MALARIA uploaded by Samrat Gurung

1. PRESENTATION ON “MALARIA”
By:
Pratigya Sharma
Pratiksha Chalise
Priya Regmi Sharma
Raju Shrestha
Ruchi Rana Magar

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Symptoms
 Mode of Transmission
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Magnitude of problem
 Epidemiology of Malaria
 Nepal malaria strategic plan
 Prevention and control

3. INTRODUCTION
 Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by the
infection with parasite of the genus Plasmodium
and transmitted to man by certain species of
female anophelese mosquito.
 The disease results from the multiplication of
malaria parasites within red blood cells.

4. SYMPTOMS
 Fever
 Headache
 Chills and vomiting (mild)
Children with severe malaria frequently develop
one or more of the following symptoms:
 severe anemia
 respiratory distress
 metabolic acidosis

5. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
a. Vector transmission: By mosquito containing
sporozoites in saliva.
b. Direct transmission: By accidental iv or im
injection of blood or plasma of infected
individual.
c. Congenital malaria: Rare but possible.

6. INCUBATION PERIOD
Usually not less than 10 days, 12 days for
falciparum and 14 days for vivax.

7. OBJECTIVES
General Objectives
 To study about the malaria disease.
Specific objectives
 To detect the current situation of malaria.
 To identify different associated factors for
causing malaria.

8. METHODOLOGY
 Secondary data from internet and books

9. MAGNITUDE OF PROBLEM
World-Malaria situation
 107 countries of world have reported malaria.
 2.5 billion people at risk
 40% of the world's population lives at the risk of
malaria.
 About 300-500 million people are infected by
malaria every year
 90% (960,000) deaths reported from the African
region

10. The burden of malaria in South-East Asia
Region (SEAR)
 An estimate 1,394 million people or 84 percent of
total population of SEAR , are at risk of malaria
 Malaria is endemic in all the countries of SEAR
except Maldives
 There are an estimated over 100 million cases of
malaria in Asia
 There are an estimated over 100,00 deaths per
year in the region

11. Distribution of malaria in Nepal
 Malaria cases are being reported from 65 out of
the 75 district of Nepal.
 Out of 65 malaria prone districts, 13 districts
have been classified as high risk of malaria in
Nepal.
 In Nepal malaria has now reduced to 4,000-5,000
cases annually
 Out of the total population 22.8 million, 73%
living in 65 District of 5 development regions of
Nepal at risk of malaria
 The most affected group was 20-29 years.

12.  For 2013 show that out of 2000 malaria cases for
the year 2013, 50% were imported and 50% were
indigenous.
 Higher numbers of male were infected than
females may be due to outdoor activities of male
in the late.
 80% of confirmed malaria cases were reported
from the 13 high endemic districts.
 The malaria disease burden in these districts has
decreased and in 2009, only 58% of total
confirmed malaria cases were reported.

13. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA
Agent: Malaria is caused by four distinct species of
the malarial parasite namely
 Plasmodium vivax (commonest in SEAR)
 Plasmodium falciparum (commonest in Africa)
 Plasmodium malariae
 Plasmodium ovale (not found in Nepal, confined
to tropical Africa, Vietnam)

14. Host factors
 Age
 Sex
 Race
 Pregnancy
 Socio-economic development
 Housing
 Population mobility
 Occupation
 Immunity

15. Environmental factors
 Season: Mainly in July to November.
 Temperature: 20-30 degree Celsius is optimum
and above 30 degree Celsius is lethal.
 Humidity: Relative humidity of 60% is essential.
 Rainfall: Low rainfall favors providing breeding
place for mosquito and proper humidity. High
rain fall flushes out breeding places and decreases
incidence.
 Altitude: Anopheles is not found at a altitude
above 2000-2500m.
 Man made malaria: Burrow, pits, irrigation
channels and engineering projects are favorable
for vector.

16. NEPAL MALARIA STRATEGIC PLAN
2011-2016
 Vision: - Malaria free Nepal by 2020
 Mission: - To provide free, effective, accessible
and quality malaria interventions to all people in
Nepal.
 Goal: - The goal of this strategic plan is to halt
the transmission of indigenous malaria in all
malarias foci of Nepal by 2016.

17. Objectives:-To achieve the goals, five objectives
have been identified as follows
 To achieve 100% coverage in stratum 1 and
vulnerable areas of stratum 2 with vector control
intervention by 2013.
 To achieve 90% parasitological diagnosis of all
fever cases and 95% effective treatment of all
cases according to the national guidelines by
2016.
 To respond early to new malaria cases and
outbreaks by strengthening a passive weekly and
an active surveillance and response system is start
1 and 2 by 2013.

18.  To encourage general population to adopt malaria
healthy behavior by combination of BCC
approaches by 2013.
 To develop and sustain the required programmed
management capacity and structure at all levels to
effectively and efficiently deliver a combination
of targeted intervention by 2013.

19. Prevention and control of malaria
 Management of malaria case: Diagnosis and
treatment to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Case detection
Treatment
Mass drug administration
 Active intervention strategies
Stratification of the problem
Vector control measures:
Residual spraying
Space amplification
Individual protection using bed nets and
repellants.

20. SUMMARY
Malaria is a vector borne protozoal disease
caused by bite of anopheles mosquito
infected by genus plasmodium. It is
communicable disease and if not prevented
and controlled, it may take life of many
people. It is one of the public health burden
diseases. Mostly it is seasonal and occurs
commonly in Terai region due to the
favorable environment for the breeding and
growth of the vector.

21. REFERENCE
 Annual report
 A text book of disease epidemiology