Scientific mind (2016 july-august)

www.scientificmind.com.np Scientific Mind: July-August 2016 1
Every year hundreds of people in Nepal lose their
lives and properties due to flood. The abundant water
resource gifted by nature to us sometimes turns into
curse and makes us suffer. For controlling the effect
of flood, sufficient measures have not been applied
and thus we have to face the dreadful consequence
every year.
In Nepal, the month of June- July has the heaviest
rainfall in the year and this causes the rise in the
water level across the rivers in the country by
significant margin .Almost every part of the country
is affected by the rainfall while some have to face the
adversity. Every year repetition of the same mistakes
is costing us our lives and huge loss of properties. The
people are not taking the safety measures to abandon
the destruction. The rate of the deforestation is
increasing and people are not conscious enough
to plant the trees which can be vital for controlling
the flood. Due to flood, the landslides are regularly
occurring at different places which also have made
massive hazard.
From small huts to large buildings, constructed in the
riverside areas are always in great danger of flood.
Proper and farsighted planning is not being made
in the case of the settlements which are necessary to
minimize the hazards. Flood is a natural calamity
and the effect of it can be largely reduced. Various
reports signify that the climate change due to the
human pollution has led to the increase in the effect
of natural disasters and the effect of flood has also
significantly increased. The people who are affected
by flood should be rescued and helped by providing
basic needs like food, shelter, clothes etc. General
people, government and organizations all should
take this issue seriously and should be directed to
reduce the adverse effect of flood.
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Rameshwor Adhikari
Prof. Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi
Dr. Narayan Prasad Chapagain
Dr. Kate Shaw
Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha
Dr. Arun Sigdel
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Dahal
Editor/Publisher
Mr. Nischal Shrestha
Associate Editor/Director
Mr. Subhash Sharma
Assistant Editor
Mr. Niraj Sah
Mr. Sanjeew Bhujel
Mr. Madhav Belbase
Senior Contributor
Mr. Bijay Puri
Contributor
Mr. Ramesh Bhandari
Mr. Bir Bikram Sah
Legal Advisor
Dr. Laxmi Prasad Mainali
Magazine Layout
Mr. Shreeram Bohara
Mr. Ranjit Shrestha
Web Design/Layout
Mr. Manoj Kumar Mahato
Printing
Devchuli Offset Press
Scientific Mind
Regd. No. 164/072/073, Kathmandu
Sankhamul-10, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Cell: +977-9841151160, 9823030470
Email: articles.scimind@gmail.com
Web: www.scientificmind.com.np
www.facebook.com/scientificmindmagazine
Twitter: @MindScientific
Dreadful Flood: How to Control
Editor-in-chief

Scientific Mind: July-August 2016 www.scientificmind.com.np2
I am very glad to see entrance question with its
solution, more student like me will be benefited if
your team can provide more clues and tricks to
solve the tough problems.
Ramesh Sharma
Kathmandu Model College (KMC)
Kathmandu
I was so happy when I saw space for nursing and
hope it will continue in further issue as well and
provide more information about other related
fields.
Pratikshya Bohara
Nurse
Kathmandu
Overall magazine is good but it will be better
if the articles are expressed in more simplified
language.
Kamlesh Sah
Class- 11
Global Collage of Management
Kathmandu
I am very curious in science. I especially like to
read environment related articles which I found in
this magazine too. I would like publish my article
in this magazine.
Sonu Belbase
Argakhachi
Wow wonderful magazine. It is full of knowledge
which will be helpful to build scientific community
and to connect the student in the field of science
and technology. Thank you so much team scientific
mind for connecting us in the scientific world.
Niraj Paudel
Class- 12
Liverpool International College, Kathmandu
I read the science cracker in the magazine.
It was helpful for my academics and i expect
mathematicsw cracker in the upcoming issues.
Himanshu Ghimire
Class- 10
Ambition Academy,
Kathmandu
I am very thankful towards Scientific Mind team
because it is very great work for our society to
build scientific community. I found this magazine
one of the advanced complete science magazine
of Nepal.
Binod Bhattarai
Buddha Shanti H.S. School, Chitwon
I read this magazine in the public library and i
hope that the magazine will be available in our
college also.
Jayanti Karki
Class- 12
Nepal Mega College, Kathmandu
Feedbacks

Increasing Vitamin D
Supplementation
Global Positioning System
Contents
7
12
LIGO detected Second Gravitational wave
First Young Scientists Summit (YSS) in Nepal16
5

China launching its Own Space
Station
Three spectacular inventions of 21st
Century
Articles in magazine do not necessarily reflect view of the
magazine.
Contents
Science Experiment 10
Ice-Cream 11
Do You Know? 11
Forces of Nature 19
Cosmetics and Skine: The Ugly... 22
How Walking on Street ..... 24
X-Rays 29
Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions
and Answers 31
SLC Cracker of Science 34
Satellites 35
Monkey 36
Mathematical Tricks 38
27
15
26
13
Dr. Pralad Bahadur Yonzon (1951-2011)
Food and Health: Garlic

Increasing Vitamin D Supplementation
Vitamin D (sun-shine vitamin) is a fat-soluble vitamin
obtained from sun exposure when ultraviolet rays
from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin
D synthesis,food,and dietary supplements. It
must undergo two hydroxylation’s process in the
body (liver and kidney) for activation. Vitamin
D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and
maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate
concentrations to enable normal mineralization
of bone. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones
can become thin, brittle, or misshapen and then
fractures. Together with calcium, vitamin D and
regular physical exercise helps protect elderly
nmol/L ng/mL Health status
<30 <12 Associated with vitamin D deficiency
30 to <50 12 to <20 considered inadequate for bone and overall health
in healthy individuals
≥50 ≥20 considered adequate for bone and overall health in
healthy individuals
>125 >50 Emerging evidence links potential adverse effects to
such high levels, particularly >150 nmol/L (>60 ng/mL)
Table 1: Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Concentrations and Health1
from osteoporosis by maintaining bone mass.
That’s why; many elderlyare prescribed a
vitamin D with calcium supplement by their
doctor to maintain bone mass.Serum
concentration of 25(OH)D is the best
indicator of vitamin D status. Most
supplementation trials of the
effects of vitamin D on bone
health also include calcium,
so it is difficult to isolate
theeffects of each nutrient.
Studies suggest that we
may need more vitamin D
than presently recommended
to prevent chronic disease,
protect against cancer, heart
disease, fractures and falls,
autoimmune diseases, ainfluenza, and depression.
Many health care providers have increased their
recommendations for vitamin D supplementation to
at least 1,000 IU. As a result, more patients are
asking about supplementing with the vitamin.
Maintaining optimal serum concentrations
of 25(OH)D for bone and general health
have not been established; they are
likely to vary at each stage of life.
Over the past years, mean serum
25(OH)D concentrations in the
world have declinedlikely due to
simultaneous increases in body
weight, reduced milk intake, and
greater use of sun protection.There’s
no specific dosage level; rather the most
important factor when it comes to vitamin D
Dr. Arun Sigdel
Orthopaedic Surgeon

in your serum level. So you really should be taking
whatever dosage requiredobtaining a therapeutic
level of vitamin D in your blood.
Health Risks from Excessive Vitamin D
Excessive sun exposure does not result in vitamin
D toxicity because the sustained heat on the skin
gives rise to various non-vitamin D forms that
limit theformation of vitamin D3 itself and also
converted to nonactive forms. Toxicity is much
more likely to occur from high intakes of dietary
supplements containing vitamin D. Many studies
suggest a toxicity threshold for vitamin D intake
of 10,000 to 40,000 IU/day and serum 25(OH)
D levels of 500–600 nmol/L (200–240 ng/mL)
however symptoms of toxicity are unlikely at daily
intakes below 10,000 IU/day.
Vitamin D toxicity can cause non-specific symptoms
like anorexia, weight loss, polyuria, and heart
arrhythmias. Too much vitamin D can raise blood
calcium concentrations, and acute toxicity causes
hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.
Vitamin D and Healthful Diets
Staywithin your daily calorie needs neither tooless
nor more.Vitamin D is oil soluble, which means you
need to eat fat to absorb it. Natural foods high
in vitamin D include fish oils, fatty fish, mushrooms,
beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.Commercially
fortified foods are the largest source of dietary
vitamin D, in our part of the world, cereals, and
bread products are often fortified with vitamin D.
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
0–12 months 400 IU (10 mcg) 400 IU (10 mcg)
1–13 years 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg)
14–18 years 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mg)
19–50 years 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg)
51-70 years 600 IU (15 mcg) 600 IU (15 mcg)
>70 Years 800 IU (20 mcg) 800 IU (20 mcg)
WHO Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Vitamin D
Source: "Vitamin D ? https://ods.od.nih.gov
Vitamin D rich foods

Global Positioning System
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-
based navigation system made up of a network of
24 satellites placed into orbit by U. S. Department
of Defense (DOD).The system was originally
developed by DOD for military navigation but in
1983, they made the system available for civilian
use. Today anyone with a GPS device like Satnav,
handheld GPS unit or a mobile phone with GPS
can obtain the radio signals that the satellites
broadcast and find their exact location.
How does it work?
GPS satellites circle the globe twice a day in its
orbit at an altitude of 20,200km with an orbital
speed of about 14,000 km/hour and transmit
signal information to earth. Each Satellite transmits
information about the current time and its position
at regular intervals.
These signals, travelling at the speed of light,
are intercepted by your GPS receiver, based on
how long it acquired for the signal to arrive; it
calculates how far away each satellite is. Once it
has information about how far away at least three
satellites are, using a trilateration process, your
GPS receiver can show your location.
GPS receiver must receive the signal of 3 satellites
to calculate latitude and longitude (2-D position),
With four signal GPS device can calculate altitude
also. Once the user's position has been determined,
based on previous information, the GPS device can
calculate other information, such as speed, distance
to destination, bearing, track, trip distance, sunrise
and sunset time and more. The more satellites there
Image: Artist's conception of GPS satellite in earth orbit.

are above the horizon, the moreprecisely your GPS
unit can determine your position.
What's the signal?
The GPS satellites mainly transmit two low power
microwave carrier signals. The L1 frequency
(1575.42 MHz) carries the navigation message
and the SPS (Standard Positioning Service) code
signals, and the L2 frequency (1227.60 MHz) is
used to measure the ionospheric delay by PPS
(Precise Positioning Service) equipped receivers.
Civilian GPS just uses L1 frequency, but military
GPS uses both L1 and L2 frequency to measure
the ionospheric delay to give the precise location.
A GPS signal contains three different bits of
information
• Pseudorandom code
It is simply an I.D. code which represents data
transmitting satellite.
• Ephemeris data
It represents the Status of the satellite (healthy or
unhealthy), Current date and time. This part of the
signal is essential for determining a position.
• Almanac data
It tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite
should be at any time throughout the day. Every
single satellite transmits almanac data showing the
orbital information of that satellite& every other
satellite in the constellation.
How accurate is GPS?
Regular GPS receivers are accurate to within 5-10
meters on average. Newer more sophisticated
techniques like Differential GPS (DGPS) and
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) methods can provide
centimeter-level precision within a few minutes of
measurement.
GPS and Relativity
The performance of the clocks is fundamental to
GPS. Each satellite has an atomic clock with it
that "ticks" with an accuracy of 1 nanosecond (1
billionth of a second).To get 10-15 meter level of
precision on location, time on GPS satellite must be
known to an accuracy of 20-30 nanosecond.
Special Relativity predicts that the satellites’ clocks
are moving relative to the clock on Earth, they will
appear to run slower in earth frame of reference.
Due to this effect of time dilation the clock on GPS
station fall behind 7microsecond per day.
General Relativity predicts that curvature of
spacetime leads to time dilation so time will
appear to run slower under stronger gravitational
pull. Hence the clock on GPS satellites gets ahead
by 45 microseconds per day.
Overall each satellites’ clock ticks faster than
38microseconds(45-7) per day.This leads to an
error of 10 km each day! The whole system would
be worthless for navigation in a very shortperiod.
Some interesting facts about GPS
• In average, a GPS satellite weighs around
1000kg.
• In 1978 The first GPS satellite was launched.
• Each Transmitter consumes power less than 50
watts.
• Total 72 satellites have been launched, and 32
are in orbit.
Source: gps.gov,Garmin.com
Camelshavebeendomesticatedfor3,000years.Camelscanrunat25mph(40kph)forlongperiods.Thecamel’s
humpislikeastoragecontainer.Whencamelsusetheirstoredfat,theirhumpwillbecomesmallandwhentheyeat
and drink again the hump will refill with fat. Camels have oval-shaped red blood cells that help continue blood flow
during times when water is scarce.
Camels

Scientific Fun Facts
The center of the Sun is about 27 million
degrees Fahrenheit (15 million °C).
15 million blood cells are produced and
destroyed in the human body every second.
Sound travels about 4 times faster in water
than in air.
Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards.
The animal with the largest brain in relation
to its body is the ant.
October 10 is National Metric Day.
The only letter not appearing on the Periodic
Table is the letter “J”.
The highest temperature on Earth was 136°F
(58°C) in Libya in 1922.
Starfish don't have brains.
The longest recorded flight of a chicken is
thirteen seconds.
The brain uses more than 25% of the oxygen
used by the human body.
Hummingbirds are the only animals able to
fly backwards.
Ants cannot chew their food, they move
their jaws sideways, like scissors, to extract
the juices from the food.
If your mouth was completely dry, you
would not be able to distinguish the taste of
anything.
Only humans sleep on their backs
When hydrogen burns in the air, water is
formed.
It takes approximately 12 hours for food to
entirely digest.
The first coast-to-coast telephone line was
established in 1914.
The blue whale can produce sounds
up to 188 decibels. This is the loudest
sound produced by a living animal and
has been detected as far away as 530 miles.
Why you should choose to be happy?
1. Happiness is beneficial to your health. Being happy lowers your heart rate, your
levels of the stress hormone cortisol, and the concentrations of plasma associated
with heart disease.
2. You’ll be more productive. Research shows that happy people are 11 percent more
productive than unhappy people.
3. You’re less likely to get sick. According to study, “When exposed to the viruses that
cause colds and flu, people with a more positive outlook not only get sick less often,
but recover faster.”
4. You’ll live longer. Happy people, who accept aging, generally live seven and half
years longer than those who think negatively about getting older
5. It’s contagious. If you’re happy right now, the people around you will want to be
happy, too.
6. You’ll look younger. Children are generally pretty happy because they don’t have
anything to worry about, right? Happiness gives people a youthful glow.
You never know when life is going to throw you a curveball, so enjoy now; be happy
in this moment

Science Experiment:
A Color Symphony
You will need
1. A flat tray (like a cookie baking tray)
2. Food coloring (at least 3 different colors)
3. Whole milk – low fat milk will not work for this
experiment
4. Liquid soap used for washing dishes
What to do
1. Carefully pour the milk into the tray so that it
just covers the bottom
2. Add about 6-8 drops of different colored food
coloring onto the milk in different spots
3. Add about 5 drops of the liquid soap onto the
drops of food coloring and watch the show!
4. To clean up, simply pour the colored milk down
the drain. (don’t drink it!)
How does it work?
So you know where the color comes from, but why
milk and liquid soap? The main job of dish soap
it to go after fat and break it down. Usually the
fat is on dishes from the food we eat, but fat is
also in whole milk. When you drop the liquid soap
onto the tray, it tried to break down the fat in the
milk. While it was doing that, it caused the colors
to scatter and mix creating a very colorful display.
Source: Sciencebob

Ice-Cream
Ice cream is a sweetened frozen food typically eaten as a snack or dessert. It is usually made from
dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients
and flavours. The mixture of different sweeteners like corn syrup, c a n e
sugar, beet sugar etc. and different flavor and colour is excite t o
incorporate air spaces and cooled below the freezing point
of water to prevent detectable ice crystal from forming. The
result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low
temperatures (<35 °F / 2 °C). It becomes more malleable as
its temperature increases. It contains many nutrients.
Ingredients Used:
The main constituents of ice cream are fat, milk solids-not-fat (skim-
milk powder), sugar, egg and flavouring.
Avarietyof milkproductscanbeused:cream,wholemilk,condensed milk and instant
skim-milk powder. The fat gives the product richness, smoothness and flavour. Skim-milk
powder is used to increase the solids content of the ice cream and give it more body.
It is also an important source of protein which will improve the ice cream nutritionally.
Sugar is a common ingredient to use as a sweetener. It increases the palatability and improves
the body and texture.The next ingredient, gelatin (or similar substance) assists in absorbing
some of the free water in the ice cream mix and helps prevent the formation of large crystals in
the ice cream. The eggs are added to make the fat and water more miscible and also to improve the
whipping ability which gives the ice cream greater resistance to melting.
Do You Know?
1. The moon is moving away at a tiny, although measurable distance from the earth every year.
2. Do the math and you will clearly see that 85 million years ago it was orbiting the earth at
a distance of about 35 feet from the earth's surface. This would explain the death of the
dinosaurs; the tallest ones, anyway.
3. It is physically impossible for you to lick your elbow.
4. An eagle can kill a young deer, and fly away with it.
5. The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar
melted in his pocket.
6. There are 336 dimples on a regulation golf ball.
7. There are more cars in Southern California than there are cows in India.
8. The leg bones of a bat are so thin that no bat can walk.
9. February 1865 is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon.
10. Abraham Lincoln's dog, Fido, was also assassinated.

Science News
LIGO detected Second Gravitational wave
In December 26, 2015, Laser Interferometer
Gravitational-Wave Observatory caught the
second gravitational waves produced when two
black holes collided and merged. In the first merger,
black holes were about 29 and 36 times as massive
as the sun and 3 solar mass was converted into
gravitational wave. While in this second merger,
black holes were about 8 and 14 times massive
as the sun and in the process, energy equivalent
to the mass of the sun radiated into space as
gravitational waves. The second event was smaller
so the resulting gravitational wave signal was
weaker, but LIGO and Virgo Collaboration have
confirmed the signal’s validity with a confidence
level of 99.99%. Data on both mergers are given
below.
Gravitational waves are distortions or 'ripples'
in the fabric of space-time caused by some of
the most violent and energetic processes in the
universe. They were predicted by Einstein’s general
theory of relativity 100 years ago, and the search
was started in the 1960s.
Mass is in solar mass (1.989 × 1030
kg).
Event Mass
1
Mass
2
Energy as
Gravitational
wave
Final black
hole mass
Event happened Event observed
1st 29 36 3 62 1.3 Billion years ago Sept. 14, 2015
2nd 8 14 1 21 1.4 Billion years ago Dec. 26, 2015
Image:
The approximate locations
of the two gravitational-
wave events detected so far
by LIGO are shown on this
sky map of the southern
hemisphere. The coloured
lines represent different
probabilities for where the
signal originated, yellow line
10% confidence interval,
and purple line 90%.
Source: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence,
published 15 June 2016 Physical Review Letters

China launching its Own Space Station
cGt/fli6«o vuf]n zf:q ;+3 -cfO P o'_ n] d+un u|xsf] ;txdf b]lvPsf] Pp6f vfN8f]nfO{ nfª6fª gfd lbOPsf]
5 . utjif{ clk|nsf] @@% sf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe'sDksf sf/0f Psbd} k|efljt g]kfnL ufpF nfª6fªsf] gfdaf6 pQm vfN8f]sf]
gfdf+s/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
b g]b/Nof08sf] p6/]R6 laZjljBfnodf lkmlhsn lhof]u|fkmL cWoog ub}{ cfPSf Ps cg';Gwfgstf{ 8f= hflnªu 8L xf;sf
cg';f/ pgsf Ps hgf ;fyLn] nfª6fª If]qdf lgs} nfdf] ;do lxdgbLx?sf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . 8f= xf;s} k|of;df
dxfe'sDkn] bo]b laZo]b agfPsf] g]kfnL ufpF nfª6fªu k|ltsf] ;dj]bgf :j?k pQm vfN8f]sf] gfd gfdf+s/0f ug{ -cfO P
o'_ nfO{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] .
s/Lj(=*lsnf]dL6/rf}8fpQmvfN8f]nfO{g]kfnLufpfSf]gfdaf6gfdf+s/0fug{cGt{/fli6«ovuf]n;+3n]8fxf;sf]k|:tfjnfO{
cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] .
clk|n @% sf] dxfe'sDkn] kbofqfsf] nflu ;+;f/ e/ k|voft nfª6fªu ufpF nfO{ ;/no kf/]sf] lyof] . h;df ljb]zL kbofqL
;lxt sDtLdf @ ;o !% hgfsf] Hofg} uPsf] lyof] eg] e'sDksf] sf/0f lxdklx/f] hfFbf ufpF g} aufPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL ufpFsf] gfd d+un u|xdf
China is launching a new space station and wants to share it with the other countries too. The China Manned
Space Agency and the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) have announced a partnership that
will allow UN member states to conduct experiments and they can even send astronauts to the Chinese
space station, due to start operating in the 2020s.The UN and China say they are keen to get more
nations involved in space activities and explore the universe. China is banned by the US government from
International Space Station(ISS). ISS partners – Russia, Japan, Canada and the member countries of the
European Space Agency may now have access to China’s station.

Planet Quiz !
Let’s test our knowledge on the solar system we live in. After attempting the questions below, check your
answers in page 42.
1. What planet is nicknamed the ‘Red Planet’?
2. What is the smallest planet in the Solar System?
3. What is the largest planet in the Solar System?
4. What is the brightest planet in the night sky?
5. What is the name of this planet having extensive ring system?
6. The moon Titan orbits what planet?
7. What planet in the solar system is farthest from the Sun?
8. Phobos and Deimos are moons of what planet?
9. What planet is closest in size to Earth?
10. Chemical element uranium was named after what planet?
11. Now that Pluto is no longer included, how many planets are there in the Solar System?
12. True or false? Neptune is larger than Saturn.
13. The Galilean moons orbit what planet?
14. What planet is closest to the Sun?
15. What is the seventh planet from the Sun?
Einstein and His Driver
One day, Einstein has to give a conference to all the top scientists in the world.
On the way there, he tells his driver, that looks a bit like him, “I’m sick of all these conferences. I always
say the same things over and over!”
The driver agrees, “You’re right, as your driver, I attended all of them, and even though I don’t know
anything about science, I could give the conference in your place.”
“That’s a great idea!” says Einstein. “Let’s switch places then!”
So they switch clothes and as soon as they arrive, the driver dressed as Einstein, goes on stage and
starts giving the usual speech, while the real Einstein, dressed as the car driver, attends it.
But in the crowd, there was one scientist who wanted to impress everyone and thought of a very difficult
question to ask Einstein, hoping he wouldn’t be able to respond.
So this guy stands up and interrupts the conference by posing his very difficult question.
The whole room goes silent, holding their breath, waiting for the response.
The driver looks at him, dead in the eyes and says, “Sir, your question is so easy to answer that I’m
going to let my driver reply to it for me.”
Rohit Neopane

Garlic is highly nutritious and offers many
health benefits
We know that you can boost garlic’s health benefits
simply by chopping and crushing the garlic and
letting it rest for a bit. This is because of the
sulphur compound Allicin that forms when garlic is
prepared this way. It’s also what gives garlic its
distinct smell.
Here are five great reasons why you should include
garlic in your daily diet.
1. Treatment of the common cold
Garlic supplementation is known to boost the
immune system and helps to prevent common
illnesses like the flu and common cold. When garlic
is used with the intention of preventing disease it
may decrease the frequency of colds in adults, but
has no effect on the duration of symptoms.
2. Antibacterial and antiviral benefits
The antibacterial and antiviral benefits of garlic
are perhaps its most well-known advantage.The
compound Diallyl Sulphide found in garlic is 100
times more effective than two popular antibiotics
in fighting the Campylobacter bacteria, one of the
most common causes of intestinal infections.
3. Improves iron metabolism
Garlic may also be able to improve the body’s
metabolism of iron. Basically, it increases the
body’s production of ferroportin, a protein that
Food and Health: Garlic
runs across the cell membrane and effectively
supplies a bridge for iron to cross to leave the cell.
This help keep iron in circulation.
4. Improves bone health
Garlic may offer some benefits for bone health by
increasing estrogen levels in women. It has also been
suggested that it has some effect on osteoarthritis.
In a study published in the US National Library
of Medicine, it was found that by giving a daily
dose of dry garlic extract to menopausal women,
a marker of estrogen deficiency was significantly
decreased.
5. Can reduce blood pressure
Another great benefit of garlic is the reduction of
high blood pressure, or hypertension. Another study
published in the US National Library of Medicine,
found that garlic extract (600-1 500mg) was
equally as effective at reducing blood pressure as
the drug Atenolol over a 24-week period. In some
cases, garlic supplementation can work as well as
regular medication.
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line RIP Rest in Peace
HTML HyperText Markup Language EDV Electronic Diversity Visa
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation VISA Visa International Service Association
UAE United Arab Emirates RPM Revolutions Per Minute
GMT Greenwich Mean Time NST Nepal Standard Time
Acronyms

FirstYoungScientistsSummit(YSS)inNepal
Cover Story
By Bijay Kumar Puri
Last month, Nepal Polymer
Institute in co-ordination
with Barainycube Research
Organization organized Nepal’s
first Young Scientist Summit (YSS)
2016 at Hotel Pacific Jamal,
Kathmandu, Nepal. The summit
was held from 4 to 5 June 2016
with the theme “Our Young
Scientists: Our Strength: Our
Hope.”
The YSS discussed the latest
development in science and
technology, how research
could be harnessed to address
our national challenges, and
opportunities available for
young scientists.
In two days program, there were
panel discussions and research
project presentation. Participants
from multidisciplinary fields
like physics, chemistry, biology,
mathematics, medicine and
engineering represented their
current research project in their
respective areas. In the Summit
sixty-two research projects
were represented, and the best
research projects were selected
and they will be attending Asia
Pacific Young Science Summit.
Young science summit (YSS)
is an endeavor of Nepal
polymer institute to promote the
involvement of high school student
as well as young researcher and
students in science and technology
and innovation activities in the
country through research ideas
and projects.
YSS motto is youth’s participation
for the prosperity of the nation
through science and technology.
It aims at identifying and
recognizing the Nepalese genius
minds and promoting their
aspiration in the prosperity of
the country.
Prof. Dr. Jibraj Pokharel, the vice-
chancellorr of NAST, inaugurated
the program, and Dr. Rajesh
Pandit held the Chairmanship of
programstartedwiththegreeting
message from the director of
Nepal polymer institute Prof. Dr.
Rameshowr Adhikari.

One of the organizer of the
summit Mrs. Jyoti Giri said “the
main purpose of the program
was to excite and inspire bright
young scientists to research
and development that address
national and international
challenges and humanity's future
needs.”
In panel discussion, National and
international scientists, engineers,
entrepreneurs, leaders discussed
the opportunity and the problem
faced by young scientists in
Nepal and global opportunities
available in research &
development programs. They
illuminated the importance of
science and technology for the
development of our nation. There
was question answer session after
each panel discussion.
Dr. Bhim Kafle moderated the first
Panel-Discussion with Panelists
Dr. Rabindra Dhakal, Dr. Bhupal
Shrestha, Prof. Husco Andrew, Dr.
Rajendra Gyawali and discussed
the various roles of The world
Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and
its importance for researchers
from developing country. In the
discussion, they pointed out the
fundamental problem in research
and development in our nation.
In a second panel discussion
moderated by Dr. Sharmila
Amatya Panelists, Dr. Netra
Lal Bhandari, Dr. Bhanubhakta
Neupane, Dr. Mahindra Aryal,
Dr. Jitendra Upadhya discussed
the Ph.D. program criteria and
challenges. Researchers were
briefed about the criteria for
Ph.D. in different countries like
U.S., Europe, Korea, and Nepal.
Dr. Rajesh Pandit moderated
the 3rd-panel Discussion with
Panelists Sahil Agrawal –
Shankar Group – entrepreneur,
Dr. Mahendra Thapa – Uniglobe
HOD Chemistry – KIAS, Mr.
Manish Pratap – B-Tech, EMBA,
Mr. Bikash Gurung – B.E.
Electronics, Mr. Khim Panthi– Youth
leader, especially discussed
about the entrepreneurship
and leadership. The utilization
of the scientific findings for the
industrial purposes that can be
useful in the daily lives of people
was emphasized in the discussion.
The 4th-panel discussion
Moderated by Jyoti Giri, with
Panelists ex-minister of science
and technology Er. Ganesh Shah,
Prof. Dr. Jorhn Kurl Germany,
Dr. Sitaram Pd.Byahut, Er.
Akash Deo, Dr. Yuvaraj Pd.
Pokharel discussed National and

international opportunities for
young scientists.
“ This summit helped us to engage
andconnectwithotherlike-minded
young scientists & researchers
and renowned scientific leaders.
It is an opportunity for any
student around the country to
build the kind of networks that
will allow them to pursue their
research passions and succeed.”
participant Ramu Khatri said.
There were 62 projects exhibited
by young scientists."It's a
great opportunity for a young
researcher from University, and
even high school to show their
talent, innovation, and caliber
in a big platform at the national
level." Co-ordinator of the
program Er. Akash Deo said.
Students from St. XavierSchool
Jwalakhel Isha Deo, Yeshi
Chonzom, presented a project
based on the idea of using waste
materials along with a cement
and gypsum to build houses and
household items. They said the
main aim of their project was to
create houses, using natural bio-
degradable and easily available
sources, which could prove to
be cheap and help victims of
natural disaster for immediate
permanent/ temporary shelter.
A team of Indu Khadka from
Central Department of Chemistry
Tribhuvan University, explained
their finding on Removing of
Arsenic (V) in Aqueous Medium
using Wheat Straw Dust/
Polyaniline Composites.Yadav
Prasad Kandel from Central
Department of Physics, Tribhuvan
University represented his
researchdoneinthecollaboration
with Prof. Narayan Adhikari
about the study of diffusion of
glycine in water at different
temperatures.He also explained
the importance of molecular
dynamics in analyzing dynamical
and structural properties of
matter.
In coordination with Motilal
Sharma, a team of Dr. Bhim
Kafle and Dr. Rabindra Dhakal’s
evaluation committee evaluated
the posters. Prize and the
certificates were awarded by
ex-minister Ganesh Shah and
Kathmandu University dean of
science department Prof Dr.
Mohan Bikram Gyawali.
Panal discussion Panelists (from left to right) Dr. Rabindra Dhakal, Dr. Bhupal Shrestha, Prof. Husco Andrew,
Dr. Rajendra Gyawali

All of the known forces in our universe can be
classified as one of four types: electromagnetic,
strong, weak, or gravitational.Each force has a
particular property associated with it, such as
an electric charge for the electromagnetic force,
space-time curvature for gravity, color charge for
strong nuclear force and weak hypercharge for
the weak nuclear force. The electromagnetic force
binds electrons to the atoms. The strong nuclear
force holds together the nuclei inside the atoms
that compose matter. Reactions due to the weak
nuclear force fuel the Sun, providing light and heat.
Gravity holds people and objects to the ground.
1. Electromagnetic Force
Proton and electron have equal and opposite
charge. The interaction between these charged
particles when they are at rest is known as
electrostatic interaction.This force causes particles
with similar electric charges to repel one another
and particles with opposite charges to attract one
another and the force of interaction being inversely
proportional to thesquare of the distance between
them. Similar to positive and negative charges in
electricity, a magnet has dipole referred to as
North and South; also that like poles repel and
unlike poles attract. North can be considered
as positive electric charge, and South can be
considered as negative electric charge as per the
conventions followed for thedirection of electric
and magnetic fields. Furthermore, to link these two,
a moving electric charge can produce a magnetic
field around it, and a changing magnetic field can
produce anelectric field.
In the beginning , electricity and magnetism seemed
distinct forces. In the 1800s,experiments showed
many connections between these two forces. In
1864 British physicist James Clerk Maxwell drew
together the work of many physicists to show that
electricity and magnetism are actually different
Forces of Nature
Anand Deo
MBBS Final Year
aspects of the same electromagnetic force.
Maxwell also showed that light is a traveling
form of electromagnetic energy. The founders of
quantum mechanics took Maxwell’s work one step
further. In 1925 German-British physicist Max
Born, and German physicists Ernst Pascual Jordan
and Werner Heisenberg showed mathematically
that packets of light energy, later called Photons,
are emitted and absorbed when charged
particles attract or repel each other through the
electromagnetic force.
Any particle with electric charge, such as a quark or
an electron, is subject to the electromagnetic force.

Electrically neutral particles, such as neutrinos, do
not feel it. The electric charge of a hadron is the
sum of the charges on the quarks in the hadron.
If the sum is zero, the electromagnetic force does
not affect the hadron; although it does affect
the quarks inside the hadron but the resultant of
the forces on individual quarks would again be
null implying the hadron as a whole is under no
electromagnetic influence.
Photons carry the electromagnetic force between
particles but have no mass or electric charge
themselves. Since photons have no electric charge,
they are not affected by the force they carry.
The photons are affected by gravity by virtue of
energy of the particle. A photon is not affected
by strong or weak interaction as it neither has a
color charge nor flavor. Also, a photon is its own
antiparticle.
In one example of the electromagnetic force, two
electrons repel each other because they both have
negative electric charges. One electron releases
a photon, and the other electron absorbs it. Even
though photons have no mass, their energy gives
them momentum, a property that enables them
to affect other particles. The momentum of the
photon pushes the two electrons apart, just as the
momentum of a basketball tossed between two ice
skaters will push the skaters apart.
Electromagnetic forces keep electrons orbiting
around the nucleus inside the atom. It is this very
force that also forms the ionic bond in molecules.
An atom loses its electron to become cation while
another atom receives this electron to become anion.
The electromagnetic interactions between the two
ions hold them together in molecule. In a covalently
bonded molecule, neither an electron is lost nor
gained by the constituent atoms. The electrons are
shared. This shared electron due to its position in
molecular orbital creates temporary and slight
electrical dipole that causes the covalently bonded
atoms to interact by electromagnetic interaction,
and they stay together in the molecule but the bond
is weaker than ionic bond as no definite positive, or
negative particle is formed.
2. Gravitational Force
The gravitational force is probably the most
familiar force. About 300 years ago, Newton gave
the laws of gravitation. He set up the equations to
calculate effect of the gravity on the bodies. At
that time the force of gravity was believed to be
instantaneous and that it’s just the mass of object
that brings the gravitational force into existence.
There was no proper understanding how it really
works; how the Sun 1.5 × 10^15 meters away
really affect and keep the Earth in its orbit? How
the force is permeated through all the emptiness
of space?
To answer this, in 1915, Einstein put forward his
revolutionary General Theory of Relativity. In
this, space and time were no longer separate
and independent entities. Instead, they were just
different directions in a single object called space-
time. Time was 4th dimension of the space-time
continuum. Einstein came up with the idea that the
force of gravity was permeated by the space itself
and that gravity in which it is not a force, rather
the consequence of curvature in space-time due to
thepresence of mass. The mass curves and warps

the space-time; the curve being proportional
to mass of the object and another mass merely
follows the shortest path to a bigger mass which is
itself curved known as geodesic in a curved space-
time. His theories also pointed out that gravity isn’t
instantaneous but travels at thespeed of light and
no faster.
Gravitation is the weakest of the four forces on
the atomic scale, but it can become extremely
powerful on a cosmic scale. For instance, the
gravitational force between Earth and the Sun
holds Earth in orbit. Gravity can have large
effects, because, unlike the electromagnetic force,
it is always attractive. Every particle in your
body has some tiny gravitational attraction to the
ground. The innumerable tiny attractions add up,
which is why you do not float off into space. The
negative charge on electrons, however, cancels out
the positive charge on the protons in your body,
leaving you electrically neutral. The atmosphere is
held to earth due to gravity making it possible for
us to survive. Thank you Gravity!!!
Another unique feature of gravitation is its
universality—every object is gravitationally
attracted to every other object, even objects
without mass contrary to earlier held beliefs. For
example, the theory of relativity predicted that
light should feel the gravitational force. Before
Einstein, scientists thought that gravitational
attraction depended only on mass. They thought
that light, being massless, would not be attracted
by gravitation. Relativity, however, holds that
gravitational attraction depends on the energy of
an object and that mass is just one possible form
of energy. Einstein was proven correct in 1919
when astronomers observed that the gravitational
attraction between light from distant stars and the
Sun bends the path of the light around the Sun
forming a splendid view so-called Gravitational
Lens. Mass tells space-time how to curve and
space-time curvature tells mass how to move.
While general relativity successfully described
many phenomena, the theory was framed
differently than were theories of particle physics,
making relativity difficult to reconcile with particle
physics. It is the only force not described by the
standard model of particle physics. Through the end
of the 20th century, all efforts to develop a theory
of gravitation entirely consistent with particle
physics failed. Physicists call their goal of an
overall theory a “theory of everything,” because it
would explain all four known forces in the universe
and how these forces affect particles. In such a
theory, the particles that carry the gravitational
force would be called Gravitons. Gravitons should
share many characteristics with photons because,
like electromagnetism, gravitation is a long-range
force that gets weaker with distance. Gravitons
should be massless and have no electric charge or
color charge. The graviton is the only force carrier
not yet observed in an experiment.

COSMETICS & SKIN:
The Ugly Side of Beauty Products
So if you follow the cleansing-toning-moisturizing-
makeup routine like most well-groomed women do
today, do you pause to ponder even for a split
second what actually goes on your face with the
cosmetics you use?
No? Well, do- now!
Most personal care products and make up dyes are
derived from petroleum and minerals that come
from the earth’s crust. And since the soil on the crust
is polluted, (mostly, due to industrialization), they
contain more than permissible amounts of heavy
metals: arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, iron,
zinc, mercury, etc.
And prolonged exposure to these elements has
shown to cause: Cancer, Reproductive disorders,
neurological problems, memory loss, mood swings,
dermatitis, hormonal disruptions, infertility, lower
birth rate, preterm births, birth defects, amongst
other things! Even the umbilical cord blood and
breast milk have been tested to expose the
presence of over 300 contaminants in birthing
mothers!
Alarming!! But how did it get in?
Using around 10-12 products a day-soaps,
toothpastes,creams,lipsticks,shampoos,fragrances,
deos, nail polishes, sunscreens and so on… exposes
us to about over 100 chemicals daily, some of
which are bound to penetrate our skin.
Prolonged usage of cosmetics causes these
chemicals to seep into our bloodstream via skin
absorption and ultimately damage internal organs,
reflects Dr. I jazz Ahmed –practicing dermatologist
of Z U Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
But how did beauty on the outside get so ugly
in the inside?
Well, for one- you didn’t read the labels when
you bought your personal care products, did you?
And neither does most company manufacturers,
conscientiously list their ingredients!
There are no substantial laws that compel cosmetic
companies to run safety tests on their products, nor
is it mandatory for them to list all their ingredients,
which can be disguised under so-called trade
secrets.
Prolonged exposure to phthalates- considered
Public Enemy – plasticizers (that make cosmetic
products to better hold in scent and hues) used
in our personal care, especially having strong
presence in perfumes and nail polishes, has been
accorded credit for causing abnormal reproductive
development in baby boys.
If you too rely heavily on makeup to make you
feel and look good, well think again. Here are
some eyes –openers:
Most lipsticks, kajals and eye shadows contain lead
andmineraloils.Bothcancauseirreversibledamage
and lead is a carcinogen plus neurotoxin; Which
means that besides raising blood pressure, it can
harm our central nervous system, induce behavioral
abnormality, decrease reproductive fertility and
cause cancer. Eye Enhancers precipitate allergies,
retinal infections, bacterial infections (especially
mascaras), and severe migraines.
Moisturizers contain combinations of mineral oils,
paraffin, and detergent-like chemicals. Talcum
powder contains silicates. Again, these can be
carcinogenic in long-term use, and can even result
in fertility problems and ovarian cancer.
Makeup set
Dr. Jagjit Kour
Asso. Prof. in Chemistry
Tri-Chandra College

Nail polishes may have high acetone content that
can damage nails and its strength. Darker colors
cause nails to turn yellow.
Skin bleaching creams have hydroquinine which is
a caustic chemical and is known to cause peeling,
allergies, and rashes, besides robbing the skin of
its natural oils.
Deos and anti- perspirants have aluminum
components to block sweat glands. These lead
to dermatitis and allergies. Hair colors, dyes,
color protection shampoos are rarely without
P-phenylenediamine, a toxin known to cause
cancer, reproductive toxicity, lung irritation and
skin inflammation.
Most everyday personal care products also have
mercury and parabens that trigger off cancer cells.
Parabens, formaldehydes, butylated compounds,
PEG compounds and all other intimidating –
sounding chemicals that make up these products
are noxious for health in the long run.
So if you're getting dizzy, exhausted or even
nauseous after prolonged exposure to makeup,
wake up!
It's time to divorce dependency on such toxic
products to look good and embrace organic,
natural, Ayurvedic, botanical, herbal and plant
based alternatives.
Because of the absence of clear and functioning
government authority, lack of safety standards
and assessments, almost non-existent mandatory
labeling and monitoring of effects of ingredients
in the cosmetic industry, what we really need to
do is -
• Raise our voice
• Spread the word
• Become more aware of what we consume/use
• Go Green- discontinue use of toxic cosmetics
• Initiate laws and regulations, or at least
support and favour them
Here are some good-samaritan self-appointed
(non-profit) bodies that are creating awareness
about what we wear on our skin:
• CIR- Cosmetic Ingredient Review- an industry
funded self-policing body.
• EWG- Environmental Working Group –
empowers people to make more studied
choices in consumer products with toxin –
awareness and takes civic action against
miscreant products/companies.
• SKIN DEEP- a mobile app created by EWG to
check on product components
• I READ LABELS FOR YOU- a site dedicated to
helping you make holistic and nontoxic choices
in personal and child care products
• THINK DIRTY- another mobile app that is an
anti-toxin crusader in the beauty industry,
“helping you make an informed decision on
what products to purchase.”
• GOODGUIDE- a smartphone app, that can
help you make better cosmetic choices.
Use their wizened knowledge to expand
consumer-consciousness.
Meanwhile, to keep at least some toxins at bay-
* Keep personal care products away from
children
* Avoid makeup while nursing infants
* Use personal care products/makeup sparingly
on a daily basis
* Beware of brighter shades as equal to having
higher contaminants
* Avoid eating with lipstick on
* Remove all makeup before bed
* Avoid loose mineral makeup as that is purely a
source of pure pigment on skin
* Avoid breathing in powder
Stay toxin- free, stay beautiful
Sources:
Ewg.org, Dr.mercola.com, Ireadlabelsforyou.com,
Thinkdirty.com
Safecosmetics.org,

Electricity crisis have been affecting Nepalese
peoples since 2006. We have been using many
alternatives to overcome the affects of this crisis.
We used fossil fuels, solar and winds as alternatives
but it’s not been enough. There have been many
problems with these alternatives. Fossil fuels are
dirty, solar does not work during shading in sky
and air is not always windy. We need something
else more sustainable and reliable.
Seven years ago Laurence Kemball-Cook, CEO
of Pavegen Systems invented a technology that
uses people power to generate electricity. People
power is an endless supply and it’s all around us.
This ingenious idea he invented is called Pavegen.
How walking on Street Generates Electricity?
Bir Bikram Sah
BE in Electronics and Communication
Flooring unit of Pavegen tile www.pavegen.com
www.pavegen.com
Flooring unit of Pavegen tile www.pavegen.com
Pavegen System
Pavegen is a technology that converts foot steps
into electricity. Actually, Pavegen System is flooring
tile so every time someone walks or jump over it,
energy is harvested from footstep. This technology
converts the kinetic energy to electricity which can
be stored and used for a various applications.

Image: Components and working of Pavegen Tile m.natgeotv.com
This flooring unit is made up of recycled polymer,
with top surface made from recycled truck tires
and the base of the slab is constructed from over
80% recycled materials.
A flooring unit consists of Neodymium magnet and
copper coils. Copper coils are attached to the base
of unit and is not moveable whereas Neodymium
magnet is attached to flexible plate.
Newer designs waste no footsteps making our
streets and corridors look more beautiful and
attractive.
Working of Pavegen Tiles
On every foot step flexible plate is depressed
causing Neodymium magnet to move inside fixed
copper coils, this produces current that is stored.
Each step generates about 5 to 10 joules of energy
depending on person’s weight that would light a 5
or 10 Watt light bulb for 1 second. This is a small
amount of energy generated from a foot step but
Kemball-Cook claims many step can make lots of
energy.
Can this technology compete with other energy
sources?
Kemball Cook says “An average person in their life
time has around 150 million footsteps that means
energy he could have generated, would power
an average house for around 3 weeks. One unit
installed will not give any power in meaningful way
but when we have around 50,000 people per hour
moving through a unit that is around fifty thousand
footsteps giving 500 kilo joules per hour of energy
enough to charge batteries, lighting and any low
energy applications”. In the places having high
people density like transportation sites, shopping
centers, stadiums etc. Pavegen Systems would
generate enough power for lighting those places
for whole night.
This technology could never produce electricity on
scale to compete with fossil fuels or nuclear energy
but it has the potentials to radicately change the
way we source power in future.
How Pavegen Systems can be beneficial for
Nepal?
During Load shedding hours, busy streets in
Kathmandu, Latitpur and Bhaktapur are usually
dark even though these districts use maximum
electricity generated. Shopping centers, schools
and hospitals uses fossil fuels to solve power
problems. Using Pavegen in streets and corridors
of shopping centers, schools etc. can solve lighting
problems and help in conserving electricity.
References: www.Pavegen.com & m.natgeotv.com

Susmina Gajurel
Kathmandu University
Dr. Pralad B. Yonzon, a founder of Resource
Himalaya Foundation, was a dedicated
conservation leader and a mentor to many young
conservationists. He is commonly known for his
research in Red pandas. He was a conservationist/
environmentalist who practiced what he preached.
He rode on his bicycle every day because he
believed in reducing pollution and how everyone
should contribute positively to the environment.
Dr. Yonzon was born as a second son in 1951 A.D.
to the Late Inspector General (IGP) of Nepal Police
Pahal Singh Lama. He married Binu and had two
children: Prasiddha and Patanjali. He was very
fond of music and played guitar very well even in
his later part of life. He had his own library set up
which he had stuck a note that his books were not
for reference. He never did hesitate to share any
of his books.
Dr. Yonzon completed hisMasters Degrees in
Zoology from Tribhuvan University, wildlife and
ecology from Colorado State University, and
Dr. Pralad Bahadur Yonzon (1951-2011)
Ph.D.(1989) from University of Maine, USA. His
seminal fieldwork on the red pandas for two
years in field solely led to theestablishment of
Resources Himalaya Foundation (RHF) in 1986
as a research and training institute for wildlife
biology. The mission of RHF is to conserve
biodiversity in the Himalaya, promote sustainable
use of natural resources including soil, water, and
forest and to improve livelihoods particularly of
the poor, disadvantaged and marginal sections
of society. RHF was nominated for the ‘Global
McArthur Award (2007) for Creative and
Effective Institutions’ for its immense contribution
in biodiversity conservation. RHF has completed
its 29 years of innovative research and capacity
building on aspects of wildlife, biodiversity, and
environment in Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim.Off late,
RHG is involved in long-term mentorship to produce
innovative research scholar. It has established
“Environmental Graduates in Himalaya (EGH)”
as a sister organization with over 400 graduate
students from different countries. All the credits go
to Dr Yonzon who toiled really hard to make RHF
what it is now.
He had over 35 years of professional experience
in the field of conservation with a prime focus on
human dimension, park design, and management,
integrated regional development and landscape
level planning in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Philippines
and Vietnam. Recognizing his valuable contribution
in conservation, The Netherlands Government
awarded him with The Order of the Golden Ark
in 2001.
Dr. Yonzon’s sudden and untimely demise (31
October 2011) at a road accident on his way
back home left many people bereaved. With his
passing, he leaves behind an institution and the
legacy of dedicated hard work and mentoring for
the younger generation of conservationists.

Threespectacularinventionsof21stCentury
AbioCor Artificial Heart
AbioCor is an advanced medical system being
developed by ABIOMED Inc. It is an artificial
replacement for the patients whose hearts have
irreparably damaged right or lift ventricle or
for those who have coronary heart disease.
The AbioCor is primarily made of titanium and
Angioflex, ABIOMED's proprietary polyether-
based polyurethane plastic.
Unlike the traditional heart transplantation, this
system will help patients with failed hearts to
enjoy mobile and productive lifestyle. Equipped
with an internal motor, the AbioCor is able to
move blood through the lungs and to the rest of
the body, simulating the rhythm of a heartbeat.
The AbioCor consists of an internal thoracic unit,
an internal rechargeable battery, an internal
miniaturized electronics package and an external
battery pack.The thoracic unit, weighing about two
pounds, includes two artificial ventricles with their
corresponding valves and a motor-driven hydraulic
pumping system. The implantable electronics
package monitors and controls the pumping speed
of the heart based on the physiologic needs of the
patient.This system will be able to beat more than
10,000 times a day.
This invention is sure to be proved beneficial to
thousands of heart patients who have no hope of
living without an efficiently performing artificial
heart and for those to whom the current method
of transplantation is either unconventional or too
expensive.
Madhu Lamichhane
Mechanical Engeering Final Year

Rewalk
Rewalk is a wearable robotic exoskeleton
that provides powered hip and knee
motion to enable individuals with spinal
cord injury to stand upright, walk, turn,
and climb and descend stairs. The system
provides user-initiated mobility through the
integration of a wearable brace support, a
computer-based control system, and motion
sensors. The system allows independent,
controlled walking while mimicking the
natural gait patterns of the legs.
The Rewalk system weighs approximately
23 kg, the backpack containing the system's
computer and battery weighs around 2.3 kg,
and the robotic leg attachments weigh around
21 kg. The user can engage in three modes:
walking, sitting, and standing. The signals to
these modes are sent via a wrist-watch type device
to the computer.
The entire machine relies on a single motion
sensor, which propels the wearer’s legs forward by
detecting shifts in balance and bodyweight. The
tilt sensor is worn in a pelvic brace on the left-
hand side of the body. Leaning the upper body
forward activates the sensor, which in turns sets
the robotic legs in motion. The machine
always sets off on the right foot.
Oculus Rift
It is a virtual reality headset developed
and manufactured by Oculus VR. It lets
us experience the images as if we are
in the situation that we are seeing. It is
said to revolutionise our gaming ways
and entertainment.
The Rift has an OLED display, a 90 Hz
refresh rate, and 110° field of view.
It has integrated headphones which
provide a 3D audio effect, rotational
and positional tracking. The positional
tracking system, called "Constellation",
is performed by a USB stationary IR LED
sensor, which normally sits on the user's
desk, and pinpoints the entire room with
infrared and LED lights, which creates 3D space,
allowing for the user to use the Rift while sitting,
standing, or walking around the same room.
The device fulfils its function by the assembly of
more than a dozen sensor inputs. For example, a
gyroscope, accelerometer, and compass track the
location of a user’s head. External infrared sensors
and a camera is added to increase positional
accuracy and monitoring.

Wilhelm Roentgen, a German Professor of Physics,
was the first person who discovered X- Ray (1895).
During his experiment of Cathode ray, he found
a very penetrating radiation was emerging
from discharge tube. He named this radiation
as X-ray as ‘X’ is commonly used to denote the
unknown parameter in mathematics. His discover
revolutionized the entire medical profession and
set foundation for diagnostic radiology which
was going to be highly beneficial for mankind in
coming years. For his remarkable achievement, he
was honored with the first Noble Prize in Physics in
1901.
X-Rays are the electromagnetic radiation which
is emitted when matter is bombardment with fast
moving electron. The range of X-ray is 10-10
to
10-9
m. The modern X-ray tube was designed by
Dr. Coolidge where the tube is evacuated to the
vacuum of the order of 10-5
mm of mercury. The
Cathode is heated by low tension battery, supplies
electron by thermionic emission to hit the target,
made of metal like Tungsten or Molybdenum
having high melting point and high atomic number.
High potential difference is maintained between
X-Rays
Cathode and metallic target (T) accelerates the
electron towards the later.
When these highly moving electron strikes the
target, X-rays are produced because of the atomic
process induced by the electron towards the target.
During this process, more the 99% of electron
energy is converted into heat and less than 1%
of energy is converted into X-ray production. To
remove the heat generated by the continuous
bombardment of electron, the target material is
mounted on a hollow copper tube through which
the cold water is circulated continuously.
There are two different process that produced
X-ray Photon. One is called Bremsstrahlung process,
which is a fancy German name, meaning ‘breaking
radiation’. The other is K Shell emission.
Brensstranhlung Process
Bremsstranhung process is easier to understand
using the classical concept that the radiation is
emitted when the highly velocity electron strikes the
target. When this bombarding electron penetrates
into the target, some electron may fall very close
to the nucleus due to the attraction of its positive
Pravesh Nepal
M.Sc. Physics 3rd Semester

charge. Due to this, the electron would be deflected,
resulting in the de-acceleration of their velocity. So
their Kinetic energy would be lost. They lose their
entire K.E. in head on collision and only part of
their energy in glancing collision. The lost energy
is emitted as X-Ray photon. So, from conservation
of energy:
Initial K.E. = Energy of X Ray photon + Final K.E.
of electron
The Closer an electron to the target, greater is the
loss in energy and hence greater is the frequency
of radiation. Bremsstrahlung process can have
any energy ranging from zero to the maximum,
depending on how much electrons are influenced
by the electric field, therefore forming a continuous
spectrum.
K Shell emission Process
It is also called characteristic X-ray emission. When
the electron emitted from cathode strike the bound
electron (in target atom), the emitted electron
penetrate well inside the atom and knock out the
electron from innermost shell. After the electron has
been ejected, the atom left with vacant energy
level, also known as core hole. This vacancy can be
filled up by the electron from higher energy level.
According to the Bohr’s Postulate, ‘When an electron
jump from higher energy level to lower, it emits the
energy in the form of radiation (hu)’.i.e. E = hu. So
higher electron falls in core hole emitting quantized
photon whose frequency is given by,
u = (E_k- E_(higher shell))/h
Each element has a unique set of energy level
and thus transition from higher to lower energy
level produced X ray with the frequency that are
characteristic to each elements. Example- When
an electron jumps from L Shell to K Shell, X-rays
are emitted called K – a ray. Similarly, when an
electron fall from M-shell to K shell, emitted X-ray
is called X -b ray and so on.
The X-rays has been used in different fields in our
daily life. They may be used in medical fields, such
as Radiography, X ray therapy etc. They also used
in industrial field such as to identify the internal
structure and in many other scientific research.

Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions and Answers
Zoology
1. Intercalated disc are found in
a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle
c. Involuntary muscle d. All of these
2. Which of the following bone is not included
under axial skeleton
a. Skull b. Pectoral girdle
c. vertebral column d. Ribs
3. Which of the following leukocyte doesn’t
contain granules in thecytoplasm .
a. Neutrophil b. Basophil
c. Monocyte d. Eosinophil
4. Salmonella Typhi mainly affects
a. Large intestine b. Liver
c. Ileum d. Duodenum
5. Bile is secreted by
a. Gall bladder b. Intestine
c. Liver d. Kidneys
Chemistry
6. Magnetic quantum number specifies
a. Size of an orbital b. Shape of orbital
c. Orientation of orbitals in space
d. Both shape and orientation
7. The factor which doesn’t influence . The rate
of reaction is
a. Nature of reactants b. Concentration
c. Temperature d. Molecular
8. The indicator having pH range 4.2 to 6.3 is
a. Methylene blue b. Phenolphthalein
c. Methylorange d. Methyl red
9. Which of the following is often called oil of
bitter almond ?
a. Nitrobenzene b. Methyl salicylate
c. Benzaldehyde d. Salicylic acid
10. The entropy for spontaneous process always
a. Increase b. Decrease
c. keeps changing
d. Remain unchanged
Botany
11. Root pressure is maximum when
a. transpiration is slow and absorption is
high
b. Transpiration is slow and absorption is
slow
c. Transpiration heigh and absorption is
slow
d. Transpiration and absorption both are
high
12. Abscessic acid (ABA) is a plant growth hormone
involved in
a. Shoot elongation b. Root elongation
c. Dormancy of seed
d. Increased cell division
13. Association of algae and fungi to form lichen
is called
a. Symbiosis b. Parasitism
c. Commensalisms d. Saprophyte
14. Monothecus kidney shaped anthers are the
characteristic feature of
a. Solanaceae b. Malvaceae
c. Liliaceae d. Compositae
15. Passage cells and casparian strips of suberin
are found in
a. Epidermis b. Endodermis
c. Pericycle d. Cortex
Physic
16. NC-1
has the same dimension as
a. Volt meter b. Farad meter
c. Farad / meter d. Volt /meter
17. F = 6phrv is the expression of
a. Equation of continuity
b. Bernoulli's theorem
c. Torricelli's theorem d) Strokes law
18. Fuse wire should have
a. High resistivity , low melting point
b. High resistivity and high melting point
c. Low resistivity , high melting point
d. low resistivity and melting point
19. The deviation produced by a prism is maximum
for
a. Red b. Indigo

b
c. Blue d. Green
20. The quality of sound depends upon
a. frequency b. Pitch
c. No. of overtones
d. Square of amplitude
Answer
1. b
• Cardic muscle are only found in the
myocardium of heart.
• Each muscle fiber is having single nucleus
, placed centrally , branches and
anastomose with neighboring fiber at
inter caleted disc , the cross striation
are less prominent than those in the
skeletal muscle.
2. b * Axial skeleton include skull , column ,
and thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton include bone of
the limbs that is upper and lower limb
including pelvic and pectorial girdle
3. c
4. c * Typhoid is also called Enteric fever is
caused by Salmonella Typhi .
• Typhoid is a disease of gastrointestinal
tract .
• Salmonella mainly affect ileum i.e Payer
patches .
5. c * Bile is secreted by hepatocytes( i.e liver
cells ) and it stored and concentrated in gall
bladder .
• Bill help in emulsification and digestion
fat.
6. c * Princpal quantum number specifies the
size of an atom.
• Azimuthal quantum no. denotes the shape
of the orbital and energy associated with
angular momentum
• Spin quantum number denotes the
spinning motion of an electron
7. d * Rate of reaction is directly proportional
to the concentration of reaction
• If the size of particle is smaller , faster
will be the rate of reaction .
• Increase in temperature increase the rate
of reaction .
• A Catalyst increase the rate of raction by
decreasing the activating energy
8. c * methyl orange pH range 3.1 – 4.4
• Litmus pH range 5.0 – 8.0
• Phenol phthalein pH rage 8.2 – 10
9. c * Oil of winter green – Methyl salicycate
10. a * Entropy is a measure of disorder or
randomness of the system . the greater its
disorderness , greater is its entropy .
11. a * Guttation occur when Root pressure is
maximum and Transpiration is minimum .
12. c * Abscessic acid : Growth inhibitor , Stess
hormone ( causes closure of stomata ) ,
Maintain seed dormancy and bud dormancy ,
Flowering – Florigen
13. a * symbiosis - Association of two spices in
which both the partners are benefited . e.g
Nitrogen
Fixing ( Rhizobium ) bacteria in the root
nodules of legume.
14. b* Anther is usually - Bilobed and
Tetrasprongiate .
• Staminode - sterile stamen found in
caesalpinoidae .
15. b* Non – suberised endodermal cells are
called Passage cell
• In dicot stem endodermis is called starch
sheath
• Suberised endodermal cells are called
casparian stripe
16. d * E = f/q = N/c , E = v/ d = volt / meter
17. d
18. a
19. b* Deviation produced by a small angle prism
is d = A ( U – 1 ) , so if U increase d increase
and vice versa .
• Among the given rays indigo have
samallest wavelength and hence U is
maximum for indigo and it produces
maximum deviation
20. c* Quality of sound depend upon no. of
overtone
• Loudness of sound depend on the
amplitude
• Pitch of sound depend upon frequency

Did you hear about the man who got cooled to
absolute zero?
-He's OK now.
Explanation: "0K" here actually stands for zero
Kelvin. Kelvin is a temperature scale in which zero
is the coldest possible temperature, referred to as
absolute zero, where molecules cease to move. A
person wouldn't actually be OK if cooled to absolute
zero
I wish I was adenine, then I could get paired with U.
Explanation: In RNA, adenine (A) forms a "base
pair" with uracil (U).
Anyone know any jokes about sodium?
-Na
Explanation: The symbol for sodium on the periodic
table is "Na," which when said as a word is
pronounced like nah, another way to say no.
Two chemists go into a bar. The first one says "I think
I'll have an H2
O." The second one says "I think I'll
have an H2
O too" — and he died.
Explanation: H2
0 is the molecular formula for water.
But H2
O2
is the molecular formula for hydrogen
peroxide, which will kill you if you drink it.
A couple of biologists had twins. They named one
Jessica and the other Control.
Explanation: Scientists must always use a control
group or condition — which they don't experiment
on and just leave "as-is" — when conducting an
experiment.
Did you hear the one about the recycling triplets?
Their names are Polly, Ethel, and Ian.
Explanation: Polyethylene is the most common type
of plastic.
Why can you never trust atoms?
-They make up everything!
Explanation: Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter,
they make up all of the elements and molecules and
proteins and everything else on Earth. They also
literally make up everything we see, but in the joke
they are suggesting that the atoms lie so don't trust
them.
What element is a girl's future best friend?
-Carbon.
Explanation: "Diamonds are a girl's best friend" is
a well-known saying. Diamonds are created from
carbon under extreme pressurize and over time, so
carbon will eventually become "a girl's best friend"
— hence her "future best friend."
I had to make these bad chemistry jokes because all
the good ones Argon.
Explanation: Argon is an element on the periodic
table. When you say it out loud it sounds like you
are saying "are gone."
Biology is the only science in which multiplication is
the same thing as division.
Explanation: In biology, cells multiply in number
when one cell divides into two.
Why are chemists great for solving problems?
-They have all the solutions.
Explanation: In chemistry a solution is the proper
name for a mixture where one substance is completely
dissolved in another — like sugar or salt in water.
Solutions are also the answers to problems.
Jokes With Reasons
Inspirational Quotes
1. “Don’t take rest after your first victory because if you fail in
second, more lips are waiting to say that your first victory
was just luck.”
- A.P.J Abdul Kalam
2. “Look deep into nature, and then you will understand
everything better.” -Albert Einstein
3. “Scienceisawayof thinkingmuchmorethanitisabodyof
knowledge.” -Carl Sagan
4. “Science is not only a disciple of reason but, also, one of
romance and passion.” -Stephen Hawking
5. "We must accept finite disappointment, but never lose
infinite hope." -Martin Luther King, Jr.
6. “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon
the shoulders of giants.” -Isaa c Newton

SLC Cracker of Science Part - 2
Pressure
The pressure on a body is defined as force acting
normally on unit area of the body . SI unit of
pressure is Pascal (Pa) .
Derive the relation P = F/A
We know that,
Pressure is directly proporational to the applied
force i.e., P ∞ F ………….. ( 1)
And pressure is inversely proportional to the area
i.e., P ∞ 1 /A ………….. (2)
Combining the equation we get
P ∞ F / A ………… ( 3)
P = K F/ A ( Where K is constant )
If 1 N force is applied in 1 m2
area,then the
pressure will be 1 Nm-2
and thus k = 1
P = F / A
Hence proved .
Up-thrust
The force with which liquid pushes up an object
partially or wholly immersed in the liquid is called
its up – thrust or buoyant force.
• The factor on which up-thrust depend
• The acceleration due to gravity at the place
• The density of the liquid.
• The volume of the liquid displaced.
Pascal’s law
Pascal’s law of liquid pressure state that if pressure
is applied at a point in a closed container having
liquid it transmits pressure equally in all directions.
Application
• Hydraulic press , Hydraulic brake and
hydraulic lift
Uses
• It is used in garage to lift heavy load and
automobiles.
• It is used in pressing cotton goods and making
holes in metals.
• It is used for extracting of juices of fruits and
sugarcanes.
Q. Why does the shape of vessel not affect the
liquid pressure ?
Ans : If pressure is applied at a point in a
closed container having liquid it transmits
pressure perpendicular equally in all direction
. Therefore, the shape of a vessel not affect
the liquid pressure
Q. The bottom of a water vessel is made thick ,
why ?
Ans : The liquid pressure at a point is directly
proportional to the depth from the free
surface , therefore the pressure is very high
at the bottom of water vessel . To tolerate this
pressure the bottom of the water vessel is
made thick .
Q. A camel can walk easily on sand desert but a
horse cannot . Explain.
Ans : A camel has flat feet and a horse has
narrow feet . Due to flat feet , when camel step
on sand , the pressure it exert on ground will
be small . As a result , its feet donot desend
into the sand and walking for it will be easier
. Due to small area of its feet , when the horse
walks on sand , the pressure exerted by it will
be large . As a result its feet descend into the
sand . This makes walking difficult .
Question for the student
Q. Why are the needle and nails sharply pointed?
Q. Why do football player have studs under their
boots ?
Q. The tyres of buses and truck are double
wheeled . Why ?
Q. State Archimedes ‘ principal with
experimenatal verification .

Q. Write any two differences between
Archimedesprinciple and law of Flotation .

Numerical
Q. The volume of an ice block is 24000 cm3
and
its density is 0.9 gm/cm3
. How much part of it
remains above the surface of water when it is
kept in water ?
Solution ,
Volume of ice (V ) = 24000 cm3
Density of ice (d) = 0.9 gm/cm3
Density of water (dw
) = 1 gm/cm3
Mass of ice (m) = d × V
= 0.9 × 24000
= 21600 gm
Wt. of water displaced = wt. of floating
substance = 21600 gm
Volume of displaced liquid ( v) = m/ dw
=
21600/1 = 21600cm3
The part of ice immersed in water = volume of
displaced water / Volume of ice
= 21600/24000 = 9/10 part
Therefore , the part of ice above water
= 1 – 9/10 = 1/10 Part .
Q. How much part of an ice block ( 20 × 30 × 50
cm ) remains above the surface of water
when the ice is placed in water in water ? The
density of ice is 0.9 gm / cm3
and the density
of water is 1 gm / cm3
.
Hint: Volume of ice = ( l × b × h)
Ans = 5 cm
Satellites
Satellites have revolutionized the way we look at
the world and the way we send information around
it. Like giant mirrors in space, they can be used
to bounce television pictures, telephone calls, and
Internet data from one part of Earth to another at
the speed of light. Satellites are used for sensing
information as well as communication.
Rockets launch satellites into orbits high above
Earth. Just as a string can keep a spinning rock
turning in a circle about your head, so Earth's
gravity provides a centripetal force that keeps a
satellite in orbit. Satellites are powered by large
arrays of solar panels or even nuclear-powered
electric motors.
Since Sputnik 1 was fired into space on October
4, 1957, several thousand satellites have been
launched. Landsat 7 provides detailed pictures of
Earth's surface and was used by the US to pinpoint
Iraqi troop positions during the 1991 Gulf War.
INMARSAT provides mobile telephone, fax, and
computer data communication for ships, aircraft,
and travelers on the move. 15 INTELSAT satellites
provide telecommunications links to 150 nations
around the globe.
Satellite orbits: Satellites follow three different
types of orbits around Earth: geostationary,
geosynchronous, and polar. Communications
satellites maintain the same position above a fixed
point on the Equator some 35,900 km from Earth.
This is called a geostationary orbit and is similar
to a geosynchronous orbit, in which satellites loop
once or twice around a certain point on the Equator
each day. Remote sensing satellites follow polar
orbits. These are much closer to Earth and pass
over the north and south poles once each day.

Monkey
Monkey is a long-tailed, medium-sized mammal.
Apes and chimpanzees are not scientifically
classified as monkeys. Monkeys inhabit in the
jungles of Africa, Asia and South America. They
are divided into two groups: Old World and New
World monkeys, Old World monkey live in Africa
and Asia, where as New World monkeys live in
South America. Howler monkeys are an example
of New World monkeys found in Central and
South America. A baboon is an example of an Old
World monkey.
Monkeys hunt and live in groups. Groups of monkeys
are called troops, tribes or missions.
Let's took a closer looks about monkey !!!
How much do monkeys weigh?
The weight of a monkey depends on its species. The
one of the smallest monkeys is Talapoin monkey,
weighs around 2 to 4 pounds, while a savanna
baboon can weigh between 50 to 100 pounds.
How long do monkeys live?
According to the University of Wisconsin, the life
span of monkeys varies by species. The purple-
faced leaf monkey is at the lower end with a life
expectancy of about eight years.
Many monkeys, such as the southern red-necked
night monkey and the northern gray-necked owl
monkey, live for about 20 years. One long-lived
monkey, the black-handed spider monkey, has a
48-year life span.
The San Diego Zoo points out that most monkeys
spend their lives in social groups. They even travel
in "troops" when searching for food. These vary in
size dramatically, depending upon the species.
Where did monkeys come from?
There are two types of monkeys: Old World and
New World. Old World monkeys live in Africa,
Central and Southern Asia, India and Japan. New
World monkeys call Central and South America
and Mexico home. During the Oligocene Era,
Credit: bryan... CC-BY-SA 2.0

the continents began to change shape and move
away from each other into their current locations.
This shift is how the two types of monkeys ended
up on opposite sides of the globe and began to
distinguish themselves. About 14 million years
ago, that the first common ancestor of humans and
apes appeared in southern Europe. The hominid
line, a direct ancestor to humans, appeared
approximately 6 million years ago in Africa.
How do monkeys survive in the jungle?
While each species uses its own set of adaptations
to survive, most monkeys depends on their skilful
hands, gregarious habits and intelligence to survive
in the rainforest. Additionally, many monkeys
are omnivores that can survive by eating many
different foods.
Monkeys are incredible climbers, and they use this
ability to find food and avoid predators. Many
species, particularly the prehensile-tailed monkeys,
are able to use their tails as a fifth appendage. Most
monkeys are diurnal, which leaves them vulnerable
to predators at night. Proboscis monkeys protect
themselves from nocturnal predators by sleeping in
small groups. Additionally, they often inhabit trees
that grow over the water, which protects them from
many terrestrial predators.
Monkeys communicate with other members of their
group through vocalizations and body language.
Some species make different sounds to identify
different stimuli or emotions. For example, honks
usually indicate that a monkey has spotted a
predator, while shrieks indicate excitement.
Can monkeys swim?
Wild monkeys can swim but try to avoid it, though
some species are more inclined to the water than
others. For example, Japanese snow monkeys are
known to enter the local hot springs by diving into
them. Monkeys use a dog-paddle motion when
they swim.
Monkeys share a lot of human characteristics. They
can feel love, fear, compassion as well as anger
or hate. They also hold hands as way of showing
affection for one another, like humans. They help
nurse and take care of each other when sick, as
well as pet and groom each other.

To find the square root of 7569:
The first step is to check the unit digit of the
problem. The unit digit of 7569 is 9. If you check
the unit digit squares above, you will know that 9
can be the unit digit of square only of 3 or 7. So,
the unit digit of our answer is either 3 or 7.
Mathematical Tricks
Now, for the next step, we cross out the last two
numbers and look at the remaining. So, after
we cross out the last two digits from 7569, what
remains is 75.
The remaining number is 75. Now, for this number,
you need to check which is the closest perfect
square to this on the lower side. So, square of 8 is
64 and square of 9 is 81. 64 is lower than 75 while
81 is higher. So, the unit digit to the solution will be
8. So, now, the answer is either 83 or 87.
Now, the final step would be to find out whether the
answer is 83 or 87. To find the same, you need to
multiply 8 (confirmed ten’s digit) with the next high
number i.e. 9.
8 X 9 = 72.
Now, 75 (the number left after removing the last
2 digits from the problem) is bigger than 72, that
we got from the previous step. Hence, the unit digit
will be the bigger of the two options. Hence, the
answer is 87.
Example 1. Square root of 8836.
1. As the unit digit of 8836 is 6, the unit digit of
the answer will either be 4 or 6.
2. After removing last two digits from the problem,
we get 88. 88 is less than 100(square of 10)
but more than 81(square of 9). Hence, unit
digit will be 9.
3. Now, we multiply 9 (from previous step) with
the next large number. 9 X 10 = 90. Now, 88
is smaller than 90. Hence, the unit digit will be
the smaller of 4 or 6 (from first step). Hence,
the answer is 94.
Example 2. Square root of 361.
1. As the unit digit of 361 is 1, the unit digit of the
answer will either by 1 or 9.
2. After removing last two digits from the problem,
we get 3. 2 is less than 4(square of 2) but more
than 1(square of 1). Hence, unit digit will be 1.
3. Now, we multiply 1 (from previous step) with
the next large number. 1 X 2 = 2. Now, 3 is
larger than 1. Hence, the unit digit will be the
larger of 1 or 9. Hence, the answer is 19.
3

Earthquake
Lona Mishra,
Class: 9
DAVSKVB HS School, Lalitpur
For the next issue, we request our
readers to send an essay in
the topic
‘Hydroelectricity in Nepal’
in not more than 500 words before
31st
August 2016 A.D.
The essay can be send in the email address
articles.scimind@gmail.com
The best essay will be published in the
September-October 2016 issue and next
three issues of the magazine will be
provided.
Earthquake is a natural disaster. It is the shaking of
the ground caused by sudden breaking and shifting
of large sections of the earth’s rocky outer shell
called Tectonic plates. Earthquakes are among the
earth’s most powerful events and their results are
devastating. A massive earthquake is so dangerous
that it may release energy thousand times as great
as the energy of the atomic bomb. Earthquake also
causes landslides, avalanche and other disasters.
Earthquake occurs along the fault (a fracture in
the tectonic plates). Faults occur in weak area of
plates. These fractured plates of the crust shifts
continuously because the mantle under the crust is
always moving due to heat inside the earth. This
movement of mantle causes plates to move apart
from each other or get crushed and slide past each
other releasing a huge amount of force.
Earthquake releases energy in vibrations called
seismic waves similar to ripples in pond. The point
in the earth where the rock first breaks is called
the focus, also known as hypocenter. The point on
the surface above is known as the epicenter. The
stronger shaking is usually felt near the epicenter.
Seismic waves from earthquake are measured by
instruments called seismographs and the recording
they make is called seismogram. This instrument
gives the magnitude of the energy released by
earthquake in Richter magnitude scale. The time,
locations and magnitude of an earthquake are
determinedfromthedatarecordedbyseismograph
stations. The most powerful earthquake recorded
on Earth was of magnitude 9.5 in 1960 in Chile.
Largest earthquake in Nepal was of 8.0 Richter
scale on 15th Jan 1934 around 2:28PM NST.
Knowing about while earthquake, before
earthquake and after earthquake is very important.
It can help prevent injuries and deaths. Safety
precautions should be taken during earthquake.
We should not panic and protect ourselves by
standing under a door frame or under the table
or chair until the shaking stops. The most important
is we should not jump out of window. If we are
outside during the time of earthquake we should
stay away from lampposts, electric poles etc and
get out from vehicles in a safer place where we can
protect ourselves.
Keeping the consequences of earthquake in mind,
we should make buildings strong and be well
prepared for food, water and shelter for few
days after the quake and be aware about the
aftershocks. If needed medical precautions should
be taken. We should time to time be up to date to
the news.
Safety precautions are vital during an earthquake
and they should be performed wisely and help
each other to survive.

AnswerbyProfessor
FactsonHumanBodyandBones
Professor Chris Smith
Manchester Met University
1. Why does toast always fall butter side down?
@ Toast falling from a table approximately
3ft 6ins above the floor begins to rotate
immediately, but only has time to rotate 180°
before reaching the ground.
Thus, as it is always butter side up on the
table, it will turn over and land butter side
down.
If the height of the table is increased, the
rotation will be greater and at about 8ft
above the ground the fall will take long
enough to allow one full rotation – and the
toast will fall butter side up.
2. Why do we have to sleep?
@ NO one is really sure. Some think it is a
chance to recuperate from the day’s activity.

However sleep plays a significant role in
brain development, and lack of sleep has a
severe effect on our brain’s ability to function.
3. Do goldfish really have a three-second
memory?
@ Researchers at the University of Plymouth
argue that goldfish actually have a memory
span of at least three months and can even
distinguish between shapes, colours and
sounds.
4. Why is the sunset red?
@ Red light has a longer wavelength than blue
light. This means that when the sun sets and
is low on the horizon, the sunlight has to pass
through more atmosphere than it does when
the sun is directly overhead.
1. A human baby has over 60 more bones than an adult.
2. There are 100,000 miles of Blood Vessels in a adult human body.
3. Your body has enough iron in it to make a metal nail 3 inches long.
4. The strongest muscle in the human body is the Masseter, the jaw muscle.
5. Sweat itself is odorless. It is the bacteria which mingles with it and produces body odor.
6. Ears and nose never stop growing.
7. Similar to finger prints everyone else has a unique tongue print.
8. When awake the human brain produces enough electricity to power a small light bulb.
9. The highest recorded body temperature in a human being is a fever of 115.7 degree F.
10. People with blue eyes have a high alcohol tolerance.
11. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million different colors.
12. Most of the dust underneath your bed is actually your own dead skin.
13. Sleeping less than 7 hours each night reduces your life expectancy.
Anmol Shrestha
Class: 6A
Rato Bangala School, Kathmandu

Reader'sQuestions
1. An electric bulb is filled with the inert gases.
why?
Ans : The electric bulb is filled with the inert gases to
prevent the damaging of tungsten filament due
to the oxidation of it.
Rohan Manandhar
Class-10,
SaraswotiKunja Higher Secondary School,
Kathmandu
2 How does CO2
extinguish fire?
Ans: Carbon dioxide when spray over fire covers the
burning flame making itself just like blanket.
This blanket doesnot allow the oxygen gas to
enter. Finally the fire gets extinguished due to
lack of oxygen
Bishal Dhakal
Class 11
Mega College, Kathmandu
4. A little space is left between the railway track,
why?
Ans: This is because the railway track expands in
summer due to considerable rise in atmospheric
temperature . The gapis provided to allow for
this expansion. If no gap is left, the expansion
of tracks cause them to bend sideways which
mays cause a train to leave the tracks.
Alina Rayamajhi
Class- 8,
Emile Academy, Kathmandu
5. The size of Cl-
is larger than its parent Cl atom
why?
Ans: When an electron is added to Cl atom, Cl–
ion is
obtained . Now, the electronic charge is greater
than nuclear charge. So, the electron cloud in Cl–
is less tightly held by the nucleus than that of
neutral atom , which cause expansion in its size.
Roshan Pandey
Class- 9,
Gautam Buddha English Boarding School, Butwal
6. Why is 4s orbital has lower energy than 3d
orbital ?
Ams: According to ( n + l ) rule , an orbital having
a lower value of ( n + l ) is lower energy .
For 4s orbital n = 4 , l = 0
therefore n + l = 4 + 0 = 4
For 3d orbital n = 3 , l = 2
therefore n+ l = 3 + 2 = 5
Thus , 4s orbital has lower energy than 3d
orbital .
Sagar Bhattarai
Liverpool International College

Maths Test
%= tnsf] lrqdf lqe'hx? (Triangles) sf] ;+Vof
slt 5 <
!= lbOPsf] lrqdf rt'e'{hx?sf] ;+Vof slt 5g <
@= tnsf] lrqdf lqe'hx?sf] ;ªVof slt 5 <
#= tnsf] lrqdf slt lqe'hx? 5g <
$= tnsf] lrqdf slt lqe'h / slt ju{ 5g <
^=
&=
*=
Planet Quiz Answers
1. Mars 2. Mercury
3. Jupiter 4. Venus
5. Saturn 6. Saturn
7. Neptune 8. Mars
9. Venus 10. Uranus
11. 8 12. False
13. Jupiter 14. Mercury
15. Uranus
2 + 3 = 10
8 + 4 = 96
7 + 2 = 63
6 + 5 = 66
9 + 5 = ??
Ig
Ig
IF 1 = 2
4 = 20
6 = 42
9 = 9
10 = ???
Answer:1.92.363. 264.28and55.186. 1267.1108.20

SolutionofPreviousIssue
CrossPuzzle-Science
Across
3 The energy needed to move an
object against a force
6 KOH
8 Process of transition from solid
to gas phase without passing
through liquid phase
9 It is the measure of the force
applied over a unit area
11 Method of separating mixture
based on differences in their
boilling points
12 Device that measure temperature
Down
1 Basic unit of light and all other
electromagnetic radiation
2 Volume that encloses little or no
matter
4 It is the name for the element and
is represented by the symbol H
5 Negative ions are called .......
7 It is a physical property where
the material returns to its original
spape after being disformed
10 Subatomic particle with a negative
elementary electric charge
Winners:
1. Basil Panday
Class : 8
Shree Arungkhola Higher Secondary
Boarding School, Nawalparasi
2. Sneha Joshi
Class : 8
EPS Boarding School, Kathmandu
3. Bidhan Pokharel
Class : 7
Shanti Deep Academy, Dumkibas,
Nawalparasi

Ten Questions For You
Send answers of "Puzzle" and "Ten Questions For You"
of this issue in the address: articles.scimind@gmail.
com.Three luckywinnerswill get free subscription of the
magazine for next three issues. Please send the answers
within 31st
of August, 2016.
1. Is the compound ‘HCl’ an acid or base?
2. What is the name of the closest star to the earth?
3. True or false? The fastest land animal in the world is the
zebra.
4. Pure water has a pH level of a around?
5. Group of lions are known as what?
6. A magnifying glass is what type of lens?
7. The Hubble space telescope is named after which American
astronomer?
8. True or false? Atomic bombs work by atomic fission.
9. A single piece of coiled DNA is known as a?
10. Do male or female mosquitoes bite peoples?
Name……………..............….................................................
School……....…….……............… Class….............………........
Address ..………….....…….........……......................................
Answers From May-June Issue.
Winners:
1. Ankit Bhandari
Class : 8
Rudra Ganga English Boarding School, Gulmi
2. Jayanti Karki
Class : 12
Nepal Mega College, Kathmandu
3. Alina Rayamajhi
Class : 8
Emile Academy, Kathmandu
1. Theophraatus
2. March 14, 1879
3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4. Deoxyribo nucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
5. Alexender Graham Bell
6. CO(NH2
)2

7. Ophiophagus hannah and man-homo sapiens
8. True
9. Bauxite AlOX
(OH)3
and Corundum Al2O3
10. 2

Scientific mind (2016 july-august)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Scientific mind (2016 july-august)

Similar to Scientific mind (2016 july-august) (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (7)

Scientific mind (2016 july-august)