2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
62. Review
• The Old South
Focus Question: How did slavery shape social and economic relations
in the Old South?
• Life under Slavery
Focus Question: What were the legal and material constraints on
slaves' lives and work?
• Slave Culture
Focus Question: How did family, gender, religion, and values combine
to create distinct slave cultures in the Old South?
• Resistance to Slavery
Focus Question: What were the major forms of resistance to slavery?
63. MEDIA LINKS
—— Chapter 11 ——
Order Title Filename Media link
1
Eric Foner on slavery, pt 1:
emancipation
foner_liberty06 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=foner_liberty06
2 Eric Foner on Frederick
Douglass
frederick_doug
lass
http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/&f=frederick_douglass
3
Eric Foner on slavery, pt 2:
community under
constraints
question063 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question063
4 Eric Foner on slavery, pt 3:
the difference in American
slavery
question064 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question064
5 Eric Foner on slavery, pt 4:
institutional conflicts of
freedom and slavery
question065 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question065
6 Eric Foner on slavery, pt 5:
the abolitionists''
contribution to free speech
question066 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question066
7 Eric Foner on Angelina and
Sarah Grimke: women in
politics
question067 http://wwnorton.com/common/mplay/6.7/?
p=/college/history/foner4/mp4/&f=question067
64. Next Lecture PREVIEW:
—— Chapter 11 ——
An Age of Reform,
1820–1840
• The Reform Impulse
• The Crusade against Slavery
• Black and White Abolitionism
• The Origins of Feminism
65. Norton Lecture Slides
Independent and Employee-Owned
http://wwnorton.com/college/history/give-me-liberty4/
by
Eric Foner
This concludes the Norton Lecture Slides
Slide Set for Chapter 11
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FOURTH EDITION
Editor's Notes
Chapter 11The Peculiar Institution
The subtopics for this lecture are listed on the screen above.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
By 1820, slavery was an old institution in America. With abolition in the northern states, the “peculiar institution” of slavery became unique to the South. By the Civil War, the slave population had increased to nearly 4 million and slavery had spread to Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Slaves were one-third of the South’s entire population and half of the population in the cotton states of the Deep South.
Slavery’s expansion was due to the growth of cotton production, which replaced sugar as the world’s major slave crop. Though slavery persisted in Brazil and the Caribbean, Britain’s abolition of slavery within its empire in 1833 made the United States slavery’s center in the hemisphere. The Old South was the largest and most powerful slave society in history, based on the region’s virtual monopoly on cotton. Cotton’s use in textile manufacturing made it central to the industrial revolution in Europe and America and the most important commodity in international trade. By 1803, cotton was America’s most important export. By 1860, investments in slaves exceeded in value the worth of all of the nation’s factories, railroads, and banks combined.
To replace the foreign slave trade that had been banned in the United States in 1808, a massive internal slave trade developed. More than 2 million slaves were sold between 1820 and 1860, many of whom were transported to the Deep South to new cotton plantations. Virtually every slaveowner at some point bought and sold slaves. The Cotton Kingdom could not have developed without the internal slave trade, and older slave states in the East came to depend on the sale of their slaves.
Although the northern states abolished slavery, slavery affected them, nonetheless. The Constitution gave disproportionate power to southern states in the House of Representatives and electoral college and required all states to return fugitive slaves. Slavery touched the lives of all Americans. Northern merchants and manufacturers participated in the slave economy and profited from it. Cotton trade profits helped finance industrial development and internal improvements in the North. Northern ships carried cotton, northern banks financed plantations, northern companies insured slave property, and northern factories turned cotton into clothing.
While slavery defined and dominated the South’s economy, the South was a diverse region. In the Upper South, slaves and slaveowners were a much smaller percentage of the population, compared to Deep South states stretching from South Carolina to Texas. The Upper South had centers of manufacturing, while the Deep South depended entirely on cotton. Yet, slavery caused the South to have a very different economic development than the North. Slavery inhibited industrial growth, discouraged immigration, and slowed technological progress. It did not have large and diverse cities like the North, except for New Orleans. Banks and railroad lines served plantations and little else. While many in the North thought slavery prevented economic growth, slavery in fact was very profitable and expanded the southern economy.
Southern white families did not own slaves. Because planters had the best land, most white small farmers lived outside the plantation belt in areas unsuitable for cotton. They worked the land with the labor of family members, not slaves or wage workers. Many were self-sufficient and remote from markets. They were often desperately poor and more often illiterate than northern farmers, since most southern states lacked free public schools. In part, because these farmers did not provide a market for manufactured goods, the South did not develop industry. While some poor whites resented the planters’ economic and political power, most accommodated the planters and shared with them a common racial identity, business ties, common political culture, and kinship ties. Many white small farmers believed their economic and personal freedom rested on slavery.
Most slaveowners did not own large plantations. In 1850, most slaveholding families owned five or fewer slaves. Only a small number of families owned more than twenty slaves; even fewer owned more than 100 slaves. Planters’ slave property provided wealth, status, and influence. They held the best land, had the highest incomes, and dominated local and state politics and government. Small slaveowners aspired to become large planters. Planters owned slaves to make huge profits, and they used those profits for the conspicuous consumption of luxury goods, creating an aristocratic material life sharply at odds with life for most northerners.
Plantations were part of a world market, and planters worked to accumulate land, slaves, and great profits, some of which they invested in railroads and banks. But planters celebrated, not competitive capitalism but a hierarchical, agrarian society in which slaveholding gentlemen took personal responsibility for the well-being of their dependent women, children, and slaves. This outlook of “paternalism” had long been a feature of American slavery, but it deepened with the end of the African slave trade, which closed the cultural gap between slaves and owners. And most southern slaveowners lived on their own plantations, close to their slaves. Paternalism obscured and justified slavery’s brutality. Owners thought themselves kind and responsible even while they bought, sold, and punished their slaves.
Over time, southern values diverged from the North’s culture of egalitarianism, competition, and individualism. In the South, men of all classes followed a code of personal honor, in which they were expected to defend the reputation of themselves and their families, with violence if necessary. Dueling, while illegal, was not uncommon. Southern white women were even more confined to the home and the domestic ideal than northern women.
In the thirty years before the Civil War, proslavery thought came to dominate southern intellectual and cultural life. Fewer southern whites felt, as had many founding fathers, that slavery was a necessary evil, and more started to argue it was a positive good. Racism—the belief that blacks were innately inferior to whites and suited for slavery—framed the proslavery argument. Slaveowners also found justification for slavery in ancient history and the Bible. Some southerners argued that black slavery guaranteed equality for whites by preventing the growth of a white working class in the South. Slavery, they argued, provided the economic autonomy and independence that the North’s industrial workers lacked and which formed the basis of the republic.
Southern slaveholders knew of the Haitian Revolution, other slave rebellions, and British abolition. Emancipation throughout the Americas strongly shaped debates about slavery and its future in the United States. While American slaveowners argued that emancipation had been a failure, abolitionists disagreed. By 1850, slave systems remained in the Western Hemisphere only in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Brazil, and the United States.
Many white southerners claimed they were the true inheritors of the Revolution’s legacy, and they freely used the language of liberty to contrast their condition with slavery. They complained that government interference with their economy threatened to “enslave” them. Southern state constitutions acknowledged equal rights for free white men. But in the 1830s, some proslavery writers began to argue that liberty, equality, and democracy were not necessarily beneficial to the South. South Carolina in particular was home to many who argued that freedom and equality were not universal entitlements, even for all whites. When sectionalism intensified after 1830, more southern writers and politicians came to defend slavery not as ensuring equality between whites, but as the basis of an organic, hierarchical society in which white large planters ruled over lesser whites and slaves.
Virginian George Fitzhugh took this argument to the extreme, repudiating Jeffersonian ideals and the idea of America’s world mission to spread freedom. He argued that slavery, not liberty, was the normal basis of civilization in world history. He argued that slaves were happy and contented. He suggested that white workers in the North and South should have paternal white owners to care for them, rather than be enslaved by capitalist markets and employers.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
For slaves, slavery meant incessant toil, harsh punishment, and constant fear that their families would be destroyed by sale. Slaves were the legal property of their owners. Their few legal rights were rarely enforced. Slaves could be bought and sold by their owners at will and had no voice in the governments that ruled over them. They could not testify in court against whites, sign contracts or buy property, own firearms, hold meetings apart from whites, or leave a farm or plantation without permission. By the 1830s, it was illegal to teach slaves how to read and write. Although these laws were not always enforced, the entire southern legal and governmental system was designed to enforce the slave masters’ control over the slaves’ bodies and labor.
During the early nineteenth century, some southern states passed laws to prevent slave mistreatment, and their material conditions did improve. Many slaves supplemented the food owners provided by raising crops and livestock, gathering, and hunting. They had better diets than slaves in the West Indies and Brazil. Paternalism contributed to slaves’ material improvements over time. And the increasing price of slaves encouraged planters to care for their slaves’ basic well-being. Yet, slavery was tightened in this period, and states passed laws making it harder for owners to free their slaves and for slaves to buy their own freedom.
Slavery helped define the status of free blacks. By the Civil War, half a million free blacks lived in the United States, the majority in the South. While whites defined their freedom by their distance from slavery, free blacks were not radically different than enslaved blacks. In most of the North, free blacks could not vote and had few economic opportunities. In the South, free blacks could own their own property, could marry, and could not be bought or sold as slaves. But they had virtually no other rights in southern society. They could not own dogs, guns, or liquor; could not strike whites, even in self-defense; and had to carry proof of their free status. In other American slave societies, where racial identity was less sharply distinguished, free blacks amassed property and prestige. In the United States, the sharp racial distinction between black and white left little room for a mulatto class to emerge.
By 1860, very few of the South’s free blacks lived in the Lower South, and those who did were mostly in cities. In New Orleans and Charleston, however, large free black communities existed, and while most were craftsmen, a few became quite wealthy. They established their own churches and schools. In the Upper South, where most southern free blacks lived, they worked mostly for wages as farm labor. Some free blacks here even owned slaves.
Slavery was above all a labor system, in which work occupied the entirety of slaves’ time, except for brief meals. On large plantations, slaves performed all kinds of work, from labor in the fields to skilled labor like carpentry, engineering, and shoemaking. Slaves also worked on steamboats, in mines, in seaports, and on railroads. Local authorities used them to build roads and other facilities, and the federal government used them to build forts and other public buildings. Professionals such as merchants, lawyers, and businessmen used slaves, and by the Civil War, 200,000 slaves worked in industries such as ironworks and tobacco factories. In southern cities, slaves were used as unskilled labor and skilled artisans. A few slaves were entrusted with great responsibilities, such as supervising other slaves, selling goods, or handling money.
Most slaves, perhaps as many as 75 percent of women and 90 percent of men, worked in the fields. The organization of their work varied according to the crop and the size of the holding. On small farms, slaves worked alongside their owner. The largest concentration of slaves worked on plantations in the Cotton Belt in gangs, directed by an overseer and maybe a slave “driver.” Overseers, tasked with producing large crops, were often brutal. Slaves who worked sugarcane in southern Louisiana also worked in gangs, in the harshest working conditions in the South. Slaves who worked on rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia engaged in task labor, without supervision, and had free time for the day if they finished their daily task.
From the slaves’ perspective, slavery in different regions of the South could be “worse” in some respects and “better” in others. Slaves in rice fields faced harsh conditions but had more independence than other slaves because of task labor and the absence of a large white population. Skilled urban slave craftsmen had great autonomy and often could hire themselves out and sometimes even keep their earnings. Many urban slaves even lived by themselves. By the 1850s, most slaveowners began to remove urban slaves to the country, fearing their independence was eroding the relationship between master and slave.
Slavery was based on force. Slaveowners used a variety of methods to maintain order and discipline and persuade slaves to work productively. Masters could inflict almost any kind of punishment, and it was the rare slave who was not whipped at some point in his or her life. Even minor infractions invited whipping. Owners used subtler methods, too. They exploited divisions among the slaves, especially between field hands and house servants. They created incentives for hard work, such as time off or even cash payments. The threat of sale was the most powerful weapon owners had, since sale disrupted families and slave communities.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Slaves never gave up their hope for freedom or their will to resist total white control over them. They succeeded in creating a semi-independent culture centered on the family and church, which enabled them to survive the experience of bondage without abandoning their self-esteem and to pass on to other generations values that conflicted with those of their masters. Slave culture drew on the heritage of Africa. African influence appeared in dance and music, forms of religious worship, and slave medicine. The end of the foreign slave trade helped foster a particularly new African-American culture, shaped by American and African traditions and values.
The family was the center of slave community. Because of a natural increase of the slave population, in the United States there was an equal ratio of male and female slaves, allowing for the creation of families. While slave marriages were not legally recognized, masters had to consent to them and marriages were often significant events on plantations. Most slaves stayed married for life, if not disrupted by sale, and families typically had two parents, although the sale of male slaves created a higher number of female-headed families than in white families. The threat of being sold, and thus disrupting families, was the slaveowners’ greatest weapon, and fear of being sold pervaded slave life. Many men and children were separated from families by sale, but so were women. Some masters simply ignored slave families when making decisions about selling slaves.
In some ways, gender roles for slaves were very different than those in the larger society. Slave men and women were equally powerless. The cult of domesticity, relegating women to the home, did not apply to slave women. Slave men could not provide for their families, protect wives from physical or sexual abuse by owners and overseers, or choose when and how their children might work. However, when slaves worked “on their own time,” traditional gender roles prevailed. Slave men worked outdoors while slave women cared for children and cooked. The slave family remained central to slave culture and allowed slaves to transmit their values and traditions and strategies for survival from generation to generation.
A distinctive form of Christianity also helped slaves survive and resist bondage. Slaves participated in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. Every plantation seemed to have a slave preacher, often with little education but considerable oratorical skill and knowledge of the Bible. Urban slaves often established their own churches. But masters used Christianity as another means of control and discipline. Some required their slaves to attend sermons reminding slaves that theft was immoral and that servants should obey their masters.
African tradition and Christian beliefs, slave religion was practiced at night in secret or in the open during the day. These meetings were frequently interactive and emotional. The biblical story of Exodus in which God chooses Moses to lead the enslaved Jews of Egypt to the promised land of freedom, was central to black Christianity. Slaves saw themselves as a chosen people whom would one day deliver from bondage. Christ as a redeemer who cared for the oppressed was important. Other heroes from the Bible included Jonah, who escaped from the whale; David, who bested the more powerful Goliath; and Daniel, who escaped from the lion’s den. The Christian message of brotherhood and equality of all before the Creator seemed to repudiate slavery.
Slave culture rested on slaves’ belief that slavery was unjust and their yearnings for freedom. Despite proslavery arguments, slaves believed they were being deprived of the fruits of their labor by idle planters living lives of luxury. While most slaves knew it was impossible to directly combat their condition, this did not prevent them from desiring freedom. Slaves constantly talked and dreamed of liberty, and their actions during and after the Civil War flowed from their experience of slavery and their hope of escaping it.
The purpose of the focus questions is to help students find larger themes and structures to bring the historical evidence, events, and examples together for a connected thematic purpose.
As we go through each portion of this lecture, you may want to keep in mind how the information relates to this larger thematic question. Here are some suggestions: write the focus question in the left or right margin on your notes and as we go through, either mark areas of your notes for you to come back to later and think about the connection OR as you review your notes later (to fill in anything else you remember from the lecture or your thoughts during the lecture or additional information from the readings), write small phrases from the lecture and readings that connect that information to each focus question AND/OR are examples that work together to answer the focus question.
Outnumbered by whites and facing federal, state, and local authorities dedicated to preserving slavery, slaves only rarely rebelled. Compared to Caribbean or Latin American slavery, where slaves were more numerous and more often imported directly from Africa, slave rebellions in the United States were smaller and less frequent. This does not mean that slaves simply submitted to their condition. Resistance to slavery took many forms, from individual acts of disobedience to the occasional uprising. The most common form of slave opposition was “day-to-day resistance” or “silent sabotage”: doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and simply disrupting plantation routine. Slaves faked illness or found other ways to avoid reporting to work. Many slaves stole food, but less frequent and more dangerous were assaults against whites, from arson and poisoning to armed attacks.
Escape was a serious threat to slavery’s stability. Most slaves who ran away would leave the plantation for a day or two, simply to frustrate owners, but would return. The smaller number of fugitive slaves who attempted to permanently escape faced considerable obstacles to freedom. They often had little or no knowledge of geography beyond the plantation, other than to know that the North meant freedom. Perhaps 1,000 slaves reached the North or Canada each year. Most fugitive slaves escaped from Upper South states, where they could more easily reach the North. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often went to cities where they could blend in with free black communities. A loose organization of sympathetic black and white abolitionists, called the “Underground Railroad,” helped slaves run away.
In a few cases, large groups of rebellious slaves gained their freedom. The most famous case involved the slaves aboard the Amistad, a slave ship off the Cuban coast, in 1839. After they seized the ship, the slaves sailed the ship up the American coast until it was seized. While President Martin Van Buren wanted to return the slaves to Cuba, abolitionists helped the slaves sue for freedom, and in the Supreme Court, former president John Quincy Adams defended them. Adams argued that since the slaves had been brought from Africa in violation of international treaties banning the slave trade, they should be freed. The Court agreed, and most of the freed slaves emigrated back to Africa. While the Amistad case had no legal bearing on slaves in the United States, it may have inspired later revolts on slave ships.
Slaves only rarely mounted organized rebellions within the United States. The four largest conspiracies in American history happened between 1800 and 1831. Gabriel’s Rebellion in 1800 was followed in 1811 by an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, in which several hundred armed slaves who tried to march on New Orleans were defeated in a bloody encounter with militia and federal troops. In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a slave carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina, organized a rebellion. He quoted the Bible and the Declaration of Independence to justify armed resistance. His plot was discovered before it was implemented, and Vesey and thirty-four other blacks were executed.
The most well-known slave rebel was Nat Turner, a slave preacher and mystic in Virginia, who believed that God had appointed him to lead a black rebellion. Though he chose to launch his uprising on July 4, 1831, it was delayed until August, when he led a handful of followers from farm to farm, killing white families along the way. After killing dozens of whites, Turner and his followers were captured and executed.
Turner’s Rebellion shocked the South and caused owners throughout the region to punish and execute recalcitrant or suspicious slaves. In the aftermath, Virginia’s legislature passed harsh laws further restricting slaves and the rights of free blacks. Other southern states followed suit. The rebellion also inspired a growing movement of abolitionists in the North to demand the immediate abolition of slavery, sparking a reaction in the South against abolition and civil liberties that would intensify sectional hostility.
