This document provides information about the Plant Physiology and Ecology course taught by Salman Saeed at the University College of Management & Sciences in Khanewal, Pakistan. The course discusses the products of photosynthesis, including carbohydrates like glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch. While plant physiologists have tried to determine the first product of photosynthesis, the results are still unclear. Hexoses are thought to be the first carbohydrates produced, followed by sucrose and later starch through condensation reactions. Oxygen is a byproduct of importance to nature, and the ratio of oxygen evolved to carbon dioxide absorbed was found to have a value of unity. Starch accumulates in chloroplasts after photosynthesis and

1. Course Title:
Plant Physiology and
Ecology
Course Instructor:
SALMAN SAEED
Botany department
UNIVERSITY college of management & Sciences, Khanewal,
PAKSITAN

2. Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany) 2

3.  The products of photosynthesis are the
carbohydrates and oxygen. Four
carbohydrates, D-glucose. D-fructose,
sucrose and starch are commonly are formed
in the green cells during photosynthesis.
Plant physiologists and biochemists have
tried to find the first product of this process.
But still it is not clear which the first product
of photosynthesis.
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Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

4.  Hexoses: According Weevers the first
Carbohydrates were the
 hexoses. After that sucrose and later starch
appeared. Thus the carbohydrates appeared
in the order of their complexity. The sucrose
and starch are formed from hexoses by
following equation.
 C6H1206 + C6F11206 C12H22011
+H20
 Glucose + Fructose Sucrose
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Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

5.  : It is a by-product of photosynthesis. It has
great significance in nature. It is the most
important means of returning oxygen to the
atmosphere. The ratio of the volume of
oxygen evolved to the volume of carbon
dioxide taken in photosynthesis is called the
photosynthetic ratio or photosynthetic
quotient. Willstatter and Stoll found that
the value of this ratio is unity.
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Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

6.  : Starch is accumulated in the chloroplasts of
most species after photosynthesis. Starch is not
the first product of photosynthesis. It is the
product of a secondary reaction called starch
synthesis. It is formed by the condensation of
sugar. The rate of starch synthesis depends upon
on the rate of photosynthesis. Starch synthesis is
an entirely independent process from
photosynthesis. It starts after the process of
photosynthesis. It can proceed only when sugar
is present in the cells. Leaves of many species do
not form starch. Yet photosynthesis takes place
in them. Starch synthesis also takes place in the
non-green cells of the stem.
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Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

7.  Others are Amines and Sugar Phosphates
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Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

8. 8
Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany)

9. Salman Saeed Lecturer (Botany) 9
Email:Salmanbotanist@gmail.com