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1. Discussion: Presence and effects of alteration
Discussion: Presence and effects of alterationDiscussion: Presence and effects of
alterationMake sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.Cite at least
three sources; journal articles, textbooks or evidenced-based websites to the content.All
sources must be within 5 years.Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your
sources.Case Study 1Structure and Function of the Respiratory SystemBrad is 45 years old
and has been working as a coal cutter in a mine for the last 25 years. He likes the job
because it pays well and the same mine had employed his father. Like many of his
colleagues, Brad has had problems with a chronic cough. He has avoided his annual
checkups for fear that he will be told he has “black lung,” or coal worker’s pneumoconiosis.
The disease causes fibrosis, decreased diffusing capacity, and permanent small airway
dilation. In later stages, pulmonary capillaries, alveoli, and airways are destroyed.How can
the disease described above create a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion? Use
your understanding of alveolar dead space and physiologic shunt to explain your
answer.Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have more difficulty
exhaling than inhaling. Why is this so?In general terms, what mechanisms in lung disease
can affect diffusing capacity across alveolar membranes? Use the Fick law to explain your
answer.Case Study 2 Discussion: Presence and effects of alterationRespiratory Tract
Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood DisordersPatricia was called at work by a woman at
the local daycare center. She told Patricia to come and pick up her son because he was not
feeling well. Her son, three-and-a-half-year-old Marshall, had been feeling tired and achy
when he woke up. While at daycare, his cheeks had become red and he was warm to touch.
He did not want to play with his friends, and by the time Patricia arrived, he was crying.
Later that afternoon, Marshall’s condition worsened. He had fever, chills, a sore throat,
runny nose, and a dry hacking cough. Suspecting Marshall had influenza, Patricia wrapped
him up and took him to the community health care clinic.Why did Marshall’s presentation
lead Patricia to think he had influenza and not a cold? Why is it important to medically
evaluate and diagnose a potential influenza infection?Describe the pathophysiology of the
influenza virus. Outline the properties of influenza A antigens that allow them to exert their
effects in the host.Marshall may be at risk at contracting secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Why is this so? Explain why cyanosis may be a feature associated with pneumonia.Case
Study 3Disorders of Ventilation and Gas ExchangeEmmanuel and his mother live in an
urban community housing complex. The building is worn down and dirty from the urban
dust, cockroaches, and mold. Emmanuel is five years of age and has suffered from asthma

2. for the last two years. One evening, his mother poured him some milk and put him to bed.
Shortly afterward, Emmanuel woke up wheezing and coughing. As he gasped for air, he
became more and more anxious. His mother ran for his inhaler, but he was too upset and
restless to use it. Emmanuel’s skin became moist with sweat, and as he began to tire, his
wheezing became quieter. His mother called 911 and waited anxiously for the ambulance to
arrive.Emmanuel uses a corticosteroid inhaler for the management of his asthma. What is
the mechanism of action of this drug? How is its action different from the ?2-agonist
inhalants?Why does someone with severe asthma become physically fatigued during a
prolonged attack? What are the physiological events that occur during an attack?One of the
complications of respiratory fatigue is the development of hypercapnia. How does the body
compensate for an increase in CO2? What are the effects of hypercapnia on the central
nervous system?Assignment Requirements:Before finalizing your work, you should:Ensure
you have written at least four double-spaced pages.be sure to read the Assignment
description carefully (as displayed above);consult the Grading Rubric (under the Course
Resources) to make sure you have included everything necessary; andutilize spelling and
grammar check to minimize errors.follow the conventions of Standard American English
(correct grammar, punctuation, etc.);be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original
and insightful;display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics; anduse APA 6th
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