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1. Technology of natural fibre
composite
B.Senthil kumar,M.Tech,Ph.D
Assistant professor
The Gandhigram Rural Institute-DU
Dindigul

2. Concept of composite
 The term composite material refers to
all the solid material composed of
more than one component, where in
those components are in separate
phase
 The constituents retain their identity
and a interface between each other
 Martix and Reinforcement ?

3. Continuous phase-matirx
Discontinuous phase-reinforcement

4. Why composites
Composite can be very strong and
stiff, yet very light in weight so the
ratio of Strength to weight and
stiffness to weight is several times
higher than steel/aluminum
Good fatigue properties
Toughness is often good
Non corrode
Possibilities of getting combination of
properties

6. Composites in Nature

7. Constituents of
composites(Matrix)

8. Constituents of
composites(Reinforcement)

9. Interface

10. Difference between metal to
composite

12. Metals Fibre reinforced composites
Most of the time the finishing task
is essential
Nearnet shaped parts can be
produced with fibre reinforced
composite
It is difficult to execute the online
monitoring of service life of the
composites
Inservice monitoring can be
possible with the support of
embedded sensors

14. Classification of composite
(dispersion)

15. Reinforcement used in
composites

16. Fibre reinforcement

17. Particles/Flakes
reinforcement

18. Flakes

19. Matrices

21. Matrix properties
Polyester
resin
Vinyl ester Epoxy Phenolics Polyuretha
ne
Cheap
High
versatile
Cross links
are enabled
with C=C
between the
neighboring
chain
Superior
chemical
resistance
Fatigue
characteristi
c
Excellent
mechanical
strength
Low
shrinkage
Fatigue
characteristi
c
Good heat
resistance
Suitable
for fire proof
application
Minimal
smoke
High temp.
resistance
Non toxic
Superior
strength at
high temp
High energy
absorption
High
strength

22. Simple slab model of
composite

27. Manufacturing techniques for
natural fibre processing
 Pultrusion is a combination of two words: pull and
extrusion
 Continuous moulding Technique
 Continuous fi bre rovings or tapes are pulled by means
of a puller through a resin bath of thermosetting
polymer
 Pultrusion process of kenaf fibre composite(Courtesy of A.M.Fairuz)

28.  Fairuz et al. ( 2014 ) reported the work on
pultruded kenaf fibre reinforced vinyl ester
composites using pultrusion process. Kenaf
composite rods were produced.

29. Hand Lay-Up
 Hand lay-up is an open moulding process to
produce polymer composite product. This is a
labour-intensive process where a high skill
operator is required to perform the fabrication task.
 A roller is used to consolidate the composites and
the composites are made layer by layer
 cured at room temperature or in an oven.
 Misri et al. ( 2014a ) have used hand lay-up
process to develop a small boat from hybrid glass-
sugar palm fi bre reinforced unsaturated polyester
composites

30. Filament Winding
 Filament winding is a composite manufacturing
process to produce components that are normally
circular in shape. It can be considered an open
mould process and the mould is actually
 continuous fibre rovings are being drawn by a
puller through a resin batha rotating mandrel
 Misri et al. ( 2015 ) developed kenaf fi bre
reinforced unsaturated polyester composite hollow
shafts

31. Resin Transfer Moulding
 RTM is an established composite manufacturing
process that is normally used to fabricate automotive
and aircraft components.
 In this process, fibre reinforcement, either long or
woven fibres are initially cut out using a template and a
knife or scissors. These reinforcements called performs
are bound by means of thermoplastic binder and then
placed inside the mould cavity.
 Resin is being transferred into the mould cavity by
means of a variety of equipments such as by pressure
or vacuum. Resins that are normally used in this
process include polyester, epoxy, vinyl ester, and
phenolic.
 Salim et al. ( 2011 ) used RTM to develop composite
specimens for nonwoven kenaf fi bre mat reinforced
epoxy composites.

32. Vacuum bagging
 Vacuum bagging is a composite
manufacturing process that utilizes a
vacuum bag to provide compaction
pressure and consolidation of plies within
the laminate
 It is an extended version of hand lay-up
process
 Mariatti and Abdul Khalil ( 2009 ) used
vacuum bagging process to prepare
samples of bagasse fi bre

33. Compression Moulding
 Compression moulding is a composite
manufacturing process normally used to produce
composite components in high production volume
such as automotive components.
 Wirawan et al. ( 2011 ) and El-Shekeil et al. ( 2012
) used laboratory scale compression moulding (Fig.
1.3 ) to prepare composite specimens from sugar
cane bagasse and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

34. Injection Moulding
 Injection moulding is one of the most widely
used manufacturing processes to produce
plastic components. Injection moulding can
also be used to produce polymer composite
products, but the fi bres used in the
composites are short fi bres in the form of
particles or powder.
 Azaman et al. ( 2013 , 2014 ) carried out
mould flow analysis of wood fibre reinforced
polypropylene composites using Autodesk
MoldFlow

35. Growing interest of NFC
Manufacturing of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-07944-8_2

36. Types and Sources of Natural
Fibres
 Plant
 Animal
 Mineral

37.  Plant-based fibres can be classified as
seed fibre, bast fibres, and leaf fibres
 Some examples are cotton (seed hairs);
hemp, ramie, jute, kenaf, and fl ax (bast fi
bres); and sisal, banana, coir, and abaca
(leaf fi bres).