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Introduction to Programming using C++
Copyright © N & R Technology rev 1.3.03302008 1
Introduction to
C++ Programming Language
Language
Programming for Teens
NR Computer Learning Center
1835 W. Orangewood . #200
Orange . CA 92868
www.nrclc.com
Phone: (714) 505-3475

Copyright © NR Computer Learning Center ver 1.5.06082015 2
For more information contact:
NR Computer Learning Center
1835 W. Orangewood, #200
Orange, CA 92780
www.nrclc.com
(714) 505-3475
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may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or be used to make a derivative work (such as
translation or adaption), without permission in writing from N&R Technology.
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NR Computer Learning Center logos are trademarks of NR Computer Learning Center.
Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification
purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and
resellers.
Disclaimer
NR Computer Learning Center reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes in its
content from time to time, without notice.

Contents
Contents
Objective.................................................................................................................................................10
History of C++ Language .........................................................................................................................11
The C++ development cycle....................................................................................................................11
Source Code............................................................................................................................................11
Compiler..................................................................................................................................................12
The Library ..............................................................................................................................................12
The Linker................................................................................................................................................12
Installing Visual C++ Software.................................................................................................................13
Writing and Compiling C++ Code (using Visual Studio) ..........................................................................15
Writing and Compiling C++ Code (using Notepad) .................................................................................17
Worksheet 1............................................................................................................................................18
Quiz 1 ......................................................................................................................................................20
Lesson 2: Coding Style & Flow Chart...........................................................................................................23
Objective.................................................................................................................................................23
Sample Coding Styles..............................................................................................................................24
Header.....................................................................................................................................................25
Comment ................................................................................................................................................26
Messages.................................................................................................................................................26
Declaring variables..................................................................................................................................27
Easy Readability ......................................................................................................................................27
Flowchart ................................................................................................................................................29
Examples on Flowcharting......................................................................................................................30
Worksheet 2............................................................................................................................................32
Answers...................................................................................................................................................34
Lesson 3: Expression ...................................................................................................................................35
Objective.................................................................................................................................................35
Statements..............................................................................................................................................36
Expression...............................................................................................................................................36
Variable...................................................................................................................................................37

Data Types...............................................................................................................................................37
Numerical Variable..................................................................................................................................38
Arithmetic Operators..............................................................................................................................38
Assignment Operators ............................................................................................................................38
Escape Sequence.....................................................................................................................................39
Worksheet 3............................................................................................................................................40
Answers...................................................................................................................................................45
Quiz .........................................................................................................................................................47
Lesson 4: Condition.....................................................................................................................................50
Objective.................................................................................................................................................50
Relational Operation...............................................................................................................................51
Logical Operators & Expression ..............................................................................................................51
The if statement......................................................................................................................................52
The Conditional Operator .......................................................................................................................54
The keyword "switch".............................................................................................................................55
Worksheet 4............................................................................................................................................56
Answers...................................................................................................................................................64
Quiz .........................................................................................................................................................70
Lesson 5: For loop.......................................................................................................................................73
Objective.................................................................................................................................................73
For statement .........................................................................................................................................74
The Comma Operator .............................................................................................................................75
Worksheet 5............................................................................................................................................76
Answers...................................................................................................................................................81
Quiz .........................................................................................................................................................83
Lesson 6: While loop...................................................................................................................................85
Objective.................................................................................................................................................85
The while statement ...............................................................................................................................86
The do … while statement.......................................................................................................................87
Program Jumps .......................................................................................................................................88
The break Command...............................................................................................................................88
The continue Command..........................................................................................................................89
Worksheet 6............................................................................................................................................90
Answers...................................................................................................................................................95
Quiz .........................................................................................................................................................97

Lesson 7: Functions...................................................................................................................................105
Objective...............................................................................................................................................105
Functions...............................................................................................................................................106
Arguments.............................................................................................................................................107
Local vs Global Variables.......................................................................................................................107
Scope of Variables.................................................................................................................................108
Worksheet 7..........................................................................................................................................109
Answers.................................................................................................................................................118
Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................120
Lesson 8: Array..........................................................................................................................................122
Objective...............................................................................................................................................122
Introduction to an Array .......................................................................................................................123
Declaring an Array.................................................................................................................................124
Initializing Arrays...................................................................................................................................124
Accessing Array Elements .....................................................................................................................125
Using An Array ......................................................................................................................................126
Multidimensional Arrays.......................................................................................................................127
Worksheet 8..........................................................................................................................................128
Answers.................................................................................................................................................129
Lesson 9: String.........................................................................................................................................130
Objective...............................................................................................................................................130
Introduction to String............................................................................................................................131
The String Class in C++ ..........................................................................................................................133
Quiz .......................................................................................................................................................135
Lesson 10: Exception Handling .................................................................................................................136
Objective...............................................................................................................................................136
An Exception .........................................................................................................................................137
Throwing Exceptions.............................................................................................................................138
Catching Exceptions..............................................................................................................................138
C++ Standard Exceptions ......................................................................................................................140
Define New Exceptions.........................................................................................................................141
Lesson 11: File Input & Output .................................................................................................................142
Introduction to File Input/Output.........................................................................................................143
Opening a File .......................................................................................................................................143
Closing a File .........................................................................................................................................144

Writing to a File.....................................................................................................................................144
Reading from a File ...............................................................................................................................145
File Writing & Reading Example............................................................................................................145
Answer: .....................................................................................................................................................147

Course Description
Introduction
This course is of great help to learners who want to learning Programming using C++.
Learning Objectives
Following are the objective of this course:
 Introduce the modern programming concepts and other design methodologies using
C++
 Discuss the concepts of good software design and methods.
 Design programs using modular problem solving techniques.
 Use the concepts of different types of structured programming.
 Develop pseudo-code to a problem.
 Demonstrate a knowledge of programming.
 Develop algorithms using different methods.
Assumptions
 The course assumes that the learner is familiar with Internet and Windows.
 This course depends on the student's commitment to work independently at his/her own
time schedule on project assigned to them that will require access to the computer.
Learning Resources and Tools
The course consists of 8 units of study. The work load of each unit varies and uses some of the
following tools:
On -Line Reading: Each unit has one on-lEach unit has one on-line lecture. The lecture covers
topics with examples applicable to real life scenarios. To keep the students up-to-date with
the latest information, they are provided in the lectures notes with hyperlinks to current
resources, such as, articles, books and helpful websites.
Text Book Readings: Reading assignments consist of readings from the textbook, magazines and
web sites.
Discussion (e-mail): The discussions take place on topics relevant to the course via email. These
topics are chosen to expand the further understanding and application of concepts, theories,
or ideas related to the lecture. Most often single answer to a problem does not suffice. Each
student’s response will differ based on his or her own experience.
Assignments: Assignments consist Assignments consist of a variety of programming activities
and exercises. All the assignment are submitted via email before the end of the course. To

complete the work for each unit, the student must follow the instructions listed in the lecture
unit.
Perquisite
None
Required Text
Introduction to C++ Language by N&R Technology.
Technical Requirements:
Basic knowledge of starting an Window application, managing Folder and files and browsing
Internet for information.
Instructor:
TBA
For further information and help contact: info@nrclc.com.
Topic
 Introduction to C++ Language
 History of C++ Language
 The C++ development cycle
 Source Code, Compiler, The Library, The Linker
 Installing Visual C++ Software
 Writing and Compiling C++ Code
 Coding Style & Flow Chart
 Sample Coding Styles
 Header, Comment, Messages
 Declaring variables
 Easy Readability
 Flowchart
 Statements, Expression, Variable
 Data Types
 Numerical Variable
 Mathematical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Escape Sequence
 Condition
 Relational Operation
 Logical Operators & Expression
 The if statement
 The Conditional Operator

 The keyword "switch"
 For statement
 The Comma Operator
 The while statement
 The do … while statement
 Jump command
 Break Command
 Continue Command
 Functions
 Arguments
 Local and Global Variables
 Scope of Variables
 Introduction to an Array
 Declaring an Array
 Initializing Arrays
 Accessing Array Elements
 Using An Array
 Multidimensional Arrays
 C++ Arrays in Detail
 The String Class in C++
 Exception Handling
 Throwing Exceptions
 Catching Exceptions
 C++ Standard Exceptions
 Define New Exceptions
 File Input/Output
 Opening & Closing a File
 Writing to & Reading from a File

Lesson 1: Introduction to C++ Language
Objective
This unit will cover following topics:
 History of C++ Language.
 C++ Development Life Cycle.
 Source Code
 Compiler
 The Library
 The Linker
 Installing C++ Compiler
 Writing and Compiling C++ code
 Flow Chart
 Example of Flow Charting
At the completion of this unit the learner will be able to:
 Develop and compile small application in C++ Language

History of C++ Language
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1980's, and is based on
the C language. C was created by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in the early ‘70s. At the time, Bell Labs
had a programming language called B -- B for Bell. C++ is intended as an incremental improvement of C.
The C++ development cycle
The cycle for developing code in C++ language includes following steps:
1. Use editor to write source code.
2. Compile program by using C++ compiler.
3. Link program to libraries of object code using C++ linker.
4. Execute the program and verify the output.
Source Code
A programmer uses a text editor such as notepad, Visual C++ or vi to write a program. The program file
created by the text editor is called the source or source code. All the source code for C++ programs are
written in English like text format readable by human. A code should be written clear, concise, and easy
to understand. Basically, the code is a set of instruction that tells the machine what to do and the
comments included in the source code tell the programmer about the code. The name of C++ source
files must always end with the extension .cpp.
For example, following is the source code for the HelloWorld.cpp:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello Worldn";
}
The first line include headers for iostream. The first one is needed to build applications. This includes
the support code that needed to turn a .obj file into a fully executable file. Every program must have a
main. The main indicate the starting point of the code.
This tells the C++ compiler that it should use identifiers from the std library namespace. Without it,
the first line in the main() block would need to be prefixed with std::.
std::cout << "Hello World";
Without the namespace line, every instance of cout would need a std:: or else it will not compile.
cout << "Hello World";
The statement cout is used to print the content within the double quotes.

Compiler
A compiler’s job is to translate the source code, which contains human-readable instructions, into object
code, which contains machine-readable instructions, to be executed by the computer.
When the C++ file is compiled, the compiler check for semantic and syntactic errors in the source
code. If the compiler find any error, then it displays the error message, otherwise, it transforms the
source code into individual object code files. Each file holds just the object code from the associated
.cpp file.
The Library
A library is a set of object code with predefined functions such as cout for printing data to the consol,
exit to exit the program, and cin to get a data from the screen. A programmer can use a set of standard
functions that are defined in the library.
The Linker
The linker takes the object file and combines it with the standard functions from the library to produce
the final result, an executable program with an extension *.exe or *.com. The linker does this by
scanning the standard library, selecting the needed functions, and linking them into the object file. The
final output is a program file that can be executed by the user.
Then a linker program runs, which takes all the object files, adds any system files and outputs a fully
functioning executable.

Installing Visual C++ Software
http://www.microsoft.com/express/2005/download/default.aspx#
Click on Download button for visiual C++ .
Click on Next button.
Check the box and click on the Next button.

Check the Graphical IDE and click on the Next button.
Click on Install button to start installing the Visual C++ software.
Wait until it is done downloading the software.

Writing and Compiling C++ Code (using Visual Studio)
Step 1: Create a Project Folder. Go to Start button > Select Programs > Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition >
Microsoft Visual C++ Express Edition.
Step 2: Go to File Menu> select New Project …. This will open up a New Project window similar to the
one displayed below.
*
Step 3: In New Project Window, select Win32 on left panel and Win32 Console Application.
In the Name field, enter HelloWorld for the name of the project.

Step 4: In the Win32 Application Wizard window,
select Application Settings on the left panel and
then select Console application and Empty project
on the right panel. When done, click Finish button.
You now have project created on your system.
Step 5: Add a file to the project for typing your
source code. In the Project Menu > select Add New
Item…
Step 6: In the Add New item, select Code in the
Categories and C++ File in the Templates window.
In the Name field, type HelloWord for the name of
the C++ file.
Click on Add button to continue to the next step.
Step 7: In the work area, type following code:
#include <iostream>
int main() {
cout << "Hello Worldn";
}
Step 8: Press Ctrl+S to save the source code.
Step 9: To compile the program, go to Debug
Menu, and select start without Debugging (ctrl +
F5)
Once all the errors are fixed, the code will be automatically linked and executed. During execution of the
program following window will pop up with the output message “Hello World”:
Note: The Output window at the bottom of the work area will display any error the
syntax or semantic error that may be discover by the compiler. You need to make sure
that there are 0 error(s).
In case there is any compilation error, then you need go back to the working window
and fix the code.
Every time you make a change to the code, you must save and recompile before
executing the code there is 0 compilation error.

Writing and Compiling C++ Code (using Notepad)
1. In Windows, click on Start button and select Notepad.
2. In the "Untitled" notepad, type the following simple C program:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout<<"HEY, you, I'm alive! Oh, and Hello World!n";
}
3. Go to File menu, select Save As... to save your source code with extension *.cpp. In this case,
name the file as lesson1a.cpp.
4. In Windows, click on Start button and the select Run ...
5. Type cmd and click OK
6. Use cd command to change the directory to the working directory
7. To compile the file, use following command:
c++ lesson1a.cpp -o lesson1a.exe
where lesson1a.cpp is the input file and lesson1a.exe is the output file.
8. Type hello at the command line to see the output of the program.

Worksheet 1
1.0 Follow the steps given below to develop a program in C++ that prints rules for C++ language.
1) Start Visual C++ software (Go to Start button > Select Programs > Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition >
Microsoft Visual C++ Express Edition).
2) Go to File Menu> select New Project …. This will open up a New Project window.
3) In New Project Window, select Win32 on left panel and Win32 Console Application.
4) In the Name field, enter CPlusPlusRules for the name of the project.
5) In the Win32 Application Wizard window, select Application Settings on the left panel and then
select Console application and Empty project on the right panel. When done, click Finish button.
You now have project created on your system.
6) Add a file to the project for typing your source code. In the Project Menu > select Add New Item…
7) In the Add New item, select Code in the Categories and C++ File in the Templates window.
8) In the Name field, type CPlusPlusRules for the name of the C++ file.
9) Click on Add button to continue to the next step.
In the Workspace area for CPlusPlusRules’s window, type the following C++ code:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "All statements end with a semicolon!n";
cout << "Spaces are optional!n";
cout << "Must have a main function!n";
cout << "C is done mostly in lowercase. It’s a case- sensitive language.n";
cout << "Declare variables before you use them!n";
}
10) Press Ctrl+S to save the source code with extension *.cpp. In this case, it should be
CPlusPlusRules.cpp for the filename.
11) To compile and execute the program, go to Debug Menu, and select start without Debugging (ctrl +
F5)
12) Once all the errors are fixed, the code will be automatically linked and executed. During execution of
the program following window should pop up with the output output:
All statements end with a semicolon!
Spaces are optional!
Must have a main function!
C is done mostly in lowercase. It’s a case- sensitive language.
Declare variables before you use them!

2.0 Modify the CPlusPlusRules.cpp to print following 3 additional rules:
The function main must always have an int before it;
The function main should have an return 0;
The file should always include iostream.cpp;
3.0 Write the following program in Visual C++ that prints the square of a number that is entered by the
user. The Source code is given below:
#include <iostream>
int square()
{
int answer;
int num;
cout <<"nSQUARE: n";
cout << "Enter the number:";
cin >> num;
answer = num * num;
cout << "The sqaure of " << num << " is " << answer <<".n";
return 0;
}
int main() {
square();
return 0;
}
4.0 Write the following program in Visual C++ that prints the message with the name. The Source code is
given below:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int answer;
char Name[20];
cout <<"First Name: n";
cin >> Name;
cout << "Hello " << Name;
cout << “n”;
}

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