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BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.pptx
- 2. Waste generated during the testing, diagnosis, treatment, research or production of biological products for human or animals.(WHO)
- 3. BIOMEDICAL WASTE NON-RISK WASTE(75-90%) RISK WASTE(10-25%)
- 4. SANITATION WORKERS MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL STAFFS PATIENT AND ATTENDANTS PUBLIC
- 5. MAJOR SOURCES ◦ HOSPITALS ◦ LABS ◦ RESEARCH CENTRES ◦ BLOOD BANK ◦ NURSING HOMES ◦ MORTUARIES ◦ AUTOPSY CENTRES MINOR SOURCES ◦ CLINICS ◦ HOME CARE ◦ FUNERAL SERVICES ◦ PARAMEDICS
- 6. WASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTES CATEGORY 1 HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE CATEGORY 2 ANIMAL WASTE CATEGORY 3 MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECNOLOGY WASTE CATEGORY 4 WASTE SHARPS (needles,blades,glass) CATEGORY 5 DISCARDED MEDICINES AND CYTOTOXIC DRUGS CATEGORY 6 SOLID WASTES(cotton,dressings,linen,beddings) CATEGORY 7 SOLID WASTES(tubings,catheters,iv sets,drain,gloves) CATEGORY 8 LIQUID WASTE CATEGORY 9 INCINERATION ASH CATEGORY 10 CHEMICAL WASTES(chemical used in disinfection)
- 7. OR CONTAINER USED DISPOSAL OPTION YELLOW NON CHLORINATED PLASTIC BAG -HUMAN ANATOMICAL WASTE (CAT 1) -ANIMAL WASTE (CAT 2) -MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY WASTE -SOLID WASTE(CAT 3) -CHEMICAL LIQUID WASTE (CAT 10) INCINERATION OR DEEP BURIAL RED NON CHLORINATED PLASTIC BAG OR CONTAINER -SOLID WASTE (CAT 7) (tubings, catheters, drains, gloves) AUTOCLAVE/MICR OWAVE THEN RECYCLE BLUE OR WHITE PUNCTURE,LEAK ,TAMPER PROOF CONTAINER -WASTE SHARPS (CAT4) (needles, blades,glass) AUTOCLAVE/MICR OWAVE/CHEM TREATMENT THEN SHREDDING OR MUTILATION BLACK NON CHLORINATED PLASTIC BAG -DICARDED AND CYTOTOXIC DRUGS(CAT 5) -INCINERATION ASH(CAT 9) -CHEMICAL WASTE(CAT 10) LANDFILLS
- 9. The process of killing or removing bacteria and all other forms of living microorganisms and their spores from the surface.
- 10. PREVENTION OF GROWTH OF INFECTION PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF INFECTION PREVENTION OF DOUBLE SURGERIES
- 12. PHYSICAL METHODS HEAT DRY HEAT MOIST HEAT FILTRATION RADIATION IONISING NON- IONISING
- 13. METHODS USES FLAMING INOCULATING LOOP AND WIRE INCINERATION CONTAMINATED DRESSING PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES ANIMAL CARCASSES HOT AIR OVEN (160degree C for 1 hr OR 180degree C for 20 min) METALS GLASSWARE HEAT RESISTANT OIL OR WAXES DRY POWDERED DRUG
- 14. METHODS USES •PASTEURISATION HOLDER METHOD - 63 C FOR 30 MIN FLASH METHOD - 72 C FOR 15-20MIN RAPID COOLING AT 13 C STERILIZATION OF SERUM , VACCINE,MILK •BOILING STERILIZATION OF GLASSWARE, RUBBER,METAL •AUTOCLAVE - 121degreeC AT 15 psi FOR 20MIN -INDICATOR- B.stearothermophilus STERILIZATION OF TISSUE CULTURE FLASK,SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS,GLASSWARE,MEDIA SOLUTIONS,GLOVES,DRESSINGS
- 15. METHODS COMMENTS CANDLE FILTER eg. Berkefeld filter Chamberlain filter PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER INDUSTRIAL USE ASBESTOS FILTER Eg. Seitz filter DISPOSABLE ALKALINISE FILTERED FLUID CARCINOGENIC SINTERED GLASS FILTER EXPENSIVE AND BRITTLE
- 16. RADIATION USES IONISING RADIATION - INFRARED RAYS - UVRAYS IR:STERILIZATION OF PREPACKED ITEMS LIKE SYRINGES AND CATHETERS UV:DISINFECTING OERATION THEATRES AND LABS. NON IONISING RADIATION - GAMMA RAYS - X RAYS STERILIZATION OF ANTIBIOTICS,HORMONES, PREPACKED DISPOSABLE ITEMS LIKE CATHETERS,SYRINGES,GLOVES, INFUSION SET.
- 17. CHEMICALS USES ALEDHYDE -FORMALDEHYDE -GLUTRALDEHYDE F:STERILISING INSTRUMENTS,HEAT SENSITIVE CATHETERS, G:STERILISATION OF ENDOSCOPES AND SURGICAL EQUIPMENTS ALCOHOL -ETHYL ALCOHOL -ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL OPTIMAL ACTIVITY AT THE CONCENTRATION OF 60-90% RUBBING ALCOHOL HAND SANITIZER MOUTH WASH
- 18. CHEMICALS USES HALOGEN IODINE-POVIDONE IODINE,TINCTURE IODINE CHLORINE-SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SKIN ANTISEPTIC WATER SUPPLIES ,SWIMMING POOL PHENOL CRESOL DISINFECT SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND FLOORS DYE ANILINE DYES ACRIDINE DYES SKIN AND WOUND ANTISEPTIC GASES ETHYLENE OXIDE FORMALDEHYDE STERILIZE ARTIFICAL HEART VALVE,RESPIRATOR,LUNG MACHINE FUMIGATION OF WARDS AND OTs
- 19. “I dress the wound, God heals it.” Ambroise Pare Surgeon 16th century
- 20. Suture is a Stitch/Series of stitches made to secure apposition of the edges of a Surgical/Traumatic wound (Wilkins)
- 21. Provide adequate tension Maintain hemostasis Provide support for tissue margins Reduce post-op pain Prevent bone exposure Permit proper flap position
- 22. BASED ON THE SOURCE NATURAL ARTIFICIAL BASED ON THE FATE ABSORBABLE NON-ABSORBABLE BASED ON THE STRUCTURE MONOFILAMENT MULTIFILAMENT
- 23. ABSORBABLE ◦ Catgut ◦ Chromic catgut ◦ Collagen ◦ Fascia lata ◦ kangaroo tendon ◦ Beef tendon ◦ Cargile membrane NON-ABSORBABLE ◦ Silk ◦ Silk worm gut ◦ Linen ◦ Cotton ◦ Ramie Horse hair
- 24. Polyglycolic Acid Polyglactic Acid Polyglactin 910(Vicryl) Polydioxanone(PDS) Polyglecaprone 25 Nylon/ polyamide PolyPropylene Polyesters Polyethelene Polybutester Polyvinylidene fluoride / PVDF Sutures ABSORBABLE NON ABSORBABLE
- 25. Plain, Chromic catgut Polydiaxanone Polyglactin 910 Polypropylene Polyester Nylon/polyamide Polyvinylidene fluoride / PVDF Sutures ABSORBABLE NON ABSORBABLE
- 26. Polyglactin 910 Polyglycolic Acid • Silk • Cotton • Linen ABSORBABLE NON-ABSORBABLE
- 27. Advantages ◦ Smooth surface ◦ Less tissue trauma ◦ No bacterial harbours ◦ No capillarity Disadvantages ◦ Handling and knotting ◦ Stretch ◦ Any nick or crimp in the material leads to breakage
- 28. Advantages • Strength • Soft and pliable • Good handling • Good knotting Disadvantages • Bacterial harbours • Capillary action • Tissue trauma
- 29. The selection of suture material by a surgeon must be based on a sound knowledge of ◦ Healing characteristics of the tissues which are to be approximated ◦ The physical and biological properties of the suture materials ◦ The condition of the wound to be closed ◦ The probable post-operative course of the patient.
- 30. MONOFILAMENT ABSORBABLE Absorption :40-60 days
- 31. Coated with thin layer of chromium salt solution to minimize tissue reaction, increase TS, slow the absorption rate, better knot security, and ease of handling. TS – 10-14 days Absorbed in 90 days Uses:Ophthalmic surgery (6-0) Oral surgery Suture subcutaneous tissues
- 32. Coated and uncoated Synthetic absorbable suture Monofilament/multifilament Lactide has hydrophobic qualities→delaying loss of TS TS - 14 – 21 days. Absorption – 56-70 days. Minimal tissue reactivity and can be used in infected tissues Available in purple and undyed. Undyed used on face
- 33. Synthetic,absorbable,monofilament TS -14-42 days Absorption – Hydrolysis in 6 months. Passes through tissues easily. Significant memory – compromises the ease of knot-tying and knot security. Minimal tissue reaction For wounds under tension and contaminated wounds. May extrude through the wound over time. So used only in tissues deeper than subcuticular layer. Or if in face 6- 0 used.
- 34. NATURAL NON-ABSORBABLE Advantage: ◦ Ease of handling – more for braided ◦ Good knot security ◦ Cost effective ◦ Contraindications: Should not be used in presence of infection Uses: Plastic surgery, ophthalmic and general surgeries, ligating body tissues.
- 35. Synthetic non absorbable Inert and TS for 2 yrs Holds knots better than other synthetic sutures. Advantages -Minimal suture reaction and so used in infected and contaminated wounds. Uses : General, plastic, cardiovascular surgery, skin closure, ophthalmology.
- 36. Uncoated, but inert and non irritating to the tissues. High TS and low tissue reactivity . Some memory and return to original linear shape over time. Because of this more throws (4 throws) indicated. Uses: Skin closure, retention, plastic, ophthalmic and microsurgery.
- 37. Absorbable, synthetic, monofilament Hydrolysis 90-120 days Advantages ◦ Tissue reaction – minimal ◦ Good knot strength ◦ Used for soft tissue closure ◦ Most pliable material ever made