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- 1. The Evolution of Network Security: How Networks Are Still Getting Hacked Omar Santos, PSIRT - Security Research and Operations os@cisco.com 1
- 2. DO YOU REMEMBER? 2
- 3. … it was so easy “back in the day”… 3
- 4. SIMPLE NETWORKS 4
- 5. BECAME BIGGER 5
- 6. AND BIGGER 6
- 7. AND BIGGER 7
- 8. …and then we got “virtualized” 8
- 9. 9
- 10. 10
- 11. …and then we got “many clouds” 11
- 12. 12
- 13. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. …WHAT ELSE IS CHANGING? 15
- 16. social media marketer big data scientists 3 rd Degree Black Belt Security Ninja Cyber Warrior 16
- 17. …we all know about BYOD 17
- 18. Modern workers— particularly young “Millennials”—want the freedom to browse the web not only when and how they want to, but also with the devices they choose. 18
- 19. …What ELSE? 19
- 20. EVERYTHING WILL BE CONNECTED 20
- 23. …the ANY to ANY dilemma: • People to Machine • Machine to Machine • People to People • From Any Device • From Any Location • At Any Time • Data from Any Data Center and from Any Cloud 23
- 24. …but in this new “trend” I am not only talking about these 24
- 25. …but in this new “trend” I am not only talking about these 25
- 26. 26
- 27. Meters pre-configured Objective Function DAO advertises IPv6 with Utility Network (SSID) Rank = Minimum ETX address of meter and X.509 Cert, EUI-64 ID (pre-configured) parents 802.15.4 Rx Signal Meters only maintain Strength Indicator used to default route to DODAG qualify ETX root DHCPv6 Client used for address autoconfiguration RPL in non-storing mode DHCPv6 Relay function Root generates source passes all requests to routes when needed FAR (DODAG root) DHCPv6 requests passed to DHCP server RPL run-time parameters configured at DODAG root using DIO message
- 28. 28
- 29. 29
- 30. 30
- 31. …AND THERE IS SDN 31
- 32. Basic Definitions What Is Software Defined Network (SDN)? What Is OpenFlow? “…In the SDN architecture, the control and data planes are “…open standard that enables researchers decoupled, network intelligence and state are logically to run experimental protocols in campus networks. Provides centralized, and the underlying network infrastructure is standard hook for researchers to run experiments, without abstracted from the applications…” exposing internal working of vendor devices…” Source: www.opennetworking.org Source: www.opennetworking.org What is OpenStack? What is Overlay Network? Opensource software for building public Overlay network is created on existing network infrastructure and private Clouds; includes Compute (Nova), Networking (physical and/or virtual) using a network protocol. Examples of (Quantum) and Storage (Swift) services. overlay network protocol are: MPLS, LISP, OTV and VXLAN Source: www.openstack.org
- 33. In an SDN network, the controller could potentially be seen as a single point of failure risk for the network. If the controller is attacked, the entire network it controls is potentially at risk. 33
- 34. 34
- 35. 35
- 36. Cloud Internet of Everything Identity Privacy Social Media APT Mobility BYOD Advanced Malware Big Data Next Gen Data Centers Social Engineering 36
- 37. Video Cloud Data Center Consolidation Service Campus Mobility/ Provider Virtualization BYOD & Cloud Branch Business Continuity Security Disaster Recovery Data Center CAPACITY COMPLEXITY COST “Do I have the right “How do I simplify “How can I be operationally performance to scale?” deployments?” efficient?” The IT Management Challenge: “Is My Network Ready?
- 38. Video Cloud Data Center Consolidation Service Campus Mobility/ Provider Virtualization BYOD & Cloud Branch Business Continuity Security Disaster Recovery Data Center CAPACITY COMPLEXITY COST “Do I have the right “How do I simplify “How can I be operationally performance to scale?” deployments?” efficient?” The Security Staff Challenge: “Is My Network Secure? © 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
- 39. Source: Cisco’s Annual Security Report 39
- 40. HOW CAN I BECOME MORE EFFICIENT AUTOMATION? 40
- 41. Security Automation Evolution The perception of the security automation evolution Robust support for relevant Security Automation standards to ensure multi-layer interoperability / standards interoperability CLOSED SOLUTIONS EVOLVING MATURITY MATURE IMPLEMENTATIONS PAST FUTURE WE ARE ABOUT HERE
- 42. Vulnerability Machine Readable Content Cisco is committed to protect customers by sharing critical security-related information in different formats. OVAL: Cisco IOS Vulnerability Assessment Common Vulnerability Reporting • Cisco PSIRT is including Open Vulnerability and Framework (CVRF) Assessment Language (OVAL) definitions in • In addition to OVAL definitions, PSIRT is Cisco IOS security advisories. also publishing CVRF content for all Cisco • OVAL provides a structured and standard security advisories. machine-readable content that allows • CVRF allows vendors to publish security customers to quickly consume security advisories in an XML (machine-readable) vulnerability information and identify affected format. devices. • CVRF has been designed by the Industry • OVAL can also be used to verify that the Consortium for Advancement of Security patches or fixes that resolve such on the Internet (ICASI), of which Cisco is a vulnerabilities were successfully installed. member and took a major role in its • OVAL content can be downloaded from each development. Cisco IOS security advisories
- 43. Top Android Malware Types Android malware encounters grew 2,577% over 2012 However, mobile malware only makes up a small percentage of total web malware encounters. Source: Cisco’s Annual Security Report 43
- 44. Monthly Major Content Types 2012 Source: Cisco’s Annual Security Report 44
- 45. Exploit “Content Types” 2012 Source: Cisco’s Annual Security Report 45
- 47. New or Old Attacks? 47
- 48. RED OCTOBER (aka ROCRA) Large-scale cyber espionage campaign discovered by researchers from Kaspersky Lab. Very clever attacks that many are now claiming have been taking place for more than five years! Compared with other malware that has been associated with cyber espionage such as Duqu, Flame, and Gauss. http://blogs.cisco.com/security/red-october-in-january-the-cyber-espionage-era 48
- 49. RED OCTOBER (aka ROCRA) Some of the Vulns: CVE-2009-3129 -- Microsoft Office Excel Featheader Record Processing Arbitrary Code Execution CVE-2010-3333 - Microsoft Office Rich Text Format Content Processing Buffer Overflow CVE-2012-0158 - Microsoft MSCOMCTL.OCX ActiveX Control Remote Code Execution CVE-2011-3544 - Oracle Java Applet Rhino Script Engine arbitrary code execution vulnerability Network Device Configuration Harvesting Malware contained a large list of hardcoded commonly-used SNMP community strings that were used to attack infrastructure devices. + credential information collected from Word and Excel Documents on affected systems 49
- 50. Just one example: OPERATION ABABIL Huge DDoS attack (volumetrics) campaign which was aimed at U.S.-based financial institutions. 50
- 52. ANY GOOD NEWS? WHY DID I COME TO THIS TRIANGLE BDPA MEETING 52
- 53. Well, SPAM traffic went down last year… Does that count? 53
- 54. It’s still a good tool for many cybercriminals to expose users to malware and facilitate a wide range of scams. 54
- 55. EVEN OUR VULN REPORT DATABASES GET PWNED! 55
- 56. 56
- 57. Go Back! We failed when we tried to fix cyber security! Cyber Security 57
- 58. SO HOW CAN WE IMPROVE? 58
- 59. Sharing Ideas & Brainstorming 59
- 60. THANK YOU! 60
Editor's Notes
- Public clouds, private clouds, hybrid clouds… Infrastructure as a service, PaaS, SaaS, etcetcInformation can be in any cloud at any datacenter….
- This is how we have changed….
- In the Internet of Everything, connections are what matter most. The types of connections, not the number, are what create value between people, processes, data, and things. The Internet of Everything is quickly taking shape, so the security professional needs to think about how to shift their focus from simply securing endpoints and the network perimeter…
- Openstack – is an open source cloud computing project started by Rackspace and NASA in 2010. The use of it is to provision cloud.It is free open source software that follows Apache License.
- We continue to look for points of differentiation in our markets, the network continues to play a vital role in enabling businesses to adopt new technologies and applications to help them grow. The creation of an infrastructure that is scalable, intelligent, and ready to support the demands and applications of today and tomorrow, while protecting customer investments, is essential. They understand that the impact of some of these mega trends is not going to be silo’d but have a ripple effect across their entire organization. They have to deal with this proactively, as it can adversely impact their business. So they are looking at CAPACITY PLANNING (on their ability to maximize capacity, performance, scale, bandwidth considerations), REDUCING COMPLEXITY (i.e. not just throwing bandwidth at the problem, but being focused on driving infrastructure efficiency, making deployments more simpler , and thirdly COST REDUCTION, i.e. not just look at CAPEX, which has some benefits, but looking at lowering their TCO strongly considering cost reduction with operational efficiency. So each IT will have to understand if their network is ready for these mega trends.
- We continue to look for points of differentiation in our markets, the network continues to play a vital role in enabling businesses to adopt new technologies and applications to help them grow. The creation of an infrastructure that is scalable, intelligent, and ready to support the demands and applications of today and tomorrow, while protecting customer investments, is essential. They understand that the impact of some of these mega trends is not going to be silo’d but have a ripple effect across their entire organization. They have to deal with this proactively, as it can adversely impact their business. So they are looking at CAPACITY PLANNING (on their ability to maximize capacity, performance, scale, bandwidth considerations), REDUCING COMPLEXITY (i.e. not just throwing bandwidth at the problem, but being focused on driving infrastructure efficiency, making deployments more simpler , and thirdly COST REDUCTION, i.e. not just look at CAPEX, which has some benefits, but looking at lowering their TCO strongly considering cost reduction with operational efficiency. So each IT will have to understand if their network is ready for these mega trends.
- Java Timelinehttp://eromang.zataz.com/uploads/oracle-java-exploits-0days-timeline.html
- This is not to say that actors in the shadow economy do not remain committed to creating ever-more sophisticated tools and techniques to compromise users, infect networks, and steal sensitive data, among many other goals. In 2012, however, there was a trend toward reaching back to “oldies but goodies” to find new ways to create disruption or evade enterprise security protections.
- Cisco Device Configuration HarvestingAdditionally, the malware in question has been observed to harvest the configurations of Cisco networking equipment. Cisco PSIRT has been in direct communication with the research team at Kaspersky and has received confirmation from them stating that the network device configuration and other information were obtained by exploiting weak Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) community strings and network device passwords. These attacks were not due to a known or unknown Cisco vulnerability. The malware contained a large list of hardcoded commonly-used SNMP community strings that were used to attack infrastructure devices.
- Cisco Device Configuration HarvestingAdditionally, the malware in question has been observed to harvest the configurations of Cisco networking equipment. Cisco PSIRT has been in direct communication with the research team at Kaspersky and has received confirmation from them stating that the network device configuration and other information were obtained by exploiting weak Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) community strings and network device passwords. These attacks were not due to a known or unknown Cisco vulnerability. The malware contained a large list of hardcoded commonly-used SNMP community strings that were used to attack infrastructure devices.
- Operation AbabilDuring September and October 2012, Cisco and Arbor Networks monitored a targeted and very serious DDoS attack campaign known as “Operation Ababil,” which was aimed at U.S.-based financial institutions.” The DDoS attacks were premeditated, focused, advertised before the fact, and executed to the letter. Attackers were able to render several major financial sites unavailable to legitimate customers for a period of minutes—and in the most severe instances, hours. Over the course of the events, several groups claimed responsibility for the attacks; at least one group purported to be protesting copyright and intellectual property legislation in the United States. Others broadcast their involvement as a response to a YouTube video offensive to some Muslims.
- Spam
- we want to make sure that our evolution does not lead into broken things... or into the wrong direction...
- Out of all the different security automation standards out there; which ones are you prioritizing and why?How can we (security community) increase better collaboration?For the standards/protocols that aremore “mature” (i.e., OVAL); how can we increase adoption within vendors /community?How do you currently exchange security content?