3. Definition
• Accumulation of malignant Lymphoid cells in
the skin without evidence of extracutaneous
disease at the time of presentation.
• Important to distinguish it from Nodal
Lymphoma with skin infiltration
5. Incidence
• In western countries annual incidence 1/100000 .
• Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) constitutes 75-80% of all
cases (1)
– Mycosis fungoides is most common CTCL
• Cutaneous B cell Lymphoma (CBCL) constitutes 20-25% of
all cases. (1)
• Incidence in PBCR , KUD :- NHL 1.66 % of total cancer
(2012-2014)
• BBCI in year 2015 of all cases presented 2.30% was
diagnosed with NHL.
(1) Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G et al. WHO–EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;
105: 3768–3785.
6. Mycosis Fungoides
• Most common type of CTCL
• Most common in Males (M:F::1.6-2:1)
• Median age of presentation 55 to 60 yrs
• Precise Etiology remains Elusive.
7. Mycosis Fungoides first described in 1806 by Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert
in his Atlas of Dermatoses “ description des maladies de la peau”
9. • Cutaneous disease :- Pruritis in involved area
• Evolution of skin lesion
– Premycotic Phase
• Red scaled macular or patch like lesion in sun shielded areas
• Unstable and Regress
• Biopsy not diagnostic b/o paucity of Lymphocytes
– Patch Phase
• Any size lesion without induration or significant elevation
above the surrounding uninvolved skin
• Poikiloderma may be present
– Plaque Phase ( dense infiltration by malignant cells )
• Any size lesion that is elevated or indurated
• Crusting or poikiloderma may be present
10. – Tumor Phase
• Plaque may evolve into cutaneous tumor
• Any solid or nodular mass > 1 cm in diameter with
evidence of deep infiltration in the skin and /or vertical
growth
• MF may also progress or present with
erythroderma
11.
12. • Leukemic CTCL and Sezary Syndrome (SS)
– In rare CTCL cases circulating malignant T-cells are
identified in peripheral blood.
– Most commonly occurs in association with erythroderma
but may occur in patient with minimal cutaneous disease
– CD4+/CD7- or CD4+/CD26- immunophenotype
– Disease burden is explained by B staging.
– Distinction between Erythrodermic MF with leukemic
involvement and SS is a controversy
– SS defined as combination of erythroderma with B2
disease.
14. • Extracutaneous disease
– Involvement of regional lymph node or
extracutaneous organ system
– Most commonly involved organ are Lungs , Oral
cavity , Pharynx ,CNS.
16. NCI-VA Classification Dutch classification
Number of atypical lymphocytes with
cerebriform nuclei (cerebriform cells) in
the paracortical areas
Use nuclear diameter of the cerebriform
cells to distinguish dermatopathic
lymphadenopathy
LN1 :-occasional and isolated atypical
lymphocytes not arranged in clusters
Grade 1 :- dermatopathic
lymphadenopathy(DL) Alone
LN2:- many atypical lymphocytes occurring
singly or in three to six cell clusters
Grade 2:- DL with isolated cerebriform
mononuclear cells with nuclei greater than
7.5 micron.
LN3 :- atypical lymphocytes arranged in
aggregates with nodal architecture essentially
preserved.
Grade 3 :- many large cerebriform
mononuclear cells and partial distortion of
the normal LN architecture
LN4 :- partial or complete replacement of
LN architecture by atypical lymphocytes or
frankly neoplastic cells
Grade 4 :- complete effacement of LN by
frankly neoplastic cells
17. Molecular pathology of
mycosis fungoides .
Activated skin-homing T cells
extravasate through the dermal
capillaries due to interactions of
cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)
and chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) with
their respective ligands on the dermal
capillaries, E-selectin, and chemokine
ligand 17 (CCL17). T cells then migrate
to the epidermis and interact with
antigen-presenting dendritic cells
18. Diagnosis
• History and physical examination
» Duration, Evolution, % Area involved
» Presence or Absence of cutaneous tumor
» Evaluation of Lymphatic system
» Apropriate images of cutaneous lesion as guide for therapy
response .
• Skin Biopsy
» From minimum two distinct sites
» Excisional biopsy from LN (priority should be given to
largest LN with SUV max.)
21. • The majority of patients present with early
stage disease (30% IA, 25% IB, 11% IIA, 16%
IIB, 3% IIIA, 8% IIIB, 6% IVA, and 1% IVB)
• Only 7% of patients presented with peripheral
blood involvement
23. Local Superficial Irradiation
• Used in early Stage 1a MF
• Single abutting Radiation fields are used
• Treatment fields should be designed to encompass the
entirety of the lesion (determined by visual inspection,
palpation, and/or appropriate imaging)
• 1- to 2-cm margin is given
• lead or Cerrobend cut out are used to conform field borders
• EORTC recommends that the 80% isodose line is set at the
deep border of the dermis approx 4.5mm
• S/E :- mild dermatitis, local alopecia, and pigmentation
changes.
• Radical dose 30-36Gy and 8Gy in 2 # for Palliation.
24. TSEBT (Total Skin Electron Beam Therapy )
• Technique :-
• Accomplished with 6- to 9-MeV electrons
• Patient standing behind a polycarbonate screen ~3.8 meters from
the linear accelerator head
• Treatment is provided in “cycles,” with one cycle composed of
treatment of the patient in six different positions over 2 days (three
positions each day)
• A dual-field technique is used to deliver treatment to a superior and
inferior field by angling the gantry 16 to 17.5 degrees above and
below horizontal.
• Six position treatment deliver maximum dose to a depth of 1mm,
80% dose to 6-7mm.
• A 3.2-mm polycarbonate screen (Lexan) is placed in front of the
patient which serves to attenuate and scatter the incident electrons,
resulting in an electron energy of 3.9 MeV at the skin surface
25.
26.
27.
28. • Dose and Fractionation
• TSEBT provided with a relatively protracted course of 2
cycles/ wk for 9wks which provide a total dose of 36Gy
to the skin surface
• Complete response is dependent on radiation dose
DOSE (Gy) CR (%)
10 18
10-20 55
20-25 66
25-30 75
30-36 94
29. • Lower dose yields impressive overall response
,overall survival, PFS, Relapse free survival
rate
• Relapse rates are even higher in patient in
which CR is obtained and the absolute benefit
of CR relative to the increased side effect at
higher dose of TSEBT is unclear.
30. Supplemental treatment
• Required for soles, perineum and scalp
• Accomplished by use of 120 kV superficial photon with HVL
4.2 mm of Al. , or low energy (6 MeV) Electron with 1cm
bolus to treat soles and perineum (1Gy/#) and scalp is treated
with an angled electron reflector above the patient
31. Side Effects
• m/c flaring up of pruritis and erythema
• Acute s/e :-
» Xerosis
» Dry desquamation
» Extremity edema, Blister, Bullae Formation ,alopecia , nail
changes .
» Hypohydrosis
» Dryness of Nose
» Gyanaecomastia (rare)
• Chronic s/e :-
» Cataract
» Chronic xerosis
» Persistent alopecia
» Dystrophic nails
» Secondry skin cancer
» melanomas
Prevention is done
by additional
shielding of Eye
,Lips, Testes and
Fingernails.
32. Eye shield to protect Cornea
and Lens
Nail shields to protect Nail bed
33. 1) Testicular shield to reduce dose to testicles lined by 1.5 cm wax
2) Hand Gloves are used after certain fractions to reduce dose to
finger.
35. • Clinical Efficacy :-
• T1 lesion :-
– CR > 90 % , 15 Relapse free survival (RFS) 40%
– Recurrence is limited to <5 % of skin amenable to salvage therapy
• T2 lesion :-
– CR 76-90 % , Relapse free survival 50% @ 5yr, 10% @ 10yr
– Adjuvant PUVA therapy improves RFS to 85 % @5 yr
– Adjuvant Nitrogen Mustard :- RFS 40 % @ 10 yr
• T3 lesion :-
– Less effective but better results than other therapies
– CR 44-54 %
– Adjuvant Nitrogen Mustard may increase durability of response
• T4 lesion :-
– 70-100 % response rates (T4N0)
– 5 yr PFS 25-69%
– In Extracutaneous and peripheral circulation involvement PFS
decreases further .
36. Palliative Radiotherapy
• Given in symptomatic patients with visceral
and nodal disease .
• Dose :- 12-30 Gy
• Similar dose can also be used in patients with
recurrence in extremities
37. Systemic therapies (options)
• Skin directed therapy should be tried in early
diseases but in advance cases systemic
therapies can be considered
• Oral Bexarotene 54% response rates in refractory CTCL
• Denileukin diftitox ( fusion protein IL2 and diphtheria
toxin) 30% response rate in rCTCL.
• Histone deacetylase inhibitor (vorinostat and
romidepsin)
• Alemtuzumab (Monoclonal antibody CD52)
• Single agent Chemotherapy (liposomal doxirubicin ,
methotrexate )
38. • Autologus or Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant
– May be considered in patients refractory to other therapies
– Additional studies required
• Transformed disease (Large cell transformation)
– Occurs in 8-39% patients
– identified by >25 % large cells in samples
– High level of beta2 micro globulin and LDH > risk of LCT
– Treatment options
• Systemic chemotherapy
• Local radiation for localized disease
.
39. Variants of MF
• Folliculotropic MF :-
• Patch , Plaque or tumor
• Develop over head and neck and rarely over trunk
• Early disease :- PUVA
• Advance disease :- systemic chemotherapy
• Woringer-kollop disease (Pagetoid reticulosis)
• Solitary erythematous and scaling cutaneous patch
• CD3+/CD4+/CD8- OR CD3+/CD4-/CD8+
• Excellent prognosis
41. • Granulomatous slack skin
• Cutaneous infiltration of malignant T-cell
• Associated with increased incidence of secondry
lymphomas (HL)
• Hypopigmented MF
• Presents at earlier age
• Development of hypopigmented patches in trunk
/extremity
44. Non MF CTCL
• CD30+ Lymphoproliferative disorder
– Median age at diagnosis 61 yr
– 5yr disease specific survival 92%
– Localisation of disease in head and neck region is
poor prognostic factor
– Types :-
• Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
• Lymphomatoid papulosis
45. PCALCL* LP*
PRESENTATION Cutaneous Plaques , Nodules ,
Tumor.
Solitary/localized
Violaceous papular or
papulonodular lesion over
trunk/ extremity
BIOPSY Diffuse infiltration of anaplastic
CD4+ T-cells (75% CD30+)
Epidermotropic
CD3+/CD4+/CD8-
lymphocytes, clonal TCR in 60-
70%
TREATMENT LSI 34-44 Gy CR 100%, low dose
MTx
Mol. Studies to differentiate from
Sys ALCL (EMA,ALK,Translocation)
Aggressive therapies are
avoided
For large cut. Burden
Low dose MTx ,PUVA, Topical
chemo.
PROGNOSIS Excellent, Localized disease 5yr
survival rate 90%
Excellent
5yr Survival rate 100%
* Cannot be differentiated histologically hence careful clinical documentation is required
47. Non MF CTCL
EXTRANODAL
NK-TCL,Nasal type
SUBCUTANEOUS
PANNICULITIS like -
TCL
PRESENTATION Originate in nasal cavity may
present with cutaneous lesion
Subcutaneous nodule/plaques
commonly over legs/trunk
BIOPSY Dense Lymphoid infiltrate
exhibiting epidermotropic
component CD3-/CD2+/CD56+
Lymphoid infiltrate composed of
CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell
TREATMENT Extended Field RT (50Gy)
CR 94.5% ,
Adjuvant L-Asparaginase prevent
racurrence
Combination of RT and
Corticosteroids
NOTE Directly associated with EBV Heamophagocytic syndrome
predicts a worse prognosis
48. Cutaneous B- Cell Lymphoma
PCFCL PCMZBCL
PRESENTATION Clustered Plaques and
Tumor on scalp and
forehead of trunk
Isolated or multifocal
violaceous plaques /
nodules on trunk
/extremities
BIOPSY Lymphoid infiltrate with
varying proportion of
centrocytes, centroblasts ,
reactive T-cells .
Composed of
lymphoplasmacytoid cells ,
Plasma cells, centroblast like
and immunoblast like cells
IMMUNOPHENOTYPE CD20+
CD79a+
CD20+
CD79a+
CD5- / CD10-
PCFCL :- PRIMARY CUTANEOUS FOLLICLE CENTRE LYMPHOMA
PCMZBCL:- PRIMAY CUTANEOUS MARZINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA
49. TREATMENT PCFCL PCMZBCL
LOCAL SUPERFICIAL
IRRADIATION
Dose 20-54 Gy
Margin 0.5-5cm
CR 99%, RR 30%
Dose 30-45 Gy
Field Margin 1-5cm
CR 99% ,RR 46 %
SURGERY (EXCISION) CR 98%, RR 40% CR 99%, RR 43 %
INF ALFA CR 100 % , RR 29 % CR 100 %, RR 25 %
RITUXIMAB Overall response 100%
CR 80%
Overall response 60 %
CHEMOTHERAPY MULTIAGENT (CHOP)
CR 85%, RR 48%
MULTIAGENT (CHOP)
CR 85%, RR 57%
TREATMENT OPTION BASED ON ISCL/EORTC LITERATURE REVIEW, NO RANDOMISE
DATA TO ESTABLISH TREATMENT PROTOCOL
50. Follow-up
• The frequency of follow-up visits depends on the type
of PCL and the stage of disease. It may vary from
every 6 or 12 months in patients with indolent types
of PCL and stable disease or patients in complete
remission .
• 4–6 weeks in patients with active or progressive
disease. Follow-up visits should focus on history and
physical examination, and additional testing
(histology, blood examination, imaging, etc.) should
only be carried out if required.
51. Conclusion
• A correct histopathologic diagnosis is
important in determination of appropriate
management
• Due to rarity of disease numerous question
regarding patho-physiology and optimal
treatment remain unanswered and international
collaborations are required for better
understanding.
