Christology; The Two Nature Of Jesus Essay

Christology; the Two Nature of Jesus Essay
An angel appeared before a woman named Mary and stated to her that she would give birth to a son. She would name her son Jesus. Mary being a
virgin gave birth to a child, conceived by God through his Spirit. Jesus being conceived in a supernatural manner became man and God in one creation.
God became incarnate in this child who became known by the name of Jesus (Mathew 1:18–25) . Jesus was a Palestinian Jew, born in a town south of
Jerusalem, raised in Nazareth in a small village in Galilee. Jesus was not any ordinary child. Jesus was the son of the living God. Not only was He
the son of Mary, He was foremost the Son of God. He was incarnated sent to us for the redemption of all mankind. So how do we handle the
incarnation of God? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the concept incarnation is at work in the New Testament. The Greek equivalent of incarnate is found in scripture. The Greek equivalent
of incarnate is in carne (en sarki) meaning that God came in the flesh (1 Timothy 3:16; 1 John 4:2; 2 John 7). Jesus took on the form of man so
that he might bridge the gap between human creation and His father. God sent Jesus as a child to a lost and dying world. Jesus came to us as
human. He did not lay down his divinity and pick up humanity. He came to us as both divine and human. Through this act God was revealed in a
personal way to humankind, and therefore in a way which is more adequate for a personal God to interact with his creation. God now was an
advocate to his people. He no longer had to communicate his words through prophets, lawgivers, or even wise men. It allowed God to be united with
humanity, so that he might be able to bear their sins, and make atonement for them in one act of sacrifice and reconciliation (2 Corinthians 5:19 – 21).
What humanity itself could not do was done in human beings by the Son of God (Romans 5:8) .
Historical Views The two natures of Jesus refers to the doctrine that the one person Jesus has two natures, (Divine and Human). In theology this is
called "the doctrine of the hypostatic union. " it derives its meaning from the Greek word hypostasis (which is also
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Theological Controversy Of Nestorius
The early fifth century saw the rise of a new theological controversy, spearheaded by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople. Nestorius took issue
with the designation of Mary as God–bearer, Theotokos, and instead claimed she should be Christ–bearer, Christotokos. Cyril of Alexandria, Patriarch
of Alexandria, came out strongly against Nestorius and wrote On the Unity of Christ to uphold Mary as Theotokos. For Cyril, the theology of Mary as
God–bearer is essential and necessary to understanding how the incarnation works. This Mariology is seen not only in On the Unity of Christ, but
also in a prayer he composed as well. In these two writings of differing scope and purpose, Cyril argues that denying Mary as God–bearer also denies
the incarnation, and therefore the economy of salvation. Cyril argues three key points that must be true in order for the incarnation to effectively save
humanity: Jesus must be a fully divine and equal member of the Trinity; Jesus must be fully man and assume all of human flesh; and Christ had to be
born into the world through Immaculate Conception. These are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cyril argues for Christ's divinity throughout On the Unity of Christ, such as when he characterizes Christ as being "ineffably begotten by nature
from the Father and coeternal with him" as explained in John 1:14 (Cyril 53). Cyril then goes on to describe Christ as "God in an appearance like
ours, and the Lord in the form of a slave. This is what we mean when we say that he became flesh, and for the same reason we affirm that the holy
virgin is the Mother of God" (Cyril 55). Although God took on flesh, no part of God's divinity was lost; rather, God's divinity became coexistent in
Christ's human

Catal Hyuk
CHAPTER ONE: Before History IDENTITIES: Complex Society Paleolithic Venus Figurines Metallurgy Social Class/Social Structure Lucy Neolithic
Lascaux Cave Paintings Neolithic Revolution Agricultural Revolution MAP: Olduvai Gorge Neander Valley Catal Huyluk Lascaux CHAPTER TWO:
Early Societies in SW Asia and Indo–European Migrations IDENTITIES: The Epic of Gilgamesh Sargon of Akkad Hammurabi's Codes/Laws Stele
Assyrians Economic Specialization Stratified Patriarchal Society Elite, Commoner, Dependent, Slave Cuneiform Moses Polytheism Cross–Cultural
Interaction Cross–Cultural Exchange Semitic City–state Hammurabi Indo–Europeans... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Augustine Constantine Visigoths Huns 476 ce Bishop of Rome CHAPTER 12: Cross–Cultural Exchange on the Silk Road IDENTITIES: Monsoon
Winds Taklamakan Desrt Missionaries Epidemics Expatriate Merchants Bubonic Plague Bishop of Rome 476 ce Nestorians Syncretic/syncretism Small
Pox St. Augustine Manicheaism MAP: Kush Himalaya Mountains Taklamakan Desert Taxila Persian Gulf Arabia Tyre Red Sea South China Sea
Ceylon Bactria Chang'an Hindu Kush Mountains Madagascar Kashgar Caspian Sea Palmyra Antioch Arabian Sea Damasacus Guandzhou Pondicherry
Samarkand Sumatra Java Parthia CHAPTER 13: The Commonwealth of Byzantium IDENTITIES: Byzantine Commonwealth Caesaropapism Corpus
iuris civilis "Greek Fire" Schism Saint Cyril and Methodius Sasanids Hagia Sophia Theme System Iconoclasm Fourth Crusade MAPS: Balkan
Peninsula Egypt Constantinople Alexandria Kiev Mediterranean

Apollinarianism Research Paper
В¬В¬
Apollinarianism
Konstantin Martynyuk
Theology 154: Faith, Justice & the Catholic Tradition
April 5, 2017
Apollinarius was the bishop of Laodicea who developed the heretical position concerning the nature of Christ. Originally, a supporter of orthodoxy
against the Arians, his Christological teaching becomes a heresy among scholars, at a synod in Rome in 374–380 and by the Council of Constantinople
in 381. The primary opponents of Apollinarius were Athanasius, the Cappadocian Fathers (the two Gregories), and Epiphanius. В¬–The Church Fathers
sought to defend themselves against Apollinarius's teaching, especially when referring to the Incarnation. His Christology, Apollinarism, denied the
existence in Christ of a rational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when talking about the Incarnation, Apollinarius strays from the orthodox perception of Christ and says that he has only one true (divine)
nature. In accord with Church teaching, Apollinarius believed that Jesus Christ has fully redeemed humanity. He is the only mediator between God
and man, a fact which led Apollinarius to maintain that if God were a unity, Christ himself must be a unity. If the divine element was simply united
with mankind, we would have two sons, one of God by nature and the other by adoption. With this the flesh of Christ is not added to divinity but
establishes one nature with the God. The Treatise Against Apollinarius, or better known by its Latin title, Antirrheticus, was created by Gregory of
Nyssa to challenge this heretic teachings of Apollinarius. St. Gregory of Nyssa wrote two works during the 380s opposing the teachings of not just
Apollinarius but his followers as well. Moving forward, the Incarnation showed that a physical body was joined with the divine logos. Looking back
to an assigned reading from earlier in the semester, in the Gospel of John, the passage says "The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among
us." (John 1:14) Apollinarius interpreted this as the logos taking on flesh without assuming a human mind, the source of evil. For Apollinarius, the
logos was the sole life of Jesus even down to the physical level. He thereby constitutes one living unity in which the soul directs and the body

Cyril Of Alexandria
St. Cyril of Alexandria: Defense of the TheotГіkos Jobin Thomas Introduction to Church History September 12, 2015 St. Cyril of Alexandria, the
Bishop of Alexandria (which is a Mediterranean port city in Egypt) is one of the most renowned Fathers and Doctor of the Church. He was conferred
the title Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII in 1882. At the beginning of the 5th century, theological controversies on the understanding of the
mystery of the incarnation and the title of TheotГіkos bestowed on Mary erupted. One St. Cyril's most prominent teachings is his defense of Mary as
the 'TheotГіkos' against Nestorius who preferred the term Chistotokos. Nestorius' denial of the title of TheotГіkos implies that Mary was not the
Mother of God, and therefore God had not taken human form in the person of Jesus Christ. Mary was simply the mother of an exemplary man.
However, through a careful examination of St. Cyril's defense of Mary as the TheotГіkos, we will come to see why Nestorius' position cannot be held
and was condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Biography of St. Cyril of Alexandria Why St. Cyril of Alexandria was chosen for this report?
Who is Nestorius and what is Nestorianism? Nestorius was the Bishop of Constantinople (now... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact Jesus is a man with the human parentage of Mary, grows and advances as a human child should (Lk. 2:49)...the latter body of evidence
transcends the scope of a human prosopon and amounts to claims of pre–existence that human beings cannot rightly make (Jn. 8:58), claims for
absolute status (Jn. 6:54), and signs of awesome power such as raising the dead (Mk. 5:35) and walking on the sea (Mk. 6:45). These are all things
beyond the range of a human prosopon and they signal to the observer the existence of another kind of prosopon, one that manifests a divine physis
behind

The Christian Idea Of The Kingdom Of God
In this paper I will emphatically argue the Christian idea of the "kingdom of god" in light of the Luke 17.21 as I did research my own based on the
Holy Qur'an and the Holy Bible alone. There may be nothing intrinsically questionable about the previous interpretation ("inside of you"). Undoubtedly,
because of the reality the entire verifiable past of Christian philosophy, this has been the overwhelming making sense of the Greek content and it totally
now not must prompt any risky religious philosophy. Jesus would with no inconvenience were stating that the kingdom of God was once not a ton an
outside, political truth on the grounds that it used to be an inside, religious actuality that exists free of administration, sincere or other vitality
developments. Nonetheless, this understanding/interpretation without uncertainty has – and proceeds with – to cultivate negative philosophy,
essentially among New Generation who take it as a sign that there is a celestial flash inside everything about, just prepared to be acclaimed and took
advantage of it. A dreadfully identical making sense of can likewise be non–specific inside the (apparently) Christian thriving movement as great.
In spite of how this interpretation would were mishandled, despite the fact that, the crucial inquiry remains regardless of whether this is the five star
interpretation or if the last interpretation ( 'among you") is an additional right representation of Jesus ' implied that implies. It is my concentrated

Arius On The Status Of Christ-Theoristic
4.7 Arius (c.250–c.336) on the status of Christ – Patristic
Arius disagrees with the incarnation of God. Arius insists that God is unchangeable.
Because the "Father is regarded as existing before the Son," Arius believes that the Son is a creature. Arius did rank the Son differently out of all other
creatures. Arius regards the Son by saying, "a perfect creature, yet not as one among other creature; a begotten being, yet not as one among other
begotten beings." It is said that, "the consequences of this viewpoint were critiqued by many at the time," and also that his views were known, "through
the writings of his opponents."
4.15 Cyril of Alexandria (died 444) on Mary as the mother of God – Patristic
In this passage Cyril talks about how Mary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three treatises by Damascus, are aimed "against those who rejected the use of icons." Damascus argues that "the theological fact of the
incarnation of Christ provides a solid formation for the use of icons in devotion." Damascus explains many different physical items, such as icons, in
worship and adoration. An example of one of the physical items he used as icons is, "Was not the triply blessed wood of the cross matter."
4.37 Thomas F. Torrance (1913–2006) on the Incarnation and Soteriology – Protestant
In this passage Torrence explored the relation of the doctrine of the incarnation to questions of soteriology. Torrance explains, God's "conception and
birth of the Virgin Mary, apart from a human father, did not alter the fact that the birth ofJesus was truly of the flesh just like that of all other human
beings." Also on the grounds of Soteriology, Torrance explains that when the Son of God became man which effected our salvation through humanity,
it was the 'whole man.' In this passage, Torrance shows the representation of a leading western theological to "evaluate and appropriate the emerging
Christological consensus of the Greek patristic

After the Way Called Heresy Book Review
Anthony Gonzales
Apostolic School of Theology
Throughout the line of church history, Oneness doctrine has suffered persecution,
Condemnation, and expulsion. Many believe that the dogma of the Trinity has been the True doctrine of the early church, but the truth is that since the
birth of the church which in the Book of Acts. The Mighty God in Christ doctrine is in fact the doctrine of the early church. This Movement did not die
out in the third and fourth centuries, but has continued to grow and now is One of the fastest growing Movements in the twentieth century. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many opposed this event by turning to Monasticism, these people wanted to devote their lives to God, but despite of all of this Weisser notes that
Oneness still exist.
Chapter 6
This chapter explains the events taking place in the eighth through fifthteenth centuries (middle Ages). It is when secular leaders are struggling against
the papacy for power. During this time the crusades took place. The main problem in the middle Ages was between the pope and the king, this desire
for power caused the churches from the East and West to separate. This made the Cathari and Waldenses to question the authority of the pope and
placed Biblical authority over men.
Chapter 7
In chapter seven Weisser takes a deep look into the Reformation, and how the printing of pamphlets in mass number can cause a greater influence than
before. The Catholic Church had become very corrupt and caused men like Martin Luther and John Calvin to push against the church abuse. These men
had different views, but for the most part they agreed. We also see the Oneness of God doctrine in the sixth and seventeenth centuries. This was
inspired by Michael Servetus and once again the challenge of this pagan doctrine (Trinitarians) would last for two centuries.
Chapter 8
In this chapter Weisser explains how the Enlightenment period disagreed with the Reformation, this caused separation within the Christian church. This
period also brought the

Council Of Chalcedon Essay
However, a diverse group ranging from the monks at Constantinople to Egyptian bishops loyal to Dioscorus opposed the definition. They considered
themselves as Pro Nicene and anti Nestorian, but they worried that the council was being heretic . Ultimately, the Chalcedonian definition stated that
after the incarnation, Christ was in two natures without mixture, change, division or separation .
Furthermore, part of the disagreement between the Eastern and Western Church was because the definition stated that Christ is acknowledged in two
natures, which come together into one person and one hypostasis. The critics (some Eastern churches) understood this to side with western Christology,
they felt that it diverged from the teachings of Cyril of Alexandria who said that Christ has one nature. The church of Alexandria felt that the definition
should have stated that Christ is to be acknowledged as "out of two natures" and not "in two natures". However, some scholars argue that the language
of "two natures" also derives from Cyril . Ultimately, the assertion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of Nestorianism, if the incarnation was a case of a male son of Mary being indwelt by the divine son of God, then Jesus Christ is not
different from a Christian because Christians believe that they are indwelt by the son. If that was the case, then the incarnation did not take place. This
would make the doctrine of atonement null and void because it would suggest that Christians were saved by a human being leading to whether human
suffering can atone for sins. In the case of Eutychianism, if Christ's humanity was swallowed up in his divinity, then the incarnation (God becoming
man) did not really take place, but it seems to be more a case of man extinguished and lost in God, thereby also making the incarnation null and

Nestorius Research Paper
Stupidity likes to take a shower in the morning. A wave loudly crashing against a shoreline slips on a banana peel. Pinocchio is omni–present, much
like candy. Tomorrow is like a painted flower, it never wilts. These sentences are ridiculous, right? The way you are feeling right now after listening to
them is the exact same way the council felt about Nestorius' teachings. The council went even farther than nonsensicality and called him a heretic. But,
more on that later. Nestorius was born in Syria in 386 AD, and was a priest and monk in the monastery of Euprepius. Theodore of Mopsuetia taught
him in clerical training in Antioch. His sermons were so phenomenal that Emperor Theodosius II inaugurated him as Patriarch of Constantinople in 428
AD. Shortly after, Nestorius became involved in two theological factions debating in their Christology. One side said the Jesus was born as a man, and
they called Mary Theotokos, meaning "God–bearer." The other side argued that this title of Mary was incorrect because God could not be born on
account of his eternal nature. Nestorius tried to find a middle ground. He decided to call Mary Christokos, meaning "Christ–bearer." He did this so it
would not seem like God was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the meeting was supposed to take place and any eastern bishops of Antioch arrived, Cyril began the assembly. He sent letters summoning
Nestorius. Cyril used the Nicene Creed to disprove Nestorius, saying that Jesus' flesh did not turn into the godhead, and the nature of God did not
turn into flesh. He says Jesus became one with the flesh in a Hypostatic Union. Cyril proposed twelve anathemas that were accepted by the church.
They basically said if anyone does or does not do something, they will be anathema. In other words, they will be condemned and basically sent to hell.
Nestorius declined the summons of Cyril and was therefore deprived of his dignity in the church and detached from his college of

Gender Inequality In Agora
"Synesius, you don't question what you believe, or cannot. I must." – Hypatia The historical film Agora focuses on a lot of points such as, politics,
social status, gender equality, religion and astronomical views. The story revolves around one of the most glorified women in ancient Alexandria, the
mathematician/philosopher/astronomer, Hypatia. She is first seen lecturing to her students about how things on Earth tend to fall down in a straight
path downward. She demonstrates this idea by dropping a handkerchief. Alongside her is the devoted slave, Davus, who seemed to have a special
feeling to his mistress. Two prominent characters are also introduced, namely, Orestes (lover of Hypatia; later became the prefect ofAlexandria) and
Synesius (a faithful Christian; later became the Bishop of Cyrene). The conflict in the movie starts when Pagan believers attack Christians who insult
their Gods' statues. The Pagan believers are forced to retreat back to the Library of Alexandria due to the force of the unexpected ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are almost given the same chance as men to show off what they can do and exercise their rights since they were born. But I regret this gender
inequality that happened before. I suddenly think that, what if women have already been given equal chances as men before? I think the world would
go off a better course. Without a doubt, I admit that women are smarter than men. So think of all the possibilities that might happen. With the given
chances today, I still don't know why some women still ask for gender equality.
To end this movie review in Agora, I would like to make it a point that what happened in the history should remain as a history. Though this may lead
to more developments in the future, it is best to live some data forgotten in the past and keep the present rolling to the future. Never let the past dictate
the future. Never let your beliefs be swayed with hearsays. KEEP MOVING

Jesus Christ, The Last Adam, By The Disobedience Of The...
Jesus Christ, the Last Adam, Offers Spiritual Life, Lost by the Disobedience of the First Adam
Alex Bogdanoff
DO601DE Christology
Deacon Michael Ross, PhD
16 February 2017
Utilizing Holy Scripture, JESUS CHRIST: Fundamentals of Christology, Roch A. Keresky, Catechism of the Catholic Church, class lecture notes and
writings of Church Fathers, I will present Jesus as the last Adam, and will discuss that through the His obedience, the spiritual life, lost from the fall of
the first Adam, is offered by God. In St Paul's letter to the Romans he says of Adam and Jesus, "just as through one transgression condemnation came
upon all, so through one righteous act, acquittal and life came to all." (Rom 5:18, NAB )
Paul uses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The good thief narrative serves as an explicit demonstration of the saving power (and intention) of the last Adam, an illustration applicable for all the
ages. Kereszty parallels Paul's distinction between the two Adams by noting that through the first Adam's disobedience, "death, physical and spiritual,
began to reign over mankind", starting an "avalanche" of sin, but through "Jesus' obedience offered is the grace of a new life with God."
Probably the most Christological of the Pauline writings is in the Letter to the Philippians. (2:6–11) Read every Sunday in celebration of Vespers, the
hymn describes the "emptying" of Christ, laying aside His glory, assuming humanity, and being exalted to "Lord", through his obedience. Kereszty
uses verses 6 through 8 to differentiate between the first and last Adams. He attributes the fall of Adam to his desire to "grab equality with God" . I
can see how the snake's (Satan's) tempting lie to eat of the forbidden fruit, "...you will be like gods, who know good and evil" (Gn 3:5), played into or
promoted this desire. Conversely, the last Adam abandoned "his status of equality with God" (v. 6
–7), providing an avenue of salvation for all
humanity. In Genesis God gives Adam a mandate to take dominion, "lord" as a king would, over the earth (1:28), but due to his failure, he lost this
"lordship" to Satan, who gained authority over the earth. (1 Jn 5:19). Jesus

Nestorianism Controversy
The teachings of Nestorianism, centered on the similar teaching of the school of Antioch. The teachings focused on the full humanity of Jesus, while
disputing the titles of the "Virgin" Mary, Jesus' mother. Nestorius the leader of the Nestorians and the bishop of Constantinople disagreed with the
Church that Mary was the God–bearer and "Mother of God." His disagreement with the kerygma, liturgy and theology of the Church exposed the
fundamental problem. This problem was that the Nestorians did not want to recognize that through Jesus God suffered in the flesh.
This fundamental problem raised much controversy between the Nestorians and the Church. The Nestorians refused to believe, that the divine spirit of
God could also be in a human form.

The Church Of The Martyrs
"A church without youth is a church without a future. Moreover, youth without a church is youth without a future." this is a quote from the former
pope of Alexandria, Pope Shenouda III. Pope Shenouda passed away about four years ago and his episcopate lasted for over 40 years. The Coptic
church has commonly been referred to by historians as the "Church of the Martyrs" (A Brief History of the Christian Church). It was given this name
due to the desire of martyrdom rather than the multitude of martyrs. The five main points of its history are the origins of Coptic Orthodox Christianity,
monasticism, contributions to Christendom, the ecumenical councils and the church today. It is believed that the Coptic church of Egypt was the first
church ever created; it was founded by Saint Mark in approximately 42 AD. (Osman) Saint Mark is also considered to be the first bishop and pope of
Alexandria. However, it wasn't until the late second century when Christianity was truly established in Egypt. During the second century the roman
emperors had begun to persecute the Coptic Orthodox Christians formerly known as Copts; yet as previously stated these Copts would not hide,
instead they would openly worship unafraid of death, because it is said that martyrdom isn't the end of a life, it is believed to be an entry to a new
life. The very first persecution against the Copts was in 68 AD when Saint Mark suffered martyrdom by pagan extremists. Then for seven years in the
early second century

Agora Analysis
The film Agora, directed by Alejandro AmenГЎbar, is set in Alexandria Egypt around the year 400. This time period is very soon after the legalization
of the Christian religion in the Roman Empire, and this fact is explicitly stated near the beginning of the movie. The plot follows the real–world
mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Hypatia, although in the movie her age does not match up with what it would have truly been at the time
of the events which are depicted, including her murder. She is shown as being consistently young throughout the movie although her murder actually
took place when she was in her fifties or her sixties. Two other key figures are Orestes and St. Cyril the Christian Patriarch ofAlexandria. The movie
features the political struggle between Orestes and St. Cyril as its central conflict along with the secondary conflicts of paganism and Judaism versus
Christianity. The main idea that the director seems to have intended for his audience is that religion is opposed to civilized behavior and to intellectual
and scientific progress. This is made evident by his distortion of historical facts to fit his bias which will be discussed later. The film was recorded on
the island of Malta and was released in 2009. At that time and continuing into the present day, entertainment media contained a noticeable anti–religious
sentiment. That sentiment is clearly expressed in this movie as religious people are consistently portrayed as stupid, unthinking, and

An Independent Woman in the Film, Agora
When I was reading "Subverting Sex and Love in Alejandro Amenabar's Agora," I noticed how Paul portrayed an aspect I had appreciated while
watching the film Agora. As I watched the film Agora I noticed how in contrast to the other movies we have seen in class the female character was not
defined by her relationship with men. For example, in the film Cleopatra, the female lead Cleopatra was defined in terms of her relationship with men.
Even though Cleopatra was involved in politics, she and to win the love of Antony and Caesar in order to get power. Paul states this idea in
"Subverting Sex and Love in Alejandro Amenabar'sAgora," when he states that Hypatia "cannot be defined primarily through her relationships with
men." (Paul, "Subverting Sex and Love in Alejandro Amenabar's Agora," 230) As I watched the film Agora, I noticed how Hypatia voiced her
opinion in front of men with no fear and appreciated the scenes which portrayed her findings. For example, in the scene in which Hypatia is with
Aspasius and discovers the model of the ellipse, the heliocentric model. To me, to have an Ancient Roman film portray the intelligence of a women
was a positive aspect of the movie Agora. Also, her students in the film, such as Synesius and Orestes were loyal to her and tried to help her in the
end of the film. Hypatia's bravery is also portrayed in the scene in which "in class, she presents him with her bloodied menstrual rag, telling him that
there is little harmony or beauty in the

Hypatia Research Paper
Hypatia of Alexandria was one of the first female mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher in her time. She, also, was one of the prime female
mathematicians, in her time, to have existing records of her life and work. Hypatia was born 350 or 370 CE in Alexandria, Egypt and died in 414 CE.
During that time period, Hypatia defied all odds in the educational field. However, even though Hypatia made many achievements, she is most known
for her infamous death.
Her father Theon of Alexandria was also a mathematician and an astronomer. He was one of the last professors who taught at the University of
Alexandria before the tragedy took place. Theon, in his field of work, edited and commented on the final solutions text in math to make it easy for his
students to learn. Later on, Hypatia contributed to his later edition according to "Hypatia: Great Mathematician or Geometry Teacher?" article by Faith
L. Justice. Hypatia was raised in a way where her father treated her as a son rather than a daughter. Theon in a sense ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As an apprentice to her father, Hypatia continued to preserve the Greek mathematical and astronomical heritage just as her as her father did.
According to the article "Hypatia" by Michael Deak, "She is credited with commentaries (comments and explanations) on Apollonius of Perga's Conic
and Diophantus of Alexandria's Arithmetic, as well as an astronomical table." Apollonius of Perga's Conic are theories created by Apollonius of Perga
who was a Greek geometer, meaning he was a mathematician who studied geometry. Specifically, the conic section dealt with hyperbolas, parabolas,
and ellipses. Diophantus of Alexandria's Arithmetic are theories created by Diophantus of Alexandria, who was a Greek mathematician who studied
algebra. Diophantus essentially brought symbolism to the algebraic world. Hypatia, also, did a lot of commentaries on her father's work as

How God Became King Summary
Book Review
N.T. Wright releases "How God Became King: The Forgotten Story of the Gospels" with the affirmation that the church has come to emphasis almost
exclusively on Jesus' birth, death and resurrection. Although, the gospels devote the majority of their time on Jesus' life. Jesus's life, death, resurrection
and rise did not hint the end of the old Israel story, but redirected it further to a worldwide effort of adaptation. Wright addresses several New Testament
documented interpreters who present the gospels as simply "the prognosis of early Christian faith, reflecting the disputes and predicaments of the early
church," something Wright calls a "half–truth". Wright argues that notwithstanding the gospels countless differences, none of... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The essential problem Wright identifies in the introduction can be documented most clearly in six ordinary, but unsatisfactory responses often
provided by the church to the query "What are the Gospels all about?, " which are: 1) teaching people how to go to Heaven, 2) recording Jesus's
exclusive ethical teaching, 3) depicting Jesus as a moral prototype for the people, 4) exhibiting Jesus as the perfect sacrifice, 5) telling stories with
which humans can recognize and then find direction, and 6) signifying Jesus's spirituality. While each of these answers contains a portion of truth,
Wright contends they all fail to hold the heart of the Gospel accounts. According to Wright, "the gospels tell of Jesus who embodied the livingGod of
Israel and whose cross and resurrection really did unveil and initiate the Kingdom of God." Wright then claims that the kingdom is apart of a greater
eschatological theology, which is concerned with what is believed to be the final events of history, or the definitive destiny of humanity.
Robert Gundry presents a more critical review of N.T. Wright's "How God Became King: The Forgotten Story of the Gospels." During his public
ministry, Jesus taught extensively in words and deeds about the kingdom of God. In How God Became King, N.T. Wright

The Omnipotence And Omniscience Of God Essay
William Maillis
PHL 111
Reaction Paper #2
Professor M. Scott Mayberry
13 December 2016
The Omnipotence and Omniscience of God
Does God exist in the universe, or does the universe exist in God? This is the question mankind must answer when we discuss the attributes of God.
Many times humanity attempts to place God in the universe and placing universal laws and limitations on God, but God is not bound by the laws
of the universe, because the universe exists in God. If it true that God has created everything than how can he be limited by anything? Only God
could limit Himself, by His own choice to do so. Thomas V. Morris in his article on the omnipotence of God asks; can God do everything that is
logically possible? Who's logic? Are we made in the Image and Likeness of God, or are we attempting to make Him in ours? The difficulty is this: as
humans, we are imperfect, with our viewpoints so limited –is it God we connect to, or merely our own impression of Him? As imperfect humans, we
know only ourselves. We connect to others, but we can never truly go into anybody's mind but our own. Every "person" exists in a specific manner,
completely immersed in his individual awareness, which is egocentric and exclusive. As human beings, we look towards reason and logic to try to
understand existence and our place in it. However, there is no human being who is omniscient, so therefore our logic can be flawed, so what is
logically possible?
In the article; Omniscience and human freedom: a

Essay on Book Banning and First Amendment Right
What is a banned book? A banned book is a book that has been removed from the shelves; it could be from a library, classroom, or even the bookstore
because of its content. A book could be banned for many reasons, but it could be banned because it contains sex, violence, inappropriate language,
religious viewpoints, witch craft, and many more things because other people deem it inappropriate. When someone bans a book they ban it for
everyone else too. The First Amendment states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the Government
for a redress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When violences occurred between them, Cyril told the Jews to leave. The last great scholar Hypatia, refused and was then murdered on Cyril orders
and then burned the Great Library of Alexandria down. It is said that their had to be some remains of the Library still existing
The burning of the Great Alexandria Library, maybe a mistake destroyed over 700, 000 scrolls. Many of these scrolls were the only copies and the
information they held are lost forever (Heather Phillips p.4–6).
Even the Catholic Church supported censorship, in the seventieth century they wanted to censor Galileo because he believed that they church was
wrong about the planets revolving around Earth. He believe that the sun was in the center and all of the plants revolved around it and they made him
burn all of his writings. As United States citizens, we have the right of freedom of expression; the First Amendment of the United States constitution
states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or the press..." (First Amendment Oct. 20, 2013). As this concerns books, people should have the freedom to choose what they want to read
and what they don't want to read. By banning books, our basic rights as US citizens are abused. Book banning affects many different people, from the
people who read books to the people who write them. Why do

John 21 Outline
Main Idea and outline
John 21:1–19: After Jesus rose from the dead; He appears to His disciples by the sea where he has a very special conversation with Peter to restore him
and give him a call on his life.
1.Peter and six other disciples went back to their job (21:1–3)
A. Jesus reveals Himself to seven disciples again (v.1)
B. Peter and six other disciples went fishing and caught nothing.(v.v. 2–3)
A.Jesus helps them to catch the fish(21:4–6)
B.Disciples did not recognize Jesus(v. 4)
C.Jesus tells them where to cast the nest. They obey and succeed. (V.v. 5
–6)
2.Jesus serves His disciples a breakfast (21:7–14)
A.Peter jumps in the water as soon as he realizes that it is Jesus talking to them.(v.7)
B.Jesus invites His disciples to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We must always be careful of creating "hidden meanings" in the Word of God." https://www.blueletterbible.org/comm/guzik_david/studyguide_jhn
/jhn_21.cfm
12 Jesus said to them, "Come and have breakfast." Now none of the disciples dared to ask him, "Who are you?" because they knew it was the Lord.
13 Jesus came and took the bread and gave it to them, and did the same with the fish. He is not only taking care of our spiritual needs, but also
physical. Just as the loving parent prepares food for his/her children Jesus roasts fish for His disciples. In Mathew 6:32–34 He asked them not to worry
about food and clothe but first to seek the Kingdom of Heaven. I think here He reminds them again that He is their provider and they cannot do 14
This was now the third time that Jesus appeared to the disciples after he was raised from the dead. "The reference to the third time Jesus appeared
probably enumerates only the appearances reported in this Gospel (20:19–23; 20:26–29). The appearance to Mary Magdalene is not counted, since it
was an appearance to his disciples. It is extremely difficult to place all the appearances reported in New Testament into chronological order. At least
three sequences are possible."(Carson,

Some people in this world, such as women are underestimated, especially in mathematics, but the history of this subject isn't exclusively male. There
once was a lady named Hypatia of Alexandria who was a female mathematician and philosopher. Not many people have information about her family
life. That situation is not uncommon for this time period (not having any family background). Even Hypatia's own birth is questioned, but most people
believe she was born in c. 350 CE within Alexandrea, Egypt. She was the daughter of Theon, who was also a well–known mathematician in his day.
Theon was her very own tutor in science, math, and philosophy which in their day would probably be science. On top of tutoring her, Theon also
placed her in the field of arts and activities such as rowing, swimming, and horseback riding. Unfortunately, there isn't any ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of her students even wrote a letter claiming that one of her lessons included how to build an astrolabe, which is a type of portable
astronomical calculator. The astrolabe was also used for ship navigation and devices for measuring the density of fluids. She even grew as a
philosopher in what's now called, Neoplatonic School. This school is a belief system in which everything stems from the One and only. She would
have lectures and draw a good amount of people out and just hope to get more and more. Hypatia was very well known as a symbol for feminists.
Even the English clergyman, Charles Kingsley made her the known subject of a mid–Victorian romance. Everyone knows that with public speaking
come the strong haters. One day, a rumor spread that she was avoiding Cyril (the head leader of the main religious body of the city) and Orestes to
talk out their differences. From that time on, Peter the Lector and his mob was out to get her, since she was the easiest target and they were against her

What Makes Us Humans?
Thought is what makes us humans. Our rationalism, our ability to make decisions based on our own reason and knowledge, is what makes humans
human and not animals. Now a day we all have access to the largest library, the largest source of knowledge the world has ever known: the internet.
Over 2,000 years ago we had the Library of Alexandria, a place where intellectuals would gather to discuss ideas and conduct research from over
half a million books, a place where knowledge could grow. In 332 BC Alexander the Great founded a city which he hoped would embody his dreams
on the mediterranean coast of Egypt. He thought on this for a bit and then decided that no better name could be given to such a great city than that of
his own and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hero was a geometer and inventor whose writings preserved a knowledge of the mathematics and engineering of Babylonia, Egypt, and the
Greco–Roman World. More than just this though, he invented the first steam engine. The device consisted of a sphere mounted on a boiler by an axial
shaft with two canted nozzles that produce a rotary motion as steam escapes. This was, however, very inefficient and only used to power toys and
entertain visitors, so this design would generally be ignored and would not provide a basis for modern steam engines (Still pretty cool though).
Hero 's Aeolipile (The First Steam Engine) Even after the burning of much of the library, men continued to search far and wide for any scroll of
consequence. Indeed it was after the library was largely burned that it would reach its peak of around 700,000 books. Laws were even put in place
to preserve and expand the Great Library 's collection. One such law banned books from leaving the city. Another had any new ship into the city
inspected to search for any new books to expand the library. To keep track of this massive collection, the city 's librarians came up with the World 's
first library catalog (Perhaps somewhat unsurprisingly). The books were sorted by, amongst other things, author, title, and genre. Intellectuals from all
over the known world would come and read this books, and even sometimes make their own notes

Informative Speech About Armenian Religion
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about specific topics about Armenian religion
Thesis: Today I will specifically talk about Armenian religion history, faith and beliefs, and a local Armenian church located in Fresno.
I.Introduction:
A. Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural system, and worldviews that relate to humanity an order of existence.
II.Body
A.A common religion practice amongst Armenians is Christianity
1.Armenians have practiced Christianity dating back to the age of Apostles. Apostles are Jesus chief disciples. And two Apostles Thaddeus and
Bartholomew were the first to preach the gospel in Armenia.
a.Oriental orthodox Christianity is their specific faith within Christianity.

The Sermon 71 : On The Lord 's Resurrection
Pope St. Leo the Great
Sermon 71: On the Lord's Resurrection, I.; Delivered on Holy Saturday in the Vigil of Easter
Pope St. Leo the Great addressed the faithful on Vigil of Easter speaking on the Lord's resurrection. He weaves through the sermon Christological
theme of the Jesus Christ's hypostatic union, particularly his humanity, in order to redeem mankind. The focus of this sermon is of no surprise for the
heresies of Nestorianism, Eutychianism, Docetism and Marcionism disputing Christ's humanity, which were prevalent during his lifetime. This sermon
on the Lord's resurrection is one encouraging the faithful to grow in discipline of the body in order to contemplate the divine. The emphasis on the
body is taken up for two reasons. One, humanity is called to actively participate in the sacrifice and resurrection of Christ in tangible ways. Christ is
the perfect model to doing Gods will even with the obstacles of human nature. Secondly, many heresies at the time deny Chris's humanity and thus Pope
Leo was emphasizing this vital Truth as a way to catechize his flock. Repeatedly in his sermon, Pope Leo emphasized the hypostatic union of Christ, in
particular his human nature, in the resurrection. This is in direct opposition with the heresy of Marcion present during the pontiff's lifetime. This heresy
did not believe Jesus became fully human but rather his human–ness was a faГ§ade, which he shed after the crucifixion for the "resurrection does not
extend to the flesh"

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay
A Literature Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria
Book Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria How the modern world was actually established is often overlooked and attributed to the powers and
domination of Athens and Rome. What authors Justin Pollard and Howard Reid urge readers to understand, however, is the significance that the city of
Alexandria had on Western Civilization. Both authors have worked in British and American television, and are accomplished in the film/documentary
industry. Reid has also previously written five other books. In their narrative book, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, they seek to emphasize just how
important this little city was to the foundation of the modern world through accounts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7). He wanted Egypt as part of his growing empire. Not long after in 323 BC, however, Alexander died and left this newly established city to his half
brother and baby son. Alexander's childhood friend, Ptolemy, soon came to rule over the city and Alexandria began rising. Ptolemy had plans for the
city and began building innovative roads and two sea harbors. With these new developments, authors note, the "fundamental plan of the greatest city in
the ancient world was complete." Houses, slaves, cattle, and taxpayers were being taken from surrounding villages and given to the capital city of
Alexandria. When Ptolemy's son and successor (Ptolemy II) began his rule on the city, he, too, threw himself into developing Alexandria and created a
currency that could be used to sell and trade. Structures were built, such as temples and the lighthouse, and Alexandria was becoming known as "the
light of the world" (p. 92).
Along with the furthering of physical growth to the city of Alexandria, there was also growth politically and religiously. Ptolemy wished to fuse
ancient thinking with the modern thinking of the Greeks, so he devised a plan and created a cult through a fusion of two gods: the god of the dead and
the living bull. And this Greco–Egyptian cult was created and called Serapis. Through this newly founded religion and the constant furthering of the
city's buildings and technology, Alexandria began to rise.
One of the main and most

Ipatia Research Paper
Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia, commonly addressed as Hypatia of Alexandria, was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologist, and philosopher during the time of Ancient
Greece. The city of Alexandria that Hypatia lived in was originally part of Greece, until it was conquered by early Egyptians.Hypatia was born around
350 – 370 CE and was raised by her father, Theon. Her father was a scholar of the Museum of Alexandria, which was not, in fact, an actual museum.
The Museum of Alexandria was roughly similar to an academy, in the way that it was an early form of a school. The Museum also included the
Library of Alexandria, which was an area filled with papers and books filled with vast expanses of knowledge. Theon was believed to have taught his ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The name Hypatia, like most Greek names, has a definition; Hypatia's name in Greek is either written as 'П…ПЂО±П„ОїП‚ or ОҐПЂО±П„О№О±,
which translates to words such as highest, exceptional, or supreme. The name Hypatia is the female version of Hypatos; the name can also be
translated to Russian, where names vary from Ipatiy, which is "rare" and typically used for males, Ipati, which is similar to Ipatiy, and is rare and
typically used for males, to Patya, which is common and is a Russian "diminutive" word. Many of the works Hypatia contributed to has been
destroyed, this is mostly because she stored most of her work in the Library of Alexandria, which was accidentally burned during Caesar's conquest
around 48 BC. She wrote many mathematical books about certain subjects, she wrote thirteen books on algebra, which was her her favorite subject,
and eight books on geometry. Some historians though , believe she wrote the commentaries and made revisions on The Astronomical Canon (possibly
based on her father's commentary), a commentary on The Conics of Apollonius (which leaded to the idea of hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses) and on

First Council Of Nicea Analysis
Introduction Prior to the recognition and legalization of Christianity, there was no widely agreed upon guideline that followers of Christ could abide
by. The purpose of the ecumenical councils of the fourth on fifth centuries was to establish a correct and universal doctrine of the Christian faith. The
church desired to define the person of Jesus Christ and abolish heretical ideas. At the time, these attempts to establish orthodoxy were futile. Ideas about
the faith varied immensely, and those who did not agree with the instituted beliefs were labeled heretics. However, the combination of these ecumenical
councils and the discussions that stemmed from them provided the building blocks needed to understand Christianity today. Looking back ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two bishops opposed each other over conflicting views on the person of Jesus Christ. Nestorius believed that Jesus had two wills and therefore
was also two persons. "Nestorius spoke of Jesus and God the Word, while Cyril believed that Jesus was the Word." (Lane, 56) Nestorius also denied
that the Virgin Mary was theotokos, or "God–bearer." Cyril heard about this and was displeased, requesting Nestorius to sign twelve anathemas.
Nestorius refused and the emperor called for the council. Cyril already had a tremendous amount of support from Rome and inevitably won over the
council. Nestorius was disposed of and the Virgin Mary was affirmed the theotokos. A document called the Formula of Reunion was produced as a
compromise. Consequently, the outcome of the council only created confusion and Alexandria split from

Critique Of Agora Critique
Agora Critique The 2009 feature film, Agora, which was directed by Alejandro AmenГЎbar, depicts the religious, political, and intellectual events in
the city of Alexandria during the life of Hypatia, a female philosopher. Since this film's primary goal is the entertainment of the audience rather than
accurate historical instruction, there are some fictitious or unproven details in the film that give an erroneous impression of history to the common
viewer. The movie gives a fair representation of the turmoil within both pagan and Christian groups, but there is a slight bias towards the
antagonization of Christians. One way this prejudice takes shape is the film's failure to fairly represent the role of St. Cyril of Alexandria amidst these
chaotic times as it relates to his views on women in education, his involvement in the death of Hypatia, and the expulsion of the Jews.
One aspect in which St. Cyril was wrongfully depicted was his attitude toward the role of women, especially regarding their position in the world of
academia. In the movie, Cyril reads a passage from I Timothy which states that women should be submissive to men. He then attempts to pressure
Orestes into publicly condemning Hypatia for her involvement in political and intellectual affairs. Women were thought to be inferior to men back
then, and some Christians during this time period did denounce intellectualism, believing that only God's Word was necessary. St. Cyril, however, did
not appear to share

Who Is Hypatia Of Alexandria?
Hypatia of Alexandria: Hypatia of Alexandria (350/370–415) was a mathematician and philosopher who "helped preserve Ptolemy's Almagest and she
wrote commentaries on Diophantus' number theory and on the Conics of Apollonius." (Hypatia Lessons) She was a daughter of Theon "astronomer
and mathematician and the last to head the Museum at Alexandrian." (Hypatia Lessons) He was also essential in spreading the works of Euclid and
Ptolemy to future scholars. Hypatia gave lectures to her students about philosophy and mathematics at the same institute as her father as well as the
possibility of giving lectures about the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle. Her students were all male and included both Christian and non–Christians
alike. People came from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The exact layout of the library or the extent of the collections is not known. In Alexandria Library of Dreams the author describes how
Pseudo–Aristeas is one of the original sources that describes the size of the library. "He has Demetrious tell Ptolemy that the Library now has more
than 200,000 books, but he hopes to bring it up to 500,000 before long. Tzetzes tells us that the Palace Library contained 400,000 "mixed"
(symmigeis) books and 90,000 "unmixed" (amigeis.)"(Alexandria library of dreams, 351).Papyrus scrolls made up most of the collection in the
library because papyrus only grew in the area around the Nile delta in Egypt. There was some controversy about the library taking books/scrolls
from trade ships in order to copy their contents, but they kept the originals and gave the ships copies. (Picture) The stacks in the library was filled
with works such as mathematics, astronomy, physics, natural sciences and other subjects, in several different versions in order to ensure
accuracy. "The library pulled in copies of the past and present from all over the Mediterranean, the near east, and Mesopotamia, and upon all
available subjects." (Anceint_library, 1) Those documents were written in numerous languages and translated into Greek. The objective was to
attract scholars all over the world to access the knowledge as well as create new knowledge (Anceint_library 2). There was also separate branches
of the library, placed all over Alexandria. The library served as repositories for literature, and other important works due to the generosity of the
Ptolemy's. "Added to this was the Hellenistic appreciation for all knowledge not just Greek and Roman. Alexandria was ideally located between the
East and West and became a place where ideas of the world were debated and discussed." (Anceint_library 2) Alexandria was an international hub for
trade, leading producer of

Nestorius Research Paper
After the Council of Nicea, the controversy over Jesus' two natures started again. Now, it is over the term: Theotokos: God bearing. Nestorius (d.451),
bishop of Constantinople, objected to the popular reference to Mary as the "Mother of God". To him, to call a human the "Mother of God" will call
into question the divinity of Jesus. Nestorius taught that God cannot have a mother; that no woman can give birth to God. What Mary bore was not
God, but humanity, the vehicle or instrument of divinity. He preferred the phrase, Christotokos: "Christ bearing" or "the Mother of Christ" (Dorman
2001: 159–160).
Cyril of Alexandria bitterly disagreed. He suggested that Nestorius was proposing that Jesus had two natures joined in a purely moral union and not in
real organic union (Karkkainen 2003: 77). Out of this came the concept that Nestorius was teaching that Jesus was not one person but two: one human
and one divine. However, it remained controversial whether Nestorius really meant what Cyril said. For Nestorius actually repudiated this teaching
(Karkkainen 2003: 77). He, in fact, only tried to preserve the divinity as well as the humanity of Jesus (Dorman 2001: 159). He seemed to have
proposed that Jesus is a "conjunction" of the divine nature person and the human nature person, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Antiochene bishops were late, thus Cyril (representing the Alexandrians) persuaded the members present to endorse his view and Nestorius was
condemned. When the Eastern bishops arrived on June 26, 431, they held their own council, deposing Cyril and the local bishop, Memnon, and
rejected Cyril's position. When the papal delegation arrived on July 10, they supported Cyril. It is this meeting that has gone down in history as the
Third Ecumenical Council. This did not settle the issue, because Cyril's position was just as questionable. Cyril spoke of one nature in Christ which
smacked of Apollinarius' Monophysitism (Karkkainen 2003:

The Pros And Cons Of The Council Of Ephesus
To please the Council of Ephesus and the Church, Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch agreed on a compromise that met the concerns of both sides.
This compromise stated that Jesus was both the "perfect God and perfect man composed of rational soul and body...consubstantial to the Father as to
his divinity and consubstantial to us as to his humanity" (Kereszty, pg. 248). This meant thatJesus was a human of divine nature, recognizing these two
physeis. Unfortunately, this compromise did not last long. After Eutyches was convicted by the synod in Rome, he appealed to other Bishops. This
lead to the rise of the Monophysite movement, headed by Eutyches.
Monophysitism believed that Jesus had one nature rather than the Chalcedonian belief that

The Coptic Orthodox Christian Community
Preface
"One has to consult the sayings of the Fathers of the Church, as well as other ancient writers. This helps us understand the historical changes which
have occurred over the years. Reading the Fathers can give meaning to many of the rubrics, many of which are not carried out properly because of lack
of understanding of their meaning".
The Coptic Orthodox Christian community is the largest and oldest Christian minority in the Middle East today. While there is no accurate consensus
of their size in Egypt, numerous accounts place them between 8 to 12 percentages of Egypt's current population.2 And may be more.
Actually, Coptic people are the native Egyptians and the pure children of pharaohs.3
Historically, the word "Coptic" is derived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The foundation of institutes of Coptic studies independently and within the framework of noted universities came as a natural response to this
growing pursuit of knowledge. Coptology was established as perhaps the newest branch of the humanities, parallel to the other disciplines of
Egyptology, Papyrology, and Islamology. Then in 1976, the Coptologists of the world were convened in Cairo by the Egyptian Department of
Antiquities, and there they created the International Association of Coptic Studies for the coordination of the expanding activities in the exploration of
the Coptic heritage. It was also on that occasion that the project of the Coptic Encyclopedia was hailed as a much needed and long overdue research
tool in an unusual field and as a means of diffusing knowledge concerning one of the most glorious chapters in the story of Christian

Emperor Justinian: Builder of the Byzantine Legend
ВЃВљThe writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came from Justinian was a Byzantine Emperor who helped to revitalize the
Byzantine Empire that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. During JustinianВЃfs reign, the Byzantine Empire was at a time of
decline. With JustinianВЃfs visions, he was able to lay out a foundation that would help the Byzantine Empire live for many years to come. Justinian
(Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) was born in 483 AD at Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of what is now central Europe. He was the nephew
of Emperor Justin. His uncle Justin had passed over the duties of governing the Empire to his wife Lupicina, and nephew Justinian (Fortescue–Justinian
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Byzantine Empire reached from Mesopotamia, all the way to Gibraltar, and reclaimed the role as the largest and most powerful entity in both
Europe and the Middle East (Whittow–Making of Byzantium,38). One of the most important accomplishments that Justinian made was his reform of
the laws of the Byzantine Empire. Before Justinian became emperor, the laws were based upon Theodosian Code. By his time, the code had become
very confusing. Justinian was determined to bring about these needed reforms (Fortescue–Justinian I, Roman Emperor). First, he appointed a
commission of ten lawyers to review, organize, and rewrite Byzantine laws into a single unified set of laws. Thus came for the Justinian Code(Corpus
Juris Civilis). The Institutes, a section of the Justinian Code starts off with this excerpt that explains the objectives and principles of the Justinian Code.
ВЃgThe precepts of the law are these: to live honestly, to injure no one, and to give every man his due. The study of law consists of two branches,
law public and law private. The former relates tot he welfare of the Roman state: the latter to the advantage of the individual citizen. Of private law
then we may say that it is of threefold origin, being collected from the precepts of nature, from those of the law of nations, or from those of the civil
law of RomeВЃh(Halsall–Medieval Source book). The Code was finally completed in

Inaccuracies In Agora
Agora
There may have been some controversies about Hypatia's spiritual beliefs, however, her devotion, knowledge, and perseverance can be admired by
all. This movie depicted some accurate historical facts and events surrounding the life of Hypatia in Alexandria. However, there were some
inaccuracies of events that were discovered. For example, The Great Library of Alexandria did not exist in during this time period. During the center
portion of the movie, there was a dramatized scene where the Christians were attacking the Agora while the Pagans were in the library attempting to
save the important books. This was not a factual depiction of this event. The Great Library was actually built in 288 B.C. and destroyed in 48 B.C.
The movie's setting is based around the 4th century A.D. which is a clear indication that the library was no longer in existence.* Another example of
the film's inaccuracy is the account and event of Hypatia's death. In the film, her death was the result of her knowledge and her ability to reason
which labeled her as a witch. In addition, her death did not have anything to do with her religious beliefs or the fact that she was a woman.
Hypatia's death was due to politics. In the film, a follower of Cyril threw a stone at Orestes, the man was arrested, tortured and later killed. In
revenge, the Christians became outraged and agreed to kill the person who Orestes loved most which was Hypatia ( ). Therefore, the film's depiction
of Hypatia being killed

The Theology Of The Trinity
The Trinity
The Father: I AM that I AM. The first person of the Trinity: holy and eternal. He is the front of Deity (autotheos). He has no source but Himself, He is
utterly transcendent and unknowable: "No man can come to the Father..." The Father is the ultimate source of the Godhead and of all things. The Son:
The Word of the Father. He is the second Person (hypostasis) of theTrinity. He is eternally begotten of the Father, He is not made, "Begotten, not
made." His source is the Father's Person (hypostasis), so he is not Deity (autotheos), but Divine. His divinity is inherited from the Father, despite
having a source, He has always been. He never not existed. He was brought to the earth and carried by the Virgin Mary after she was filled with the
Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ was fully human and fully God, two natures in one person: a hypostatic union. He was killed and resurrected, conquering
Death forever. He sits at the right hand of the Father, awaiting the day of final judgment. Humans can only approach the Father through the Son. Holy
Spirit: The Lord, the giver of life. He is the third Person (hypostasis) of the Trinity. Despite having a source, he has always existed.
The Son and the Holy Spirit interact with one another and with the world. Through them we are able to interact with the Father. At Christ (the Son's)
baptism, the Holy Spirit descended like a dove upon Him. The Father is fully God, the person of the Father s not the person of the Son

Hypatia Of Alexandria
The First Female Mathematician Mathematics has always been described as the purest science and considered as one of the most important aspects in
many countries around the world, especially developed countries. Theoretically, the most significant requirements for a life of a mathematician is the
mathematical ability. Nevertheless, very few women get involve in this field, which creates a myth, and slowly develops into a stereotype in society,
that women are naturally not good at math. However, many people would be surprised, that "the world's greatest living mathematician for a time was a
women" (Deakin 13). Hypatia of Alexandria was, indeed, a physically beautiful woman who used her talent and intelligence to defy the stereotypes
against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hypatia of Alexandria, unfortunately, met a tragic end. Before going into the story of her death, it is important to go back and examine the reasons
behind it. According to Costa Giovanni in her journal Hypatia, the Daughter of Theon, when Christian took root in Alexandria, Egypt, in A.D. 390,
frequent battles and riots broke out between those of opposing religions. Hypatia was a Neoplantonist, which encourage logical reasoning rather than
taking anything on blind faith. As a result, with her exceptional level of knowledge and dignity, Hypatia became a center of all attention. In reality,
"many believed that Hypatia was such a great influence that Christianity would not survive as long as she was alive" (Morrow and Perl

A Greek Mathematician
"Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all,"– Hypatia. Hypatia was Greek; however she was born in
Alexandria, Egypt around 370 A. D. Born in a magnificent Egyptian city that was the center of learning and knowledge. In a city that was founded by
the Greek hero Alexander the great. While traveling abroad in Athens, Greece,Hypatia attended a school where she established her fame as a
mathematician. On returning to Alexandria, she was asked to teach mathematics and philosophy at the same institute as her father. Hypatia's father
Theon, a noted Greek mathematician and astronomer, refused to impose upon his daughter the traditional role assigned to a woman and raised her as
one who would have raised a son in the Greek tradition; by teaching her his own trade. During a time when women were considered less than human,
such an idea was indeed revolutionary. Hypatia was in love with the various questions of life; her father and the area of Alexandria were both major
factors in the sharping of her scholarly awareness. Hypatia is a great 4th century Greek Mathematician she was one of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first two were "pure" the second two were "applied". Hypatia, according to Hesychius, worked in the first three. She studied and taught both
arithmetic and geometry for its own philosophic discipline, not for its practical applications. Hypatia lectured on mathematics and philosophy, she
spoke of Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, she based her teachings on those of Plotinus; the founder of Neoplatonism. People from other cities
came to study and learn from her. Hypatia was loved and admired by her students. Much of what is known about Hypatia is the result of surviving
letters written by her most famous student, Synesius of Cyrene, who was to become the wealthy and powerful Bishop of Ptolemais.

Hypatia
A woman of great knowledge was known as Hypatia. Born between 351–370b A.D. in Alexandria, Eygpt. Hypatia is known best for being a female
Mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Hypatia is of the first female mathematicians to even be considered knowledgeable.
She is the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, in whom is a teacher as well as a mathematician. Theon was a professor at the University of Alexandria,
later to become the director of the University. Theon treated his daughter as much as an understudy, becoming her tutor. He taught her much about art,
philosophy, literature, and science. It was not only educational Theon pushed his daughter to, but also becoming physically active such activates like
horse riding, row, and swimming. Later to advance her education in 400 A.D in Athens, Greece. In this time period,Hypatia was a privileged woman to
have the chance to accomplish and learn so much. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After leaving Athens, to head back to Alexandria, she was offered a position at the University of Alexandria in which her father also taught at. Her
teaching was of mathematics and philosophy. Her class lectures had included the solutions of intermediate problems as well as the depiction of
Diaphanous'. Her lectures also included Plato and Aristotle. Hypatia had made her mark in this ear, people from all around had come to catch her in
action.
At this time period, mathematics was used to predict such things as where souls would be on such future dates or "the locus of a given soul born
under a certain planet"1. As well as astronomy and astrology became to be known as the connection between religion and science. Through all of this,
Hypatia continued to establish herself by being visited by many scholars. Although it was the work she had done with the assistance of her father that
truly made her a remarkable

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