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non surgical intervention in tof.pptx
1.
2. A female baby was born at 40 weeks of gestation and with
3200 g of birth weight had cyanosis and a heart murmur.
Echocardiogram revealed enlargement of the right ventricle,
large ventricular septal defect (8.4 mm), dextroposition of the
aorta (50%), and severe RVOT stenosis (PG 70 mm Hg) with
pulmonary hypoplasia. Pulmonary blood flow was secured
mainly by small ductus arteriosus. The patient started on
continuous prostaglandin infusion and was stabilised with
oxygen saturation approaching 80%.
4. Degree of cyanosis depends on
degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
degree of pulmonary artery development
Favorable anatomy – good size confluent PA’s – Total
correction
In infancy and even in neonatal life, age is no BAR
5. Advantages of primary repair include
early abolishment of cyanosis,
minimisation of right ventricular hypertrophy and
fibrosis,
avoidance of left ventricular volume-loading from
palliative shunts and
potential reduction in dysrhythmias.
Major disadvantage : the neonatal brain may be more
prone to surgery-related neurological injury
6. Early primary repair : Preferred but not possible
when
Unsuitable anatomy – small PAs
Critically ill child
Very small infant, LBW, Preterm
7. McGoon ratio: (Diameter of RPA + Diameter of LPA/DAo)
Normal ≥ 2
Adequate for primary repair 1.2
Inadequate <0.8
Nakata Index: (CSA of RPA + CSA of LPA)/BSA
Normal value > 200 mm2/m2
> 150 mm2/m2 is adequate
Not usable preoperatively when MAPCAs are the major source of PBF &
one-stage unifocalization + full repair is planned
9. Neonatal shunt – high mortality and morbidity
25- 30% neonatal mortality
Ann Card Anaesth 2014;17:191-7
Overburdened surgical lists, Long stay (5-6 days post
surgery) and so bed occupancy in ICU!!
Complication of CPB, Second surgery difficult, blockage in
not rare…
PA growth and distortion of Pas.
12. Performed under general anaesthesia or deep
conscious sedation
Preferable to have a mildly constricted duct (enough
to allow the stent to be secured)
Recommended to stop prostaglandin infusion 6 - 12
hours before the procedure.
13. To confirm ductal size - echocardiography before catheterisation
laboratory
Delay the procedure if duct does not show a degree of constriction.
If ductal diameter is large as a result of prostaglandin therapy it may
be of benefit to administer a prostaglandin inhibitor (ibuprofen 5 -
10mg/kg intravenously)
Prefer to ensure good guide wire position before administering a
prostaglandin inhibitor as a protective measure
14. Retrograde femoral arterial access is most commonly used
Carotid and axillary routes have been described. The latter
requires cut down by a vascular surgeon
Smaller sheath sizes preferred to avoid vascular
complications
Patients heparinised (50 - 100U/kg iv) and routine
prophylactic antibiotics are given according to local
protocols
15. Various catheters may be utilized for angiography and
stent.
Routine angiography is usually performed with a pigtail
catheter
In the majority of cases, the configuration of a right
coronary artery catheter should enable one to cross the
duct safely
Sometimes a cut-off pigtail may be useful to cross the PDA.
In difficult cases a coaxial system may be extremely helpful
16. The following should be clearly demonstrated before stenting:
Origin from the aortic arch,
Diameter at pulmonary artery (most often the narrowest),
Ampulla diameter and
Ductal length
Ductal length can be misleading as ducts are often convoluted
or angled, thus difficult to measure accurately.
Measure the length of the PDA with the guide wire in position;
this tends to straighten the ductus and allows an improved
estimation of ductal length
17. Standard bare metal coronary stents used
Stents with the lowest profile are preferred
It is of the utmost importance to stent the entire
length of the duct as any unstented segment
will soon become constricted and may be
extremely difficult to recannulate
18. Stent sizes as recommended:
3.5 mm diameter in those patients weighing <3kg
4mm in those weighing 3 - 5kg, and
4.5mm stents in those patients weighing 5kg and above.
Heparin infusion is continued at a dose of 25U/kg/hr
for 24 - 48 hours.
Aspirin is simultaneously initiated at 2 - 3mg/kg/day
and patients are discharged on this dose.
23. Peri-procedural complications include
Acute stent thrombosis (2 - 3%),
Pre-stent ductal spasm (<1%),
Stent dislodgement and migration,
Vessel or chamber perforation
Long term complications resemble those of surgical shunts
and consist of
Progressive stent stenosis,
Pulmonary overflow with pulmonary hypertension and
Branch pulmonary artery distortion
24. Reduced waiting period before intervention
Avoids the side-effects of continuous prostaglandin
infusion
Rapid post-procedure Recovery and short hospital stay
Can be performed on relatively small and premature
newborns that are often critically ill.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Adequate for valvular PS
Inadequate for Infundibular or Supravalvular PS
Most TOF pts combined PS
Unreliable results
32.
33. Small babies,
With co morbidities,
Small PAs ,
Ostial stenosis of PAs,
Need palliation, significant blue
RVOT stent
34. First described by Gibbs & Colleagues in 1997
Advantages of RVOT stenting –
Physiological direction of pulsating flow
Symmetric growth of MPA & both PAs
Decreased morbidity as compared to surgical
shunt
35. FV – 5F - Small babies
6F – Can use guide catheter
RCA – BMW – Branch PA
Long sheath – useful – Injection – stent
36.
37. Diameter - on the pulmonary valve annulus – 1 – 2 mm
higher.
Length - RVOT infundibular length
Positioning equally important
Consider preserving Pulmonary valve
39. To preserved pulmonary valve
If pulmonary valve not preserved, will needed TAP;
Most patient undergoing RVOT stenting, needed TAP
– usually small annulus
Not to entrap the tricuspid valve with placement of the
stent
40. Take care to prevent stent embolization : too small
a stent Inc risk of stent instability and
embolization
Avoid entrapping Tricuspid valve
Diuretics may be needed post stenting to prevent
reperfusion lung injury
41.
42.
43.
44. Case series and case reports from worldwide
Not more than 200 cases reported
RCT not possible,
TC, PDA stenting and RVOT stenting had different
subjects.
45. 52 pts. Mean age – 63 days. Mean weight – 3.8 kg.
Surgical intervention deemed high risk in all
Only 1 procedural death and 1 emergency surgery
Saturations increased from 71% (52-83%) 92% (81-100%)
Heart Online First, published on July 11, 2013 as 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304155
53. D.J. Barron et al. / European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 2013
54. Most patient needed TAP – (Trans annular patch)
RVOT stenting – very severe cyanosis – very tight PS –
small annulus – will also need patch in ICR.
More bypass time and cross clamp time
The average bypass time was 109 ± 42 min and cross-
clamp time 68 ± 29 min V/S 88 ± 36 min and 63 ± 22
min
Karl TR. Tetralogy of Fallot: current surgical perspective. Ann Pediatr Cardiol
2008;1:93–100
55. Complete removal of the stent is not always possible.
Often, remnants of the stent are embedded into the
myocardium and close to the VSD margins.
Retained stent - focus for future ventricular
arrhythmias or infections ???
The small retained portions of the stent- not prevent
satisfactory anatomical repair, need close
surveillance in the future.
56. RVOT stenting is a logical palliative procedure to augment
pulmonary blood flow
It is feasible and generally safe
Life saving in a critically ill patient who is unfit for surgical
palliation
57. Small babies,
With co morbidities,
Small PAs ,
Ostial stenosis of PAs,
Need palliation, significant blue
RVOT stent
58. Primary repair is treatment of choice whenever feasible
Non surgical interventions such as PDA stenting, RVOT
stenting, and RVOT ballooning emerging as equally
effective and safe method of palliation as compared with
surgical shunts
Right ventricular (RV) angiography in the right anterior oblique view shows the aorta (Ao) and the RV outflow tract, which is severely stenotic due to anterosuperior deviation of the infundibular septum and pulmonary valve dysplasia (arrow). Note that the left pulmonary artery (LPA) is not visible. B) Ascending aortography in the posteroanterior view before stent deployment shows the origin of the LPA from a left-sided patent ductus arteriosus, with moderate stenosis at the PDA–LPA junction (arrow).
The asterisk (*) indicates the crista supraventricularis; RPA = right pulmonary artery
The stent positioning inside the patent ductus arteriosus is angiographically guided through the 4F introducer sheath, without the need for a guiding catheter.
The asterisk (*) indicates the pre-mounted coronary artery stent; Ao = aorta
The final angiographic result is shown after the patent ductus arteriosus stenting. Note that the stent is slightly oversized. B) Angiogram shows the appearance of the stented patient ductus arteriosus 6 months after implantation. There was a moderate aortic–LPA pressure gradient (aortic pressure, 60/22 mmHg; LPA pressure, 25/10 mmHg).
The asterisk (*) and the arrow both indicate the stented patent ductus arteriosus; Ao = aorta; LPA = left pulmonary artery