uses formulas programmed via its keypad or a computer software to dispense chemicals based on trigger signals from a washing machine. It can control up to eight pumps and includes features like automatic formula selection, user-defined names, and report generation.
Design and implementation of autonomous quadcopter convertedZaima Wajid
The quadcopter is the useful tool to researchers in the field of flight control theory along with robotics and real-time systems. Quadcopters have applications in different areas like in surveillance, security and delivery systems also the search and rescue missions in cities but all of these are remotely controlled, highly expensive, have limited line of sight, no access to the places where humans can’t reach, limited range and the balancing or control is too hard for an inexperienced person.
Autonomous Quadcopter aims at replacing the Remote or manual control Quadcopters. My Project took an initiative for the monitoring of disasters place using Autonomous Quadcopter which had eliminated the need of human to take control of it and they will operate and balance themselves autonomously The Project proposed an ease to rescue and search operations, to military, marts and many more. Basically, it resolved all problems which one can face while using the remote control Quadcopter.
To meet the need of time the project is proposed a major modernism in which one would be able to give Autonomous Quadcopter a desired path on the google map, Quadcopter will follow that path autonomously as well as it will detect the hurdles and will change its path automatically to reach the destination safely. In the mountain areas, it also manages the altitude and provides us the required factors through live streaming on tablet or mobile phone.
This document is the user manual for the I-Max Touch x-ray device. It describes safety information, device functions, preparation and use for various examinations including panoramic, TMJ, sinus, and cephalometric exams. It also covers maintenance, potential defects, and error messages. The manual instructs users on safely and effectively operating the device for intended radiographic procedures.
This document provides details on the design and development of an ACL injury rehabilitation device created by biomedical engineering students. It includes chapters on the device's chassis, data acquisition/feedback system, resistance mechanism, constant force application, budget, schedule, and testing/validation. The device aims to assist with ACL rehabilitation in phases 2-3 by providing assisted motion, resistance training, and collecting usage data for physical therapists. Components include an ergonomic chassis, motor for constant force flexion/extension, resistance band, and sensors to monitor range of motion and ensure safe movement planes. Extensive testing was performed to verify the design met specifications for safety, accuracy and usability.
This document summarizes a project on developing a video surveillance system that can detect movement, record video footage, and transmit footage wirelessly. The system aims to be standalone and function unattended for a week. Key objectives are interfacing sensors with a microcontroller for detection, controlling a motor's position and speed, developing video capturing and wireless transmission software, and designing a robust power system. Deliverables include testing microcontroller input/output, a motion detection circuit, and programs for sending data to a PC and wireless transmission. The project aims to build a low-cost automated video surveillance system.
Sony Xperi Z5 Premium Manual / User Guidemanualsheet
The document provides an overview of security features and settings for a mobile device, including screen locks, fingerprint scanning, automatic unlocking, SIM card protection, finding a lost device, and resetting the device. It covers topics such as locking and unlocking the screen, using a fingerprint sensor and PIN code, enabling automatic unlocking, finding identification numbers, using remote services to locate or clear a lost device, and running diagnostic tests.
This document describes a thesis submitted to obtain a Doctorate degree. The thesis is focused on micro-robotic cholesteatoma surgery, with the goal of analyzing clinical requirements and developing image-based control under constraints.
The thesis was submitted by Bassem Dahroug to the University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté. It presents work done at the FEMTO-ST Institute to develop methods for constrained motion of surgical robots through anatomical structures using pre-operative images, in order to enable robot-assisted cholesteatoma surgery. Validation of the developed methods was done through numerical simulation and experimental trials on a parallel robot.
This document provides an overview of the Netvibes dashboard platform, including descriptions of key features like dashboards, widgets, contacts, activities, and customization settings. It covers the sign up and account management process, and explains how to add and organize content on the dashboard using drag and drop. Sections are also dedicated to public dashboards, the widget viewing interface, and keyboard shortcuts.
Final thesis report on eye tracking based driver fatigue hardeep singh pec un...HardeepSingh Dhillon
Published in: Power Electronics (IICPE), 2010 India International Conference on
Date of Conference: 28-30 Jan. 2011
Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 10 March 2011
ISBN Information:
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4244-7882-8
Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
CD-ROM ISBN: 978-1-4244-7881-1
Print on Demand(PoD) ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
ISSN Information:
INSPEC Accession Number: 11873780
DOI: 10.1109/IICPE.2011.5728062
Publisher: IEEE
ABSTRACT The Project entitled “Eye Tracking based Driver Fatigue Monitoring and Warning System” consists of the hardware and the software modules. The main idea behind this project is to develope a non-intrusive system which can detect fatigue of driver and issue a timely warning. Since large number of road accidents are caused by driver drowsiness. Hence this system will be helpful in preventing many accidents, and consequently save money and reduce personal suffering. This system will detect eye movement to detect the fatigue state of driver. By monitoring the eyes using camera and developing an algorithm we can detect symptoms of driver fatigue early enough to avoid an accident. So this project will be helpful in detecting driver fatigue in advance and will gave a warning output in form of sound and vibration. For indication of warning we will use two approaches i.e one by blowing alarm and second by seat belt vibration whose frequency will vary between 100 to 300 Hzs. Moreover the warning will be deactivated manually rather than automatically. So for this purpose a deactivation switch will be used to deactivate warning. Moreover if driver felt drowsy there is possibility of sudden acceleration or de-acceleration hence we can judge this by plotting a graph in time domain and when all three input variables shows a possibility of fatigue at one moment then a warning signal is shown in form of text or red colour circle. This will directly give an indication of drowsiness/fatigue which can be further used as record of driver performance or can be used by traffic police which can take further action accordingly.
This document is the Apache Ant user manual guide for version 1.6.0, published on December 29, 2003. It provides instructions on installing Ant, running Ant builds from the command line, and using Ant to write build files with projects, targets, tasks, and properties. The guide also covers Ant concepts, listeners, best practices for production usage, task design guidelines, writing custom tasks, and using Ant tasks outside of Ant builds.
This document provides an overview and user manual for the VideoRay Pro 4 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system. The Pro 4 is an updated model from VideoRay with more powerful motors and electronics, a maximum depth rating of 300 meters, and integrated topside control software. The manual is organized into sections covering quick start instructions, equipment details, operation guides, maintenance procedures, and customization options. It provides information to help users safely set up, operate and maintain the Pro 4 ROV system.
This design report describes an automated suturing device created by a team to assist medical professionals in closing wounds quickly and efficiently. The device has two main parts, a head and body. The head uses gears and rollers to move a suture needle through the skin fully. It features a disposable casing to maintain sterility. The body houses electrical components and controls. A prototype was tested against requirements of breaking skin, portability, speed, longevity and full needle rotation, but a fully functional prototype was not created. The report provides details on the device design, evaluation, next steps, and supporting documents.
This 510(k) submission is for the WedgeXTM Bone Wedge, a titanium bone wedge intended for internal bone fixation in the ankle and foot. The device is substantially equivalent to the predicate BIOFOAM® Bone Wedge. Testing showed the WedgeXTM Bone Wedge passed biocompatibility testing according to ISO 10993 and performance bench testing including static, fatigue, and flexural testing. The device will be provided sterile for prescription use and is intended as an alternative to bone grafts for procedures such as opening wedge osteotomies and arthrodesis of the foot and ankle.
Guidance, Control and Trajectory Tracking of Small Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial...Amer Al-Radaideh
This thesis discusses guidance, control and trajectory tracking for small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It presents the development of a test-bed UAV platform using an ARF60 aircraft. The thesis aims to identify the aircraft's aerodynamic coefficients through numerical modeling and flight testing. It also designs an autopilot using a successive loop closure approach for longitudinal and lateral control. The autopilot is implemented and evaluated in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation along with a trajectory tracking algorithm. Flight tests are also conducted using a Kestrel autopilot to validate the results.
This document provides guidance for planning, implementing, and operating automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B) systems in the Asia-Pacific region. It covers topics such as ADS-B data, implementation, system integrity and monitoring, reliability and availability considerations, regulations and procedures, and security issues. The document establishes a framework for harmonizing ADS-B implementation across states and provides forms and checklists to support the integration, commissioning, monitoring, and problem reporting for ADS-B systems. It is intended to supplement existing International Civil Aviation Organization documentation and procedures.
Here are the steps to install the course software:
1. Insert the LabVIEW Basics I: Introduction course CD into your computer's CD/DVD drive.
2. If the setup program does not automatically launch, browse to the CD and double-click the Setup.exe file.
3. Follow the on-screen instructions to install the course software. Accept all default settings.
4. When installation is complete, eject the CD from your computer.
5. Browse to the location where you installed the course software (by default, this is C:\Program Files\National Instruments\LabVIEW Basics I Course).
6. Copy the Exercises and Solutions folders from the CD to
Classification of electrical installations in healthcare facilitiesLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Introduces new classification scheme for healthcare facilities.
* Scheme is based on resilience of equipment to power quality disturbances, and the patient's quality of life.
* Provides a tool to design an electrical installation in hospitals.
* Combining safety aspects with requirements for power quality reduces operating costs and improves the patient’s quality of life.
Complies with the IEC 60364-7-710 classification scheme.
This software manual provides instructions for using DEXIS dental imaging software. It covers installing the software, setting preferences, taking and managing x-ray and photographic images, and administrative functions. The manual includes details on hardware requirements, user interfaces, image tools and security, and integrating with other practice management programs.
Sample global implantable neurostimulation devices market research report 2020Cognitive Market Research
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Market in our recently published report titled, "Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Market 2020" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Implantable Neurostimulation Devices market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Implantable Neurostimulation Devices market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
This document provides an overview of new features and enhancements included in 3GPP Release 11. Key areas covered include:
- Improvements to machine type communications, IP interconnection services, emergency services, and voice over LTE.
- Enhancements to network functions like location services, charging management, security, and operations/maintenance.
- Continued development of LTE technologies including carrier aggregation, positioning support, and multimedia broadcast services.
- Work items across different 3GPP groups relating to the Evolved Packet System, the UICC, inter-RAT handover, and testing specifications.
This document provides operating instructions and a user guide for a multifunction printer. It includes sections on loading paper, printing, copying, scanning, and configuring and maintaining the machine. The document discusses supported paper sizes and types, how to load paper, and the printable area on pages. It also provides instructions for basic printing, copying, and scanning operations as well as instructions for installing drivers and software. Troubleshooting tips are included for resolving paper feed problems, print quality issues, and error codes.
patient monitoring using surface electromyographyMeghayu Adhvaryu
The document discusses the definition and history of wireless biotelemetry. It defines biotelemetry as the remote measurement and transmission of physiological data from a living subject to a distant receiver. This allows monitoring of patients and research subjects without restricting their movement. The document outlines some of the early uses of biotelemetry in fetal heart rate monitoring and cardiovascular research. It discusses how biotelemetry works, transmitting data via radio waves without wires. The technology has advanced, allowing for miniaturized implantable transmitters and ambulatory monitoring. Biotelemetry provides benefits for both medical research and clinical care by enabling continuous remote monitoring of vital signs and physiological signals.
This document summarizes a project on developing a video surveillance system that can detect movement, record video footage, and transmit footage wirelessly. The system aims to be standalone and function unattended for a week. Key objectives are interfacing sensors with a microcontroller for detection, controlling a motor's position and speed, developing video capturing and wireless transmission software, and designing a robust power system. Deliverables include testing microcontroller input/output, a motion detection circuit, and programs for sending data to a PC and wireless transmission. The project aims to build a low-cost automated video surveillance system.
Sony Xperi Z5 Premium Manual / User Guidemanualsheet
The document provides an overview of security features and settings for a mobile device, including screen locks, fingerprint scanning, automatic unlocking, SIM card protection, finding a lost device, and resetting the device. It covers topics such as locking and unlocking the screen, using a fingerprint sensor and PIN code, enabling automatic unlocking, finding identification numbers, using remote services to locate or clear a lost device, and running diagnostic tests.
This document describes a thesis submitted to obtain a Doctorate degree. The thesis is focused on micro-robotic cholesteatoma surgery, with the goal of analyzing clinical requirements and developing image-based control under constraints.
The thesis was submitted by Bassem Dahroug to the University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté. It presents work done at the FEMTO-ST Institute to develop methods for constrained motion of surgical robots through anatomical structures using pre-operative images, in order to enable robot-assisted cholesteatoma surgery. Validation of the developed methods was done through numerical simulation and experimental trials on a parallel robot.
This document provides an overview of the Netvibes dashboard platform, including descriptions of key features like dashboards, widgets, contacts, activities, and customization settings. It covers the sign up and account management process, and explains how to add and organize content on the dashboard using drag and drop. Sections are also dedicated to public dashboards, the widget viewing interface, and keyboard shortcuts.
Final thesis report on eye tracking based driver fatigue hardeep singh pec un...HardeepSingh Dhillon
Published in: Power Electronics (IICPE), 2010 India International Conference on
Date of Conference: 28-30 Jan. 2011
Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 10 March 2011
ISBN Information:
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4244-7882-8
Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
CD-ROM ISBN: 978-1-4244-7881-1
Print on Demand(PoD) ISBN: 978-1-4244-7883-5
ISSN Information:
INSPEC Accession Number: 11873780
DOI: 10.1109/IICPE.2011.5728062
Publisher: IEEE
ABSTRACT The Project entitled “Eye Tracking based Driver Fatigue Monitoring and Warning System” consists of the hardware and the software modules. The main idea behind this project is to develope a non-intrusive system which can detect fatigue of driver and issue a timely warning. Since large number of road accidents are caused by driver drowsiness. Hence this system will be helpful in preventing many accidents, and consequently save money and reduce personal suffering. This system will detect eye movement to detect the fatigue state of driver. By monitoring the eyes using camera and developing an algorithm we can detect symptoms of driver fatigue early enough to avoid an accident. So this project will be helpful in detecting driver fatigue in advance and will gave a warning output in form of sound and vibration. For indication of warning we will use two approaches i.e one by blowing alarm and second by seat belt vibration whose frequency will vary between 100 to 300 Hzs. Moreover the warning will be deactivated manually rather than automatically. So for this purpose a deactivation switch will be used to deactivate warning. Moreover if driver felt drowsy there is possibility of sudden acceleration or de-acceleration hence we can judge this by plotting a graph in time domain and when all three input variables shows a possibility of fatigue at one moment then a warning signal is shown in form of text or red colour circle. This will directly give an indication of drowsiness/fatigue which can be further used as record of driver performance or can be used by traffic police which can take further action accordingly.
This document is the Apache Ant user manual guide for version 1.6.0, published on December 29, 2003. It provides instructions on installing Ant, running Ant builds from the command line, and using Ant to write build files with projects, targets, tasks, and properties. The guide also covers Ant concepts, listeners, best practices for production usage, task design guidelines, writing custom tasks, and using Ant tasks outside of Ant builds.
This document provides an overview and user manual for the VideoRay Pro 4 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system. The Pro 4 is an updated model from VideoRay with more powerful motors and electronics, a maximum depth rating of 300 meters, and integrated topside control software. The manual is organized into sections covering quick start instructions, equipment details, operation guides, maintenance procedures, and customization options. It provides information to help users safely set up, operate and maintain the Pro 4 ROV system.
This design report describes an automated suturing device created by a team to assist medical professionals in closing wounds quickly and efficiently. The device has two main parts, a head and body. The head uses gears and rollers to move a suture needle through the skin fully. It features a disposable casing to maintain sterility. The body houses electrical components and controls. A prototype was tested against requirements of breaking skin, portability, speed, longevity and full needle rotation, but a fully functional prototype was not created. The report provides details on the device design, evaluation, next steps, and supporting documents.
This 510(k) submission is for the WedgeXTM Bone Wedge, a titanium bone wedge intended for internal bone fixation in the ankle and foot. The device is substantially equivalent to the predicate BIOFOAM® Bone Wedge. Testing showed the WedgeXTM Bone Wedge passed biocompatibility testing according to ISO 10993 and performance bench testing including static, fatigue, and flexural testing. The device will be provided sterile for prescription use and is intended as an alternative to bone grafts for procedures such as opening wedge osteotomies and arthrodesis of the foot and ankle.
Guidance, Control and Trajectory Tracking of Small Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial...Amer Al-Radaideh
This thesis discusses guidance, control and trajectory tracking for small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It presents the development of a test-bed UAV platform using an ARF60 aircraft. The thesis aims to identify the aircraft's aerodynamic coefficients through numerical modeling and flight testing. It also designs an autopilot using a successive loop closure approach for longitudinal and lateral control. The autopilot is implemented and evaluated in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation along with a trajectory tracking algorithm. Flight tests are also conducted using a Kestrel autopilot to validate the results.
This document provides guidance for planning, implementing, and operating automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B) systems in the Asia-Pacific region. It covers topics such as ADS-B data, implementation, system integrity and monitoring, reliability and availability considerations, regulations and procedures, and security issues. The document establishes a framework for harmonizing ADS-B implementation across states and provides forms and checklists to support the integration, commissioning, monitoring, and problem reporting for ADS-B systems. It is intended to supplement existing International Civil Aviation Organization documentation and procedures.
Here are the steps to install the course software:
1. Insert the LabVIEW Basics I: Introduction course CD into your computer's CD/DVD drive.
2. If the setup program does not automatically launch, browse to the CD and double-click the Setup.exe file.
3. Follow the on-screen instructions to install the course software. Accept all default settings.
4. When installation is complete, eject the CD from your computer.
5. Browse to the location where you installed the course software (by default, this is C:\Program Files\National Instruments\LabVIEW Basics I Course).
6. Copy the Exercises and Solutions folders from the CD to
Classification of electrical installations in healthcare facilitiesLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Introduces new classification scheme for healthcare facilities.
* Scheme is based on resilience of equipment to power quality disturbances, and the patient's quality of life.
* Provides a tool to design an electrical installation in hospitals.
* Combining safety aspects with requirements for power quality reduces operating costs and improves the patient’s quality of life.
Complies with the IEC 60364-7-710 classification scheme.
This software manual provides instructions for using DEXIS dental imaging software. It covers installing the software, setting preferences, taking and managing x-ray and photographic images, and administrative functions. The manual includes details on hardware requirements, user interfaces, image tools and security, and integrating with other practice management programs.
Sample global implantable neurostimulation devices market research report 2020Cognitive Market Research
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Market in our recently published report titled, "Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Market 2020" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Implantable Neurostimulation Devices market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Implantable Neurostimulation Devices market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
This document provides an overview of new features and enhancements included in 3GPP Release 11. Key areas covered include:
- Improvements to machine type communications, IP interconnection services, emergency services, and voice over LTE.
- Enhancements to network functions like location services, charging management, security, and operations/maintenance.
- Continued development of LTE technologies including carrier aggregation, positioning support, and multimedia broadcast services.
- Work items across different 3GPP groups relating to the Evolved Packet System, the UICC, inter-RAT handover, and testing specifications.
This document provides operating instructions and a user guide for a multifunction printer. It includes sections on loading paper, printing, copying, scanning, and configuring and maintaining the machine. The document discusses supported paper sizes and types, how to load paper, and the printable area on pages. It also provides instructions for basic printing, copying, and scanning operations as well as instructions for installing drivers and software. Troubleshooting tips are included for resolving paper feed problems, print quality issues, and error codes.
patient monitoring using surface electromyographyMeghayu Adhvaryu
The document discusses the definition and history of wireless biotelemetry. It defines biotelemetry as the remote measurement and transmission of physiological data from a living subject to a distant receiver. This allows monitoring of patients and research subjects without restricting their movement. The document outlines some of the early uses of biotelemetry in fetal heart rate monitoring and cardiovascular research. It discusses how biotelemetry works, transmitting data via radio waves without wires. The technology has advanced, allowing for miniaturized implantable transmitters and ambulatory monitoring. Biotelemetry provides benefits for both medical research and clinical care by enabling continuous remote monitoring of vital signs and physiological signals.
Preecha Banton is a 25-year-old Thai citizen seeking employment. He has 6 months of experience each as an Automation Engineer and Service Instrument Engineer. He has knowledge of DCS, PLC, LabView, process control and P&IDs. Preecha has a Bachelor's degree in Instrumentation System Engineering from King Mongkut's University of Technology in Bangkok and vocational certificates from Ubonratchathani Technical College in electronics and electricity. He emphasizes being highly responsible, hard-working, and having strong interpersonal and teamwork skills.
This document provides a final project report for designing a machine components test lab. It discusses the background and need for providing hands-on experience to mechanical engineering students. Research into existing labs revealed a lack of comparable products. The concept of a mechanical breadboard was identified as a way to allow students to create different mechanical power transmission systems. The report describes the design development process and concepts considered. It presents the final design of a mechanical breadboard system that allows testing of pulleys, chains, and gears. Detailed drawings, manufacturing plans, costs, and safety considerations are provided. The goal is to help students better understand how mechanical components influence system performance.
This document is the final report of an atmospheric plasma depainting project. It summarizes the results of experiments to determine the capabilities of atmospheric plasma to remove Navy paint. Adequate removal rates were achieved for both freeboard and antifouling paints. The substrate condition after removal was analyzed using various techniques and found to be satisfactory. Spectroscopic studies and modeling were used to characterize the atmospheric plasma plume. A large area plasma removal system was designed, fabricated, and tested. Risks for environmental hazards and operator safety were quantified. The technologies developed in this project show promise for depainting Navy ships.
This document is the final report for a project constructing a bifurcation tube to simulate non-spherical particulate deposition in the human respiratory system. It describes the experimental setup including the bifurcation tube, microfeeder, ejector, and logic controller box used to introduce particles into the tube at controlled intervals. Characterization of the particle samples using SEM and BET analysis is also summarized. Results are presented on deposition fractions of particles in different regions of the tube under flow rates and intervals simulating human breathing at rest, working while lying down, and working while upright.
This document is a thesis submitted by Ashwani Kumar for the degree of Master of Science. It examines bringing quality to the healthcare delivery process through the use of operations research tools. The thesis will first develop strategies to understand and model healthcare data like length of stay. It will then create a simulation model to analyze patient flow in a hospital surgical suite. Finally, it will develop a heuristic scheduling scheme and use the simulation to analyze patient flow improvements. The overall aim is to demonstrate how operations research can enhance efficiency in the surgical suite.
Analysis and Classification of ECG Signal using Neural NetworkZHENG YAN LAM
This report describes an analysis and classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using a neural network. The report includes:
1) An introduction to ECG signals, including acquisition and characteristics.
2) A description of neural network classification, including architectures like feedforward and feedback networks.
3) Details of experimental setup and methodology, including ECG preprocessing, feature extraction via wavelet decomposition, and a neural network classifier with a systematic data structure.
4) Results of two experiments on ECG classification, showing recognition rates of 80.89% and 93.75% respectively.
So in summary, the report presents a study using neural networks to classify ECG signals, with details
60969_Orsted2003-Morten Høgholm Pedersen-New Digital Techniques in Medical Ul...Morten Høgholm Pedersen
This document is a PhD thesis on new digital techniques in medical ultrasound scanning. It contains four main sections. The first section provides background on 3D ultrasound imaging, scanning techniques, and visualization methods. The second section describes a clinical trial using 3D ultrasound to stage cervical cancer in patients. Results showed 3D ultrasound was comparable to MRI and histology in evaluating tumor size and invasion. The third section discusses a pre-clinical trial using coded excitation to improve ultrasound image quality. Initial results found coded excitation increased penetration depth and reduced sidelobe artifacts. The fourth section concludes the thesis and discusses perspectives on using these new digital ultrasound techniques clinically.
This document is the user manual for the TattooStar R and Y laser systems. It provides technical specifications for the lasers, safety information, instructions for installation and use, and guidance for tattoo and pigment removal treatments. Key safety symbols and regulations are defined. Proper storage, ambient operating conditions, and electrical safety are outlined. Treatment parameters, database functions, and laser safety features are described. Application details cover skin types, test treatments, and follow up care. Accessories and maintenance instructions are also included.
This document describes a master's thesis that presents a control method for a teleoperating robotic arm subject to time delays. The thesis:
1) Models a master-slave robotic system for telesurgery, with the robotic arm as the slave and a haptic device as the master.
2) Proposes a neural network-based adaptive backstepping controller to minimize the effects of communication time delays.
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Similar to ספר פרויקט - סימולטור לימודי דינמי להערכת זרימה בחבל הטבור באמצעות אולטרה סאונד דופלר - אופיר אגרנט (20)
ספר פרויקט - סימולטור לימודי דינמי להערכת זרימה בחבל הטבור באמצעות אולטרה סאונד דופלר - אופיר אגרנט
1. 1
The department of Medical Engineering
הפרויקט שם:להערכת דינמי לימודי סימולטור
סאונד אולטרה באמצעות הטבור בחבל זרימה
דופלר
Project Name: Dynamic Simulator
for Umbilical Flow Assessment
Using Doppler Ultrasound
Project book
Ofir AgranatiStudent Name:
**************ID:
Dr. Sara NaftaliSupervisor Name:
20/ /05/2015Submission Date:
2. 2
1 1. Table of Contents
2 Lists.................................................................................................................4
2.1 Figures........................................................................................................4
2.2 Tables .........................................................................................................4
3 תקצירמנהלים ...................................................................................................6
4 Executive Summary....................................................................................8
5 Introduction...................................................................................................9
6 Literature review ........................................................................................10
6.1 Anatomy of the umbilical cord ...............................................................10
6.2 Umbilical cord flow physiology..............................................................11
6.3 Doppler Ultrasonography.......................................................................12
6.4 Medical simulation ..................................................................................13
6.5 Base flow system ....................................................................................14
7 Objectives....................................................................................................15
7.1 Main Objective.........................................................................................15
7.2 Client and users ......................................................................................15
7.3 Requirements ..........................................................................................16
7.3.1 Client requirements............................................................................16
7.3.2 Engineering Requirements ...............................................................16
8 Method..........................................................................................................17
8.1 The Flow System ....................................................................................18
8.1.1 Pump controller and power supply ..................................................18
8.1.2 AD card...............................................................................................19
8.1.3 Venturi sensor.....................................................................................20
8.1.4 Pump ....................................................................................................21
8.1.5 Fluid reservoir .....................................................................................21
8.2 The GUI ....................................................................................................22
8.2.1 GUI interface .......................................................................................22
8.2.2 GUI Functions .....................................................................................23
8.2.3 GUI Functions Results explanation .................................................26
8.3 The Application Model............................................................................27
8.3.1 Model Calculations.............................................................................27
8.3.2 Model Design......................................................................................29
8.3.3 The Lid .................................................................................................31
8.3.4 Assembly .............................................................................................31
8.3.5 Water drainage ...................................................................................32
8.3.6 Model Modifications ...........................................................................33
8.3.7 US Compatibility.................................................................................34
8.4 The US device.........................................................................................34
9 Results..........................................................................................................35
9.1 Physician Examination ...........................................................................35
10 Discussion...................................................................................................37
10.1 Comparison to Physiological Data .......................................................37
10.2 Physician Review ....................................................................................40
3. 3
11 Conclusion ..................................................................................................40
12 Suggestion for Future Research ...........................................................41
12.1 Finalizing the System .............................................................................41
12.2 The Experimental System for the Medical Lab ..................................42
12.3 Application model modification .............................................................42
12.4 Ultrasound and flow field correlation....................................................42
13 References...................................................................................................43
14 Appendix......................................................................................................44
14.1 National Instrument USB-6009 Electrical drawing.............................44
14.2 Venturi tube drawing...............................................................................45
14.3 Gear pump specifications ......................................................................46
14.4 Project Process .......................................................................................47
14.5 Direction for Use (DFU)..........................................................................48
4. 4
2 Lists
2.1 Figures
Figure 3.1 Illustration of the system and its components......................................7
Figure 6.1 The UC Anatomy [14]........................................................................... 11
Figure 6.2 Spectral Doppler scan of the carotid artery [5]................................ 12
Figure 6.3 Laerdal's SimMan emergenrcy response training [8]...................... 13
Figure 6.4 Simbionix's Lap Mentor laparoscopy clinical training [9] ................ 14
Figure 6.5 Biometric Fetal Ultrasound Training Phantom by CIRS [15].......... 14
Figure 6.6 The experimental system used at the ME laboratory [6] ................ 15
Figure 8.1 Illustration of the system and its components................................... 17
Figure 8.2 The system and its components......................................................... 18
Figure 8.3 Pump controller and power supply..................................................... 19
Figure 8.4 National instrument USB-6009 ........................................................... 20
Figure 8.5 Electronic differential sensor ............................................................... 20
Figure 8.6 Venturi tube............................................................................................ 21
Figure 8.7 Gear pump ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 8.8 Water reservoir ...................................................................................... 22
Figure 8.9 The GUI interface.................................................................................. 22
Figure 8.10 The final prototype of the application model with the UC model . 27
Figure 8.11 Perspex lid, standard 3 views with isometric view, all units are in
meters ........................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 8.12 The final container with the vessel, connenctors and and sponge
like material ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 8.13 Perspex lid, standard 3 views with isometric view, units are in
meters ........................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 8.14 The final lid with latex sheet .............................................................. 31
Figure 8.15 Box and lid assembly, units are in [cm]........................................... 32
Figure 8.16 Water overflow control ....................................................................... 33
Figure 8.17 Leak-proof coupler.............................................................................. 33
Figure 8.18 GE Logiq C5 Premium ....................................................................... 35
Figure 9.1 The system values for the physician review ..................................... 35
Figure 9.2 US image of the vessel ........................................................................ 36
Figure 9.3 US Doppler spectrography of the vessel........................................... 37
Figure 10.1 The model velocity waveform ........................................................... 38
Figure 10.2 A real UC velocity waveform [12] ..................................................... 38
Figure 10.3 Model diameter measurement taken with the US tools ................ 39
Figure 10.4 Screenshot taken from the US Doppler spectrography of the
simulator video (https://youtu.be/brBYPSaJ9Cw)............................................... 39
Figure 10.5 Screenshot taken from Introduction to Doppler Ultrasound [13] . 40
2.2 Tables
Table 6.1 Combined cardiac output and distribution in human fetus. (units are
mL/min ) [4] ............................................................................................................... 12
Table 8.1 Pump controller functionality................................................................. 19
Table 8.2 GUI function comparison....................................................................... 24
5. 5
Table 8.3 GUI function comparison numeric results........................................... 26
Table 9.1 The system values for the physician review....................................... 35
8. 8
4 ExecutiveSummary
As part of fetus examination routine, an extensive evaluation of umbilical
cord (UC) and its blood flow is required. The examination enables the
physician to evaluate the hemodynamic state of the fetus and diagnose
whether there is fetal distress or other hemodynamic related problems. The
Doppler ultrasound (DUS) examination enables a detailed view of the flow
properties using the Doppler effect. During the ultrasound (US) physician
training, the trainee must practice different scenarios which may not frequently
occur. As of today, no solution that mimics these conditions for an effective
physician practice is available.
There are different solution systems that can help physician to practice
in various situations without patients. These simulators mimic life risking
situations of varied practice fields and located in simulation facilities centers. .
The project goal was to design and build a prototype for a simulation
device which mimics a pulsatile blood flow in an UC in its natural fluid
environment, and is compatible with US and DUS monitoring. The system
contains a real time flow that can be controlled by a trainer using a personal
computer (PC). The trainee will be required to estimate the flow and diagnose
the scenario. The project was conducted as a request of Simultech, Meir
Hospital medical simulation facility, under the supervision of Professor Roni
Tepper. In addition the system will be used at Afeka laboratory for further
research and student lab.
The system [Figure 3.1] is divided into three main components; PC, flow
system and an application model that mimics the UC in its natural
environment. The flow is generated by a PC controlled pump that receives a
signal via analog to digital (A/D) card, and a pump controller. The flow system
includes pressure sensor, fluid reservoir and tubing. The pulse wave
properties can be controlled using the PC by a graphical user interface (GUI).
The flow is measured twice; by the flow sensor and by the physician US
device.
As part of the project, a literature review was conducted on the anatomy
and physiology of the UC, DUS, the base flow system and medical
9. 9
simulations. In order to build a physically compatible prototype with US,
materials properties were researched and compared to a real tissue.
The project book contains design, results and discussion on the results.
The results were achieved by an US physician expert examination and
present a positive conclusion that the system can be used as part of the
training process of the physician. The examinations of the system were
conducted using a US device purchased by Afeka for this and future projects.
The project includes many subjects such as; physiological flow, GUI
programming and electronics. The system will initially be used to simulate flow
with a basic UC model, while more advanced model could be included in
future projects. Due to simplicity of the application model, it can be used not
only for UC vessel but for numerous kinds of vessels with suitable design.
5 Introduction
During the training of an ultrasound physician, the intern, or trainee, is
required to conduct an extensive practice with DUS transducer. By a relatively
short period, the interns should encounter a wide variety of cases, which
include an umbilical cord exam. The umbilical cord flow and shape properties
may indicate a fetal distress state, which requires immediate intervention.
Several pathologies are common and can be diagnosed on a daily or even a
weekly basis, but some cases are rarer. Early identification of pathologies that
might risk the fetal or the patient is a matter of practice and familiarization with
the transducer.
As current state training, the interns conduct exam on patients that are
available. Life risking pathologies might not be so common, an immediate
intervention is required, and in many cases will not be delayed for training
purposes. The information about those once-in-awhile cases are usually
passed down by written data or orally, but without any in-hand practice. Due
to lack of practice with the fetal distress cases, many physician refrain from
signing any statements which are related to the fetus health condition. A new
method of training might increase the physician knowledge, allowing better
diagnostics.
10. 10
In this project, a prototype system of a simulator for blood flow
estimation in the umbilical cord for practicing DUS was designed and built.
The project is in the field of mechanism of the physiological flow and includes
a prototype of a system which intent to be used by interns or any trainee and
their instructors in the ultrasound training facility.
The project is a thought product of Prof. Roni Tepper, the head of the
ultrasound unit in Meir hospital. The requirement system was a working unit in
which the instructor could set a certain fetal state which will be represented by
the flow and vessel properties. Some of the settings that will be able to be
controlled are pressure and flow rate.
With the supervision of Dr. Sara Naftali, and the proficient advice of Prof.
Roni Tepper and Dr. Yoav Alpert, this project intent to serve as a training
device and can also be an experimental device for medical engineering (ME)
students and may be used as a platform for further research.
6 Literaturereview
6.1 Anatomy of the umbilicalcord
The umbilical cord (UC) [Figure 6.1], also known as Funiculus
Umbilicalis, is the vessel which connects the fetus through the placenta to the
mother blood system. The UC contains 3 vessels; one vein and two arteries.
In the vein flow oxygenated blood towards the fetus, the fetus pumps
deoxygenated blood to the placenta through the arteries. The three sub
vessels are protected by a fluid called Wharton's jelly, the fluid is a gelatinous
substance made largely from mucopolysaccharides [1].
11. 11
Figure 6.1 The UC Anatomy [14]
After week 37 of gestation, the UC length at normal state can range from
50 to 60 cm. a study shown that the whole UC diameter in healthy pregnancy
range from 3.19 ± 0.40 mm at 10 weeks to 16.72 ± 2.57mm at 33-35 weeks,
and decline to 14.42 ± 1.50 at 42 weeks [2]. The decline of diameter is related
to the reduction of water in the Wharton's jelly. The UC vein cross section
area range from 28 2
mm at 24 weeks to 58 2
mm at 34-38 weeks [3]. The vein
cross section area is approximately 30% larger than both of the combined
arteries.
6.2 Umbilical cord flow physiology
According to their cross section area, the fluid velocity in the vein is
approximately half than in one of the arteries. The velocity in the vein ranges
from 10-22 scm /2
. The umbilical venous pressure increased from 600 Pa at
18 weeks to 800 Pa at term, while the cardiac output (CO) can vary from 200
to 1900 min/ml according to gestation stage [4]. Table 6.1 presents the
Cardiac Output as a function of gestation stage.
12. 12
Table 6.1 Combined cardiac outputand distribution in human fetus.(units are mL/min ) [4]
Gestation stage 20 weeks 30 weeks 38 weeks
Combined
Cardiac Output
210 960 1900
Left Ventricle 47 43 40
Right Ventricle 53 57 60
Foramen ovale 34 18 19
Lungs 13 25 21
Ductus
arteriosus
40 32 39
6.3 Doppler Ultrasonography
Using the Doppler Effect, a virtual window can created in order to
evaluate the velocity of the particles which transverse it. The Doppler effect is
created by sending a sound wave with a certain frequency, and receiving the
reflected wave. If the frequency of the returning wave is decreased compare
to the sent wave, then the object is receding, and if the frequency is higher the
object is approaching to the source. This affect is applied in DUS device using
transducer as the wave source, and receptor.
The physician, using the US device, can evaluate the flow velocity in a
certain direction within the blood vessel, in this case the UC, and generate a
graph which shows the spontaneous velocity as a function of time. The result
of a Doppler M mode scan of the carotid artery is demonstrated in Figure 6.2,
the image resembles the UC scan. This function helps the physician to
diagnose pathologies that might cause a change in the velocity pulse.
Figure 6.2 Spectral Doppler scan of the carotid artery [5]
13. 13
6.4 Medicalsimulation
The medical simulation subject is divided into 2 sub-branches;
emergency response and clinical training. For the emergency response the
simulation purpose is help reduce accidents during surgery and field patient
treatment. There are many simulators that can emulate a real patient, for
example, Laerdal's SimMan [Figure 6.3] is a full body simulator that can
breathe, have a pulse, blink, talk, bleed and many more functions.
Figure 6.3 Laerdal's SimMan emergenrcy response training [8]
In case of clinical training, the focus is narrowed down to a specific part
of the body. The environment in this case is more calm and educational but
shares the same purpose as emergency response; reduce accidents. There
are many simulation devices for clinical training and each has its own specific
purpose. For example, Simbionx's Lap Mentor [Figure 6.4], which enables the
physician experience a laparoscopy surgery using a control module to
emulate the surgery tools and a monitor to emulate the scope. Another
example is the Biometric Fetal US Training Phantom by CIRS [Figure 6.5].
The fetal phantom resembles by its anatomy to a real fetus and is fully
compatible with an US device. Though this phantom provides high accuracy,
it is a static only phantom without any flow within it. The Doppler function
cannot be tested on this model.
14. 14
Figure 6.4 Simbionix's Lap Mentor laparoscopy clinical training [9]
Figure 6.5 Biometric Fetal Ultrasound Training Phantom by CIRS [15]
6.5 Base flow system
The flow system is based on an existing experimental system that is
located at the student mechanical physiology laboratory of the ME department
at Afeka College. The system was built as a part of a final project
"Development & Design of Experimental System for Flow Measurements in
Coronary Arteries Models" by Ido Muller [6]. The experimental system
consists of a working flow system with pulsatile pump and graphic user
interface (GUI). It was designed to measure blood flow and pressure in
coronary arteries models. Due to similarity to the requirements of this project,
the current project flow system is based on this system. The system consists
15. 15
of a pump and controller, sensors, A/D card, GUI, fluid reserve, and a
replaceable vessel. The pump is a pulsatile pump, which enables a wide
control on the pulse wave. [Figure 6.6]. The schematic drawing of the system
functionality is presented in Figure 8.1.
Figure 6.6 The experimental system used at the ME laboratory [6]
7 Objectives
7.1 Main Objective
The purpose of the project is to design and develop a prototype system
that will be used as a simulator for blood flow estimation within the UC for
intern practicing DUS. The device will be located at a training medical facility
in Meir hospital. Similar device will be used at Afeka's ME laboratory as an
experimental system.
7.2 Client and users
The device will be used in Meir hospital medical training facility,
Simultech, under the supervision of the client, Professor Roni Tepper. The
instructors of the facility will be the high level users of the system, they will
control the system and maintain it. The low level user of the system will be the
US interns, under the supervision of the instructor. The interns will have
minimal interaction with the device, mainly with the UC model and the US
device provided by the training facility.
16. 16
7.3 Requirements
7.3.1 Client requirements
The following specific requirements were provided by the client:
To mimic an UC in its natural fluid environment
Characteristic physiological flow values such as fluid velocity and
pressure
Pulsatile flow
GUI controlled
A 'readable' flow by an US device with the least ultrasonic artifacts
Generate a pulse wave within the vessel model which resembles an
umbilical pulse wave
7.3.2 Engineering Requirements
Some requirements are required due engineering considerations. The
following requirements were derived for those reasons:
The electrical equipment must fit 220V and 50Hz (Israel electrical
network)
The project budget limitation; if a component is beyond the budget
provided by Afeka, the client must confirm the purchase
Look and feel design is not mandatory since the project is a prototype.
All design requirements are defined as 'nice to have'; hiding the
permanent parts such as tubes wires and so on, and paint on the basin
which will conceal to content
User friendly GUI for an US medical physician/intern
A direction for use (DFU) must be written to elaborate on steps the
instructor needs to do before, during and after the exam. A
maintenance section will be added as well
A flow sensor that indicates the instructor the current pulse wave shape
and properties for comparison
An easy vessel replacement procedure due to deterioration and simple
switch between vessel geometries
An US compatible materials that can transfer sound wave with the least
wave unneeded reflection possible
17. 17
8 Method
The system is compiled of 3 sections; application model, GUI and flow
system as illustrate in Figure 8.1, and fully built in Figure 8.2. The PC, using
the data provided in the GUI, sends a digital signal to the D/A card which
translated as an analog signal to the pump via pump controller. The fluid from
the reservoir flows through the pump into the application model whereafter it
is being measure in the Venturi flow meter, and finally injected back to the
fluid reservoir. The flow through the application model is detected by the US
device and presented on its monitor. The Venturi flow sensor sends an analog
signal to the A/D card, to be translated to a digital signal, processed and
presented on the GUI by the PC.
Figure 8.1 Illustration of the system and its components
18. 18
Figure 8.2 The system and its components
8.1 The Flow System
The system is based on an existing system that fits this project purpose.
A full review of the system will not be included in this project but rather a
description of it. The description was derived from Ido Muller project book [6].
8.1.1 Pump controller and power supply
The pump controller and power supply were planned by Dr. Uri Zaretsky,
and can be seen in Figure 8.3. The power supply provides the pump with up
to 5V and the controller enables the pump to be either controlled by an
external signal (the AD card) or internally with a current knob on the
controller. Table 8.1 Pump controller functionality presents all the function on
the controller and their description.
19. 19
Figure 8.3 Pump controller and power supply
Table 8.1 Pump controller functionality
Function Description
On/Off Toggle button for the power supply to the controller
Ext/Int Toggle button for internal or external control
Current Controls internal current provided
18V Input voltage for the power supply
Motor Output voltage for the pump
D.A in Input for external control
8.1.2 AD card
The AD card used for this system was the National Instrument USB-
6009, Figure 8.4. The card is used to connect the PC to the pump controller
and the Venturi sensor. A full electrical drawing of the card circuit is described
in Appendix 14.1.
20. 20
Figure 8.4 National instrument USB-6009
8.1.3 Venturi sensor
The sensor is an assembly of 2 elements, the deferential sensor (Figure
8.5) and the Venturi tube (Figure 8.6). The fluid transvers the tube while the
upstream and downstream pressure taps are measured with the deferential
sensor. A full drawing description of the Venturi tube can be seen in Appendix
14.2.
Figure 8.5 Electronic differential sensor
21. 21
Figure 8.6 Venturi tube
8.1.4 Pump
The pump (Figure 8.7) in the flow system is a miniature gear pump
2.52L/min. The specification can be seen in Appendix 14.3.
Figure 8.7 Gear pump
8.1.5 Fluid reservoir
The Fluid reservoir (Figure 8.8) used is a simple water container and lid
with holes to insert the tubes.
22. 22
Figure 8.8 Water reservoir
8.2 The GUI
The GUI was programmed in LabView 2010 and redesigned in this
project to allow the user (i.e. instructor) to set the flow with the settings he or
she requires and convert them to a signal sent to the pump, the GUI output.
The GUI also acquires from the system via A/D card, the flow rate as detected
by the Venturi differential sensor. The GUI interface and functionality are
reviewed in this section. The LabView files were added in the project disk.
8.2.1 GUI interface
The GUI interface comprises with controls and display as follows (Figure
8.9):
Figure 8.9 The GUI interface
23. 23
Umax – The max volt sent to the A/D card and eventually to the
pump, function as systolic value.
Umin – The min volt sent to the A/D card and eventually to the
pump, function as diastolic value
BPM – pump's beat per minute
Duty cycle – the signal Umax percentage of the pump
Enable – turns the pump on and off
Clear graphs – reset the graphs on the right display
Flow signal –the Venturi sensor detected flow display
Volt output – the output signal sent to the A/D card and eventually
to the pump display
Flow zero –zero level calibration for the Venturi flow sensor.
Lower cut-off – High pass filter of the output volt signal
Stop D/A – disconnects the signal sent to the pump and shuts
down the program
8.2.2 GUI Functions
In order to examine each of the GUI function, a comparison of the
function was made to show effective difference. Each of the user-defined
values for the sent wave was tested separately and the end results were
compared to the same basic values. The end results were examined by the
flow sensor, though a thorough examination to indicate functionality of each
value should be conducted with an US Doppler.
Table 8.2 contains the parameters and their end results, while the first
row represents the basic values to compare the rest to. For example, the
second row describes a decrease of Umax to 2.5V from the basic value of 5V
(as presented in the first row, marked in red). The two graphs in the 2nd row
present the end result of the decreased Umax parameter. These graphs were
compared with the basic parameters in the 1st row. In this example, the
maximal flow of 400 ml/min as shown in the 1st row, decreased to maximal
flow of 200 ml/min as shown in the 2nd row.
24. 24
Table 8.2 GUI function comparison
Parameter Value Flow graph [mL/min] Volt Graph [V]
Basic
values
Umin=0 V
Umax=5 V
Duty cycle=20%
BPM=70
Lower cut-
off=10
Umax [V] decreased to 2.5
V
Umin [V] increased to 1.5
V
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
25. 25
Parameter Value Flow graph [mL/min] Volt Graph [V]
Duty cycle increased to
40%
BPM increased to 150
BPM
Lower
cut-off
decreased to 3
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
Time [sec]
26. 26
8.2.3 GUI Functions Results explanation
All parameters changes show a significant effect on the appropriate graph. The
test leads to the conclusion that all function are working correctly. Table 8.3
summaries the results comparison.
Table 8.3 GUI function comparison numeric results
Parameter
Basic
value
New
value
Flow change Volt change
Umax [V] 5 2.5 Max flow decreased
from 400 to 200
mL/min, A 50%
decrease
Max volt was decreased
from 5 to 2.5 V as
expected
Umin [V] 0 1.5 Min flow increased from
50 to 250 mL/h, a
500% increase
min volt was increased
from 0 to 1.5 V as
expected
Duty cycle 20% 40% Systolic section was
increased from about
0.15 seconds to 0.33
seconds. Almost twice,
like the duty cycle
increase
Systolic section was
increased from about
0.15 seconds to 0.33
seconds. Almost twice,
like the duty cycle
increase
BPM 70 150 5.5 pulses were able to
fit in a 5 seconds
interval in the basic
parameter, while in the
tested, almost 13 were
fitted.
5.5 pulses were able to
fit in a 5 seconds
interval in the basic
parameter, while in the
tested, almost 13 were
fitted.
Lower cut-
off
10 3 No significant changes
occurred
The pulse shape is
significantly round
compared to the basic
value
27. 27
8.3 The Application Model
The model container is made from Perspex material and is divided into two
parts; a fluid container and a lid. The lid is a frame to hold a latex sheet that will
mimic the human skin and the US transducer will be applied on top of it.
The container and lid were designed using Solidworks software. The model
was eventually sent to a manufacturer using a standard three sided and isometric
view of the both of the designs.
The final prototype of the application model with the UC model is presented in
Figure 8.10. In this figure the assembly of container and lid, red latex sheet, leak-
proof connectors, the vessel and the green sponge material to absorb the sonic
waves are presented
Figure 8.10 The final prototype of the application model with the UC model
The model features were calculated to ensure a fully developed laminar flow in
8.3.1, and design to ensure maximal US compatibility in 8.3.2.
8.3.1 Model Calculations
The Reynolds number was calculated in order to estimate if the flow was
laminar or turbulent. The general Reynolds number equation is described in
Equation 8.1.
(8.1)
A
DQeff
Re
28. 28
Where Re is the Reynolds number, effQ is the effective flow rate, D is the
characteristic linear dimension, is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid and A is the
vessel cross section area. Each of the parameters was calculated separately.
The effective flow rate was calculated with the estimation of 33% duty cycle;
33% of the time the pump will be activated on maximal power while the other 67%
was estimated to be with no power at all. The maximal value of the taken flow was
the maximal value as described in the pump specification (Appendix 14.3).
(8.2) effQ =
3
2
3
minmax QQ
0
sec
102.4
sec60
)10(2520
min
2520
max
3
5
332
max
Q
mmmL
Q
sec
104.13/102.4
3
55 m
Qeff
For the characteristic linear dimension D, the tube diameter was chosen. The
estimated tube diameter that was used is the diameter of the holes that were drilled
in the side of the container where the vessel transverse as described in Equation
8.3.
(8.3) D= 0.01m
The kinematic viscosity of the fluid , was estimated to be resembling to blood,
since there is a chance in future project that a fluid with similar properties will be
used. Equation 8.4 describes this value with its units.
(8.4) =
sec
103
2
6 m
The cross section of the tube A , is based on the tube diameter D as described
before in Equation 8.3, while Equation 8.5 describes the cross section area.
(8.5) 25
22
10854.7
4
01.0
4
m
D
A
All the calculated parameters in Equations 8.2-8.5 were integrated within
Equation 8.1 as follows in Equation 8.6.
29. 29
(8.6) 20001.594
10854.7103
01.0104.1
Re 56
5
A
DQeff
The Reynolds number is smaller than 2000, thus, the flow is laminar. In this
case 10 diameters will suffice. Equation 8.7 presents the final length that ensures a
fully developed laminar pulse wave.
(8.7) mmDLe 3.01.001.01010
8.3.2 Model Design
A detailed drawing of the container can be seen in Figure 8.11, and fully built in
Figure 8.12.
The container internal dimensions are:
Width – 20cm
Height – 24cm
Depth – 30cm
The width and height allows enough area for the US device while the length
ensures a fully developed laminar pulse wave. The velocity profile develops fully and
remains unchanged after some distance from the inlet (about 10 pipe diameters in
turbulent flow, and less in laminar pipe flow) [11]. The walls of the container are 1cm
thick.
The container was designed using SolidWorks software. The model was
eventually sent to a manufacturer using a standard three sided and isometric view of
the design. The final design as sent to the manufacturer is presented in Figure 8.12.
Figure 8.11 describes a standard three sided and isometric views of the
SolidWorks design. On the front side of the container, two holes are visible; 'A' and
'B'. Both holes are 1cm in diameter, a silicone tube is fitted and cemented to the
holes and to these tube the vessel is connected. Hole 'A' transverse the container
and through it the vessel enters and exits the container. The hole is located 15cm
high from the floor to make sure there is enough medium for an US image
requirements. The customer requirement was 5 cm distance from the top and
30. 30
another 5 at lease from the bottom, another 5 cm were added to be on the safe side.
Hole 'B' function as drainage in case the water will reach overflow.
Figure 8.11 Perspex lid, standard 3 views with isometric view, all units are in meters
Figure 8.12 The final container with the vessel, connenctors and and sponge like material
31. 31
8.3.3 The Lid
The lid is placed on top of the container and function as a frame for a latex
sheet. The area in which the transducer can be applied is 15X25 2
cm . Figure 8.13
presents a three sided and isometric views of the lid as designed in Solidworks and
sent to the manufacturer. The fully built lid is presented in Figure 8.14.
Figure 8.13 Perspex lid, standard 3 views with isometric view, units are in meters
Figure 8.14 The final lid with latex sheet
8.3.4 Assembly
Figure 8.15 represents the box and lid assembly by a standard three sided and
isometric view, as designed in SolidWorks and sent to the manufacturer. Figure 8.10
presents the final assembly of the whole application model.
32. 32
Figure 8.15 Box and lid assembly, units are in [cm]
8.3.5 Water drainage
During the US examination some force applies on the surface area. In this
model, the surface area is made of latex and it in contact with the top of the water. It
is expected that the water level will rise from the sides of the lid when pressed (as
seen in Figure 8.16), then, when the released the water level should return back. A
range of water volume is required to ensure enough water can remain in the lid sides
for a normal water return. The extra water can drain from hole 'B' as seen in Figure
8.11. The bottom of the hole is located 1.5 cm from the top of the tank, while the
bottom of the lid is 4 cm from the top. The lid is designed to be 0.5 cm from each
side of the tank. The box top inner area is 30X20 2
cm .
The following (Equation 8.8) calculates the total volume of water which can
remain after drainage between the lid sides and the box.
(8.8) }222{)}1(22{ 2121 DDLDLHLDLDHV
}1{2 21 LLDHV
Where, V is the remaining volume, H is the height between the bottom of the
lid and the bottom of hole 'B', D is the distance between the lid and box walls, and 1L
, 2L are the box walls length. Thus,
33. 33
3
5.127}12030{)5.14(5.02 cmcmcmcmV
Figure 8.16 Water overflow control
8.3.6 Model Modifications
Some minor modifications were added to the application model after the
SolidWorks design that were necessary while building the model:
Holes A and B in Figure 8.11 were dilated to 1/2 inch (or 1.27 cm) diameter.
The new diameter allows inserting a leak-proof coupler [Figure 8.17] in the
middle and connecting tubes directly to it instead of using a 1 cm outer
diameter silicone tube with 2 coupler connected in each end.
Figure 8.17 Leak-proof coupler
All adhesive application were conducted in 2 stage; first adhesion with quick
dry glue for fixation and a second adhesion with epoxy cement to prevent
leakage
A sponge like, plastic material layers were added into the bottom of the
container. The material, along with air bubble that were trapped within it,
34. 34
provided a sonic filter for sonic waves that were emitted from the transducer
and reflected by the Perspex bottom, i.e. US artifacts.
8.3.7 US Compatibility
As required, the application model needs to be compatible with the least sonic
artifacts. In order to answer this requirement, several layers of sonic wave mediator
were placed. These layers are described in the order as the sonic wave encounter:
1. A thin layer of 1mm Latex sheet: The latex was selected due to its high
flexibility and durability while being stretched. Since the sheet is only 1mm the
sonic wave can transverse it with very minimal interference
2. Water: Water is the main mediator in model due to low maintenance and
resemblance to amniotic fluid, both of which are mainly composed of water.
3. Latex tube with a 0.5mm thin wall, and 7mm inner diameter: As the latex
sheet, this tube allows minimal power reduction of the sonic wave due to its
very thin wall.
4. A sponge like, plastic material layers at the bottom of the container: The
material, along with air bubble that were trapped within it, provided a sonic
filter for sonic waves that were emitted from the transducer and reflected by
the Perspex bottom, i.e. US artifacts.
8.4 The US device
The testing of the system was conducted with a GE Healthcare Logiq C5
Premium [Figure 8.18]. The device is a portable ultrasound system with 3D and 4D
functionality suited for hospitals covering various requirements such as general
imaging, obstetrics and gynecology, and cardiovascular applications.
35. 35
Figure 8.18 GE Logiq C5 Premium
9 Results
9.1 PhysicianExamination
In order to examine whether the system is capable to simulate efficiently an UC
blood flow, a physician specializing in US examination conducted a review. The
physician tested the device was Dr. Abraham Agranat, from Laniado hospital, using
Afeka's Logiq C5. The system compatibility with the US and USD tests were
examined. The system parameters were set during the whole exam to the same
values, as described in Figure 9.1 and in Table 9.1.
Figure 9.1 The system values for the physician review
Table 9.1 The system values for the physician review
Parameter Umax Umin BPM Duty cycle Lower cut-off
Value 5 [V] 2 [V] 100 30% 10
36. 36
The first examination is to check the vessel compatibility with the US and any
sonic artifact that might occur. The exam resulted with a clean image of the vessel
[Figure 9.2] without any artifacts. A video of the exam was recorded (link to video:
https://youtu.be/zEZB9aAf498) as well to show the pulsatility as it displayed at the
US device monitor, the fluid movement can be seen as well. On a later examination
a Doppler spectrography was added to the image [Figure 9.3] to present the fluid
velocity. The Velocity is also presented in graph below the image where the pulse
wave is clearly identifiable. A video of the Doppler addition was recorded as well (link
to video: https://youtu.be/brBYPSaJ9Cw), though the velocity graph was not
recorded due to device limitations. In the video, the pulse direction is distinguishable
though a higher frame rate would emphasize it even more.
Figure 9.2 US image of the vessel
37. 37
Figure 9.3 US Doppler spectrography of the vessel
10 Discussion
10.1 Comparisonto PhysiologicalData
The pulse wave from the model was compared to a physiological pulse wave of
a real umbilical cord [Figure 10.1]. The comparison reveals high resemblance though
many differences as well. The data was analyzed visually due to two main reasons;
during practice the data will only be analyzed visually as well, and the manner of
data transfer between the US and a PC (i.e. using simple monitor screenshot versus
Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine – DICOM); The data derived from
the US device currently is a low resolution image as seen on the US monitor while
the data transferred using DICOM is raw numeric data that can analyzed using
Matlab or other data processing software. During visual inspection of the model
waveform one can discover two main differences from the UC waveform; the model
waveform is not smooth and the values are almost twice as much as the
physiological value, the model velocity reaches 100 cm/s while a real UC rarely pass
the 50 cm/s mark. Equation 10.1 present Reynolds number calculation, assuming
both the literature example and the model are at the same of 0.61 cm, which is within
the normal UC diameter values [2]. Figure 10.3 presents a measurement of the tube
diameter with the US device measurement tool. In the tube, water is used while in
38. 38
the literature example blood is being used. The velocity calculated was used as an
average between minimum velocity and the maximum.
(10.1)
VD
Re
Where Re- Reynolds number, V-mean flow velocity and is the kinematic
viscosity of the fluid.
Model UC Reynolds: 14.5
109.8
0061.075.0
Re 4
VD
Model
Real UC Reynolds: 508.0
103
0061.025.0
Re 3Re
VD
al
Though the difference between the two Reynolds numbers is tenfold, mainly
due to the fluid viscosity, both numbers are significantly low and provide proof that
the flow is laminar.
The lack of smoothness of the waveform is caused by many factors; rigid
artifacts (such as connectors, walls etc.), movement of the vessel in the water,
reflected waves etc.
Figure 10.1 The model velocity waveform
Figure 10.2 A real UC velocity waveform [12]
39. 39
Figure 10.3 Model diameter measurement taken with the US tools
Figure 10.4 is a screen shot taken from the video that was mentioned in 9.1, in
this image we can see a clear pulse wave fully formed in the tube. The wave acts as
expected with a parabolic shape with no slip conditions at the vessel walls. When
compare to an US examination [Figure 10.5], beyond the model vessel there is some
movement while in a real no movement be seen outside of the vessel. The model
vessel is 'hanging' in water with minor support, unlike a real vessel which has
support from the environment that surround it, along with high pressure. The
movement of the model vessel creates a secondary reading outside of it.
Figure 10.4 Screenshot taken from the US Doppler spectrography of the simulator video
(https://youtu.be/brBYPSaJ9Cw)
40. 40
Figure 10.5 Screenshot taken from Introduction to Doppler Ultrasound [13]
10.2 PhysicianReview
In order to estimate whether this project has achieved the goal that were initially
set, the end result must be efficient for the physician to conduct training. The
physician review this project agreed that the project is indeed efficient and can be
used for medical training. The physician added that in his current facility, Laniado
Hospital, there are not many physicians that conduct Doppler examination due to the
complexity of the process. Integrating this system with the regular physician US
training might increase the number of physician that can conduct the examination
and increase the efficiency of the exam itself.
The expert also added that the image extracted from the model, in terms of
Doppler color, is not as smooth as he would expect (see Figure 10.4 in comparison
to Figure 10.5). He suggested that this effect might be caused due to the fluid type in
the vessel; water. If the fluid that traverses the vessel might be similar to blood, then
the image could be much smoother.
11 Conclusion
In order to effectively improve the of DUS training for physicians, a destined
simulator with pulsatile UC model was required. In this project the system was built
and answered all the customer requirements; pulsatile, GUI controlled and US
compatible system. Before the system will ready to be duplicated and implemented
at Meir Hospital for medical training, a full set of calibration is required to be applied
to make sure the values presented by the GUI are accurate. The images extracted
41. 41
from the model, to the client opinion, are not complete, replacing the fluid type to
simulate blood properties might improve the results quality.
The simple design, as described in the project process [14.4], and materials
that were used in the model affect the versatility of the model; the vessel can be
changed easily and the system can be used for a different type of DUS examination.
Due to the model high versatility, it can be used for many purposes such as a
medical lab in Afeka for ME students. Directions for Use (DFU) were written to
ensure correct use of the system [14.5].
The system was examined by an US physician in order evaluate the device
efficacy during training, whether it can help improve it. To the expert opinion, this
device can help the trainee practice the US device and learn how to operate it before
examine a patient. The pulsatile flow capability allows a Doppler examination which
usually can only be practiced on a live patient.
In conclusion, the project can mimic an UC in its natural environment, and may
help improve the physician training allowing a better US Doppler examination in
practice.
12 Suggestion for Future Research
12.1 Finalizing the System
There is a lot of work remaining to perfect the system to fit the exact need of
the trainer, though this system is a solid baseline that is capable to yield results as
well. In terms of esthetics, the system might not be good looking, but if duplicated
and built from scratch to fit Meir Hospital, it would be suggested to redesign the
electronics to fit into a single box (i.e. the pump controller and A/D card). The GUI
can be redesigned as well; additions of functionality for ease of use and design it to
be more user-friendly. Furthermore, it is recommended to use a fluid with similar
properties to blood, such as glycerin-water solution with sodium chloride to simulate
blood cell, or other types of fluids. The more viscous solution can help generate a
better image from the model.
42. 42
12.2 The ExperimentalSystem for the MedicalLab
As mentioned in 7.1, one of the objectives of the project is to be used as an
experimental system in Afeka's medial lab. The system, in its current state, is a
prototype and should be considered as a baseline for future projects. In order to
convert it to a lab, a protocol must be composed. The protocol should explain about
the whole system and set objectives that should be studied. Some objectives should
include; experience with the US device function, measure and compare US results to
other methods of measurements, the effect of different tube materials on the US
reading, etc.
12.3 Application modelmodification
Due to lack of time and budget, some aspects of the model were left out to be
implemented after the system is work in the basic mode and can be execute in the
future. The current vessel model is linear, far different from a real UC. A coiled, three
ways tube is highly recommended; one line upstream and two downstream. The new
vessel should highly resemble an UC, and can further help with the simulation of the
original objective of this project. A new tubing system must be design to support
within the container in order to support the three lined tube.
Another modification that was mentioned in the meetings with the client is a
backflow pump. In some case, the flow in the UC can be reversed, this case is highly
dangerous for the fetus and require immediate intervention. It is recommended to
achieve this feature to add a pump that will push the flow against the main pump. Of
course this will require another tube to bypass the secondary pump. It is reasonable
to think that if the secondary pump will be on a continuous flow, a backflow might be
seen between the intervals of the main pump.
12.4 Ultrasound and flow field correlation
A new project is now suggested to be based on the system; "Ultrasound and
flow field correlation of an embryonic cord model". The purpose of the project is to
analyze the correlation between a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data in a 3D
UC model and the vessel flow within the application as examined with the US device
43. 43
13 References
1. Spurway J, Logan P and Pak S. The development, structure and blood
flow within the umbilical cord with particular reference to the venous
system. AJUM. 2012 15 (3).
2. Naro Di E, Ghezzi F, Raio L, Franchi M, and D’Addario V. Umbilical cord
morphology and pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
2001; 96 (2): 150–57.
3. Li WC, Ruan XZ, Zhang HM, and Zeng YJ. Biomechanical properties of
different segments of human umbilical cord vein and its value for clinical
application. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 76B: 93–7.
4. Kiserud T. Physiology of fetal circulation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med
2005; 10: 493–503.
5. Medical ultrasonography, Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography. last modified on
September 4th, 2014
6. Muller I., Zaretsky U and Naftali S. Development & Design of
Experimental System for Flow Measurements in Coronary Arteries
Models. Final project book, Department of ME, Afeka College 05/2011.
7. Callen P.W. Ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology 5'Th edition.
Sounder Elsevier 2008.
8. Laerdal, SimMan 3G http://www.laerdal.com/SimMan3G. Last entry on
September 16th, 2014.
9. Simbionix, Lap Mentor http://simbionix.com/simulators/lap-mentor. Last
entry on September 16th, 2014.
10. Methodology of Doppler assessment of the placental & fetal circulation
Sonoworld.com, http://sonoworld.com/Client/Fetus/html/doppler/capitulos-
html/chapter_03.htm Last entry on December 27th, 2014.
11. Çengel Y. A., Cimbala J. M. Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications (1st ed.) Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2006
12. Maulik D, Yarlagadda P, Downing G. Doppler Velocimetry in Obstetrics.
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1990;17:163–86
13. Introduction to Doppler Ultrasound, https://youtu.be/tQn8jKtwk6o,
Ultrasound Institute at the University Of South Carolina School Of
Medicine. YouTube, Last entry on May 8th, 2014.
14. Umbilical Cord Anatomy, http://imgkid.com/umbilical-cord-anatomy.shtml,
Last entry on May 11th, 2015.
15. Biometric Fetal Ultrasound Training Phantom,
http://www.cirsinc.com/products/all/88/fetal-ultrasound-biometrics-
phantom/, Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Inc. Last entry on
May 11th, 2015.
46. 46
14.3 Gear pump specifications
The pump chosen in system is the miniature gear pump model No.EW-07012-
20 by Cole-Parmer. The following image present the specifications of the pump.
47. 47
14.4 ProjectProcess
The construction of the model was made easy due to careful designing. The
SolidWorks drawing were sent to a Perspex manufacturer and was constructed in
less than a week. After the model was complete a rather long process initiated; small
parts were glued together one part at a time to make sure everything is sealed tight
with no leakage. Initially the Latex sheet was attached using both super glue
adhesive and epoxy cement, the first is to create a fusion between the materials
while the other is used to prevent leaks.
Finding the correct tubes for the project proved to be a difficult task. There are
many types and sizes of tubes, but those that were needed for the project are not a
standard in market. The initial design for the vessel connection was a tube traversing
the container with 2 leak-proof connector in each side. The inner connecter where
then connected to the vessel while the outer ones were connected to the flow
system. Due to the shape of the connectors [Figure 8.17] a more elegant solution
was suggested; inserting the connector to the Perspex drill and using and reducing
the total number of connector to two instead of four. The fitting of the connecter
required widening the original drills, this was done in Afeka's workshop. The
connectors were then glued as well with both layers of super glue adhesive and
epoxy cement.
The integration of the model with the flow system was first seemed to be a
major issue; since the system is currently being used as a medical lab every year, a
new system must be built to support the model. An elegant solution was brought up
to disconnect the tubing in the system at a strategic location and insert leak-proof
connectors [Figure 8.17] that will lead water through the model. This quick fix
prevents any addition costs while maintain the project fully function without affecting
the medical lab.
48. 48
14.5 Direction for Use (DFU)
1. Overview
The Dynamic Simulator Model was developed and designed to simulate a
flow within blood vessels of various types. The model was made compatible
with the ultrasound (US) device in order to minimize sonic artifact that might
occur.
2. Equipment
a. Flow system
The flow system is compiled from an A/D card, pump power supply,
pump, fluid container and a Venturi flow sensor. The A/D converts the
digital signal from the PC to the pump via power supply. The Venturi
flow sensor send a signal of the flow through the A/D to the PC.
b. Application model
The model allows a compatible window to the vessel within it for an US
transducer
c. GUI
Allows the user to control the flow properties that will be sent to the
pump.
49. 49
d. GE's Logiq C5 Premium US device
3. Method
If the application model is currently connected to the system, start from step C.
a. Empty the flow system
b. Replace the tube on the flow system and connect the application model
instead.
c. In the application model, connect the blood vessel. Make sure it is
tightly connected, soft tube might need to be secured with cuffs.
d. Place the model at the correct position. After this step the model will be
too heavy to be moved around.
e. Fill the container with water all the up to the drainage. (it is
recommended to place a bottle at the end of the drainage to collect
excess water)
f. Place the lid on top. Air bubble might be trapped underneath the latex,
apply mild pressure with your hand to remove it. Note that some water
can be extracted from the drainage.
g. Make sure the 'Current' knob on the pump controller is on 0 (turn
counter-clockwise all the way).
h. Make sure the source switch is set to 'INT'.
i. Turn the pump controller ON.
j. Slowly increase the controller current to remove air from the system.
When all air is removed, switch the current back to 0.
k. Open the GUI.
l. Switch the source on the pump controller to 'EXT'. The pump is now
being controlled by the GUI.
m. Turn the US device ON
n. Select the appropriate probe and preset settings using the 'PROBE"
button.
o. Apply small amount of water on the model latex and place the US
transducer.