This document contains exam questions and answers about pathology and community health. For pathology, it includes questions about the differences between exudate and transudate, dry and wet gangrene, and definitions of abscess, keloid, toxemia, and pyemia. It also provides the pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury. For community health, it discusses reasons why chronic diseases are common causes of death, health problems caused by lead, utilities of health indicators, and rules for developing posters. It also answers questions about causes of hyperkalemia.

1. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Answers of exam 2012 – module 11
*Pathology:
Q1 : tabulate the difference between :
1- Exudate and transudate table page 32
2- Dry gangrene and wet gangrene table page 18
Q2 : define :
A-Abscess : localized area of suppuration characterized by
cavity formation full of pus.
B-Keloid : it is one of the complications of suppurative
inflammation (abscess) where the abscess is healing by
granulation tissue , organization and scar formation but
here in keloid there is excessive scar formation .
C- Toxemia : is one of the ways of haematogenous spread of
the infection defined as the circulation of toxins in the
blood . Toxins may be either endogenous or exogenous.
D- Pyemia : is the circulation of septic emboli in the blood
stream and their arrest in different organs causing multiple
small pyemic abscesses or septic infarcts .
Usually , pyemia is associated with toxemia .

2. Q3 : Give a short account on the pathogenesis of irreversible cell
injury .
Answer :
1) ATP depletion can lead to
1* increase in the intracellular ca due to disturbance in energy –
dependent activity of the cell membrane and also release of
intracellular Ca from the endoplasmic reticulum or from the
mitochondria leading to activation of
1- phospholipases that degrades the membrane phospholipids.
2-proteases that degrade the structural and membranous
proteins.
3-endonucleases that degrade the cellular nucleic acids.
4-ATPases that accelerate the ATP depletion.
2* switch to anaerobic metabolism through glycolysis
consequently the glycogen stores are depleted with
accumulation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate leading to
decrease in the PH resulting in chromatin clumping and
disruption of the cell organelles including the lysosomes.

3. 2-Damage to the cell membrane leading to loss of its integrity
and loss of its function as the selective permeable barrier
Causes :
1-ATP depletion
2- Calcium induced - activation of the phospholipase
3- Direct damage by bacterial toxins , viral proteins and
activated complement pathway ( C5b , C6, C7 , C8 ,C9 ).
4- Production of free radicles as superoxide leading to lipid
peroxidation of the cell membrane and attack and degradation
of the nucleic acids ( they are antagonized by antioxidants ac Vit
E & C).
3) loss of integrity of the genetic apparatus : DNA abnormalities
( inherited or acquired ) lead to :
1- failure of synthesis of enzymes and structural proteins
leading to intracellular accumulation.
2- failure of mitosis.
3- failure of growth regulating proteins.

4. *community :
Q4 : Give 4 reasons why chronic diseases became the most
common causes of death and disability ?
‫زي‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫يجيب‬ ‫صعب‬ ‫يبقي‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫صراحة‬ ‫مكتوبة‬ ‫مش‬ ‫طالما‬ ‫قالت‬ ‫داليا‬ ‫دكتور‬ ‫وسالت‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫ادور‬ ‫حاولت‬ (
) ‫دي‬
Q5 : mention the name of 6 health problems caused by lead .
Answer :
1- lead poisoning
2-Anemia
3- birth defects
4- depression of neurological and psychological functions
5-kidney damage
6-learning disability

5. Q 6: mention 4 utilities of health indicators .
Answer :
1- To measure the health status of the community .
2- To make comparisons between areas , regions and
nations.
3- For assessment of health care needs .
4- For allocation of scarce ( limited ) resources .
Q 7 : state 4 rules for to be followed in developing posters .
Answers :
1- All words should be in local language.
2- Words should be few and simple.
3- Symbols that illiterate people will also understand should
be used.
4- Colors should be used to attract attention .
Q 8 : enumerate the reasons for hyperkalemia .
Answer :
1- Renal failure , dehydration and shock .
2- Addison’s disease .
3- Excessive intravenous administration.

6. Questions from Q7: Q10
And from Q12 : Q16 are out of module .
‫هللا‬ ‫حبمد‬ ‫مت‬