1. CSE5 ITP High Density Wireless Design
Undercroft Lecture Theatre – La Trobe University
Project QSS
Qaiser Tanveer : 17650920
Sai Shyam Tekumalla : 18046988
Sai Eshwar Chellapuram : 18047717

2. Table of Contents
1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 3
2 Project Objective/Requirement ................................................................................... 3
3 Project Benefits ...........................................................................................................4
4 Challenges/ Current Situation ..................................................................................... 4
5 Analysis of solution and recommendation..................................................................5
6 Hardware and Software components...........................................................................6
7 Risk Analysis............................................................................................................... 6
8 Stakeholder Analysis...................................................................................................7
9 Existing Network Design ............................................................................................ 8
10 Site Survey ................................................................................................................ 11
11 Estimating Client and AP Counts.............................................................................. 20
12 Estimating the Access Point Association Limit ........................................................ 22
13 Estimating Clients per AP Capacity.......................................................................... 25
14 Estimating additional APs......................................................................................... 26
15 Proposed Solution ..................................................................................................... 27
16 Channel Selection...................................................................................................... 28
17 AP Mounting Points.................................................................................................. 29
18 AP installation........................................................................................................... 30
19 Budget Estimation and Financial Analysis ............................................................... 30
20 Project Implementation............................................................................................. 32
21 Schedule Estimation and Work Breakdown Structure .............................................. 36
22 Communication Plan................................................................................................. 37
23 Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 39

3. 1 Overview
This report provides an analysis of La Trobe University’s network to develop a new indoor
wireless network using the existing network design and adding some new and updated
hardware components so that the network can sustain to its optimum level in next 4 years.
Due to increasing number of student logins each day, management wants to facilitate
students with a good network access and in every area of the floor. Also they want to provide
a strong network system which is harmonious in supporting heavy loads during the peak hours,
have multiple login facilities for each user and eliminate black spots at the same time.
Therefore, this project is to upgrade a wireless hardware such as wireless controller and adding
access points throughout the building, so that each student/staff can have suitable network
access without interference and with promised speed limits as per university policy.
We have chosen to do the network design for the undercroft lecture theatre area next to the
David Myer’s bus stop area, directly underneath the middle of the David Myer building next
to a large open space with stained-glass windows.
2 Project Objective/Requirement
 To provide RF design for location specific parameters applicable to wireless design.
 To design a wireless network catering 20 active devices on an average in a wireless cell
(allowing 25% HD Video call, 50% web browsing).
 Real time audio/video (MS Lync, Skype, FaceTime and other multimedia) to be
supported over wireless network.
 Streaming video (Netflix, YouTube) to be given priority to in the wireless network
 To provide power planning (of APs) according to different client types used.

4.  To provide the facility with increased network capacity.
 To provide a design with future expansion capabilities.
 Identify and rectify different points of failure in the existing network.
 Improve existing network security, redundancy, fault tolerance perspectives to increase
overall efficiency of the network.
3 Project Benefits
 Analysing different acute points of failure and providing a redundant solution will help
the network to be fault tolerant. This will help save a great amount of money and
provide network stability lacking which results in network failure and overall kiosk.
 Implementation of the network design with proposed hardware upgrades will facilitate
network with the incremental expansion with the growing demands.
 Improving network speed and capacity will facilitate the users and guest with the easy
access and suitable bandwidth around the day, irrespective of the peak hours and off
peak hour’s usage. This will help provide a suitable distribution of the network usage
across the access points and also discriminate overloading problems of the network
devices.
4 Challenges/ Current Situation
RF radio signals are susceptible to obstructions where interference can reduce the throughput
and signal strength of the device. We have ensured the following obstructions were the main
factors that were probably degrading the signal performance of the surrounding areas of the
undercroft area. This is the reason the area has weak wireless signal strength caused by bleeding
as AP‘s are not overlapping creating connection disruptions and discontinuous signal coverage
and thus denying sufficient access for the users.
One of the most challenging factors in the network design of Undercroft building is the
architectural design of the building. The major concern in the installation of the new AP’s
around the facility is the complex roof structure, which limits with only few possible points
where new AP’s can be installed for example if we look into the architectural design of the
Undercroft Lecture theatre and the common space the structure of ceiling doesn’t help to mount

5. the any access points on the ceiling, However in the proposed design will overcome this issue
by mounting the access points on side walls rather than on the roof of the lounge.
Cannot mount an Access point at this position
It affects the signal strength and the equality
of the overall signal. The Sides of the Lecture
are the places where the access points can be
mounted.
5 Analysis of solution and recommendation
 As per the client’s specifications, requirements, cost and time constraints, we suggest
to that the implementing a proposed design in the undercroft area and making necessary
changes by adding required hardware and network resources to increase efficiency,
throughput, network performance and reliability. This solution will meet the client
requirement to meet the end user requirements of the network usage.
 In this new design, we propose to implement a high performance hardware such as
switches, access points and other dedicated devices which will aid to increase the
network performance, scalability and availability of network across the undercroft area.
 In addition, we will also increase the numbers of access points across the building to
get a better coverage, signal strength and throughput.

6.  The new design will be proficient enough to withstand the ever growing demands of
the wireless network.
 Since our novel and first-hand design is embedded with all new technology, access
points and switches, any changes to the technology in the near future would not have
much impression on the hardware and the hardware will be well-suited enough to
embrace the future technologies without many changes.
6 Hardware and Software components
Hardware Components: All Cisco devices were used
Antennas
Access Points
Cables
Software:
Ekahau Site Survey tool – Heat Mapper
Visiwave Site Survey tool
Google Maps
OPNET simulation tool
7 Risk Analysis
High Risk: SECURITY
 The security is one of the most significant concerns in any wireless network design.
Therefore, in our design we will consider all the security aspects to meet the La Trobe
university standards and polices to provide a secured wireless network.
 For example in the access layer all switch ports need to be configured with security
configuration to control which devices will be allowed to connect to the network.
Moreover, in the distribution layer, to control the traffic flow, security policies needs
to be implemented.

7.  Physical Security: It is one of the major concerns for the network design. In the access
layer, the devices needs to be secured from being stolen or damaged by trespassers. The
best solution for this is to mount the access point in a safe and secure place where no
one can reach or access them except the technician.
Medium Risk: SIGNAL INTERFERENCE AND WIRELESS COVERAGE
 There are some sources in the Undercroft Lecture Theatre that may cause signal
interference such as card access near the entrance of the lecture theatre, the lecture theatre
architecture and 4 vending machine just outside the Lecture Theatre near the bus stop.
 By Using site survey tools and software’s such as “VisiWave” and “Ekahau Heat Mapper”
will help us to test the strength of wireless signals to detect which area has less wireless
coverage.
 Therefore, we will minimize the risk of this interference and signal coverage by allocating
access points in proper locations away from those sources.
8 Stakeholder Analysis
STAKEHOLDERS
RasikaNayanajith
NetworkTeamLeader
Qaiser– ProjectManager
Sai Shyam – NetworkSpecialist
Sai Eshwar – NetworkDesigner
Gareth D’Souza
SeniorNetwork
SecuritySpecialist
Users
(Students,Staffs,Guests)

8. 9 Existing Network Design
RF radio signals are susceptible to obstructions where interference can reduce the throughput
and signal strength of the device. We have ensured the following obstructions were the main
factors that were probably degrading the signal performance of the surrounding areas of DM
building. This is the reason the area has weak wireless signal strength caused by bleeding as
AP‘s are not overlapping creating connection disruptions for the users and denying to access
the HD apps.
The area near the bus stop
Metal obstructions such as heating and air-conditioning ducts, myki vending machine,
beverage & chocolate vending machines and superstructures constructed of drywall /wood
block walls; power cabling could be the main causes of interference in this area.
The lawn area near the bus stop
The wide lawn area near the bus stop has the largest bleeding area as the signal coverage of the
access points in this area is not overlapping each other.
Though the two sides of the back lawn are enclosed by PE, HUED & DMW, unfortunately the
signal strength is very weak at that area.

9. SSID “LTU Guest” just like “eduroam” has some problems with the coverage and signal
strength. The yellow and red patches confirm that the areas need a little more help with
additional AP’s in that area as that area lacks a good signal strength and it can be confirmed
form the elaborate survey that was performed.

10. The architecture of the building is of the major concern in design, as the fancy interior of the
building leaves with a very few places where new access points can be installed. Although
some areas in the building have already been installed with the connecting ports for new AP’s
that can be efficiently used.
Access Point at
Undercroft
Lecture Theatre
The blue box highlighted in the floor plan indicates the position of access points in the
Undercroft area. There are no access points inside the lecture theatre as such. The access points
are right outside the lecture theatre as shown in the figure. The capacity of the lecture theatre
is 189.

11. 10 Site Survey
The survey was performed in the undercroft lecture theatre. As you can see from the above
statistics that the access points work in both 2.4GHz and 5GHz range, but the maximum
percentage of devices work in 2.4GHz range and only 19.8% work in 5GHz range. Also the
channels seen here are majorly in ch#6, #1 and #36. Security modes are managed almost
equally in clear and WPA2 mode.
2.4GHz and 5GHz
The 5 GHz Frequency Band Offers Greater Capacity than the 2.4 GHz Band. Significant
differences in the amount of available unlicensed spectrum between the 2.4 GHz ISM band and
the 5 GHz UNII bands influences network design. The 2.4 GHz ISM band is comprised of only
three non-overlapping 20 MHz channels that can be used for Wi-Fi networks.
Due to the relatively sparse amount of spectrum available in the 2.4 GHz band, there are
typically not enough channels for multiple co-located AP’s to serve a high-density client
population without negatively affecting the non-overlapping channel reuse plan and

12. introducing significant levels of co-channel interference. Therefore, in a high-density network
design, only a single 2.4 GHz AP radio should provide service within a physical coverage area.
Minimizing Co-Channel Interference (CCI) between adjacent 2.4 GHz cells is a primary high-
density WLAN design consideration, yet even with sound design practices, it is often not
possible to completely eliminate CCI in the 2.4 GHz frequency band due to inadequate spectral
capacity.
The 5 GHz bands comprises four unique frequency bands and a total of 23 non-overlapping
20-MHz channels. In contrast to the 2.4 GHz ISM band, the 5 GHz bands offer much more
spectral capacity for Wi-Fi networks. This facilitates greater separation between access points
operating on the same channel and allows for a better frequency reuse plan. In high-density
environments, multiple 5 GHz AP radios can be physically co-located, using different channels,
in order to increase capacity. These factors make 5 GHz operation essential for successful high-
density Wi-Fi network deployments.

13. #SSID: eduroam
The above statistics is from the survey results. As you can see, it is a list of access points under
the SSID eduroam, working both in 2.4GHz and 5GHz range. It is not the entire list of access
points, only a few, it covers the main idea behind our theory and the inference needed to work
on the high density design. Site survey was performed keeping in mind the future network. The
device used to capture the results was the latest surface tab, so it was able to capture the
statistics for 802.11ac mode. Similarly the results were captured AP’s working in every other
SSIDs.
SSID User Group
Eduroam Teaching purposes for staffs and students
LTUWireless2 Staffs and students
LTUGuest Public internet users and guests
NewToLTU Internet technical management
Users connect via distinct SSIDs for each user segment, with each SSID being segregated to
its own respective VLAN. This wireless connection is secured by respective wireless
authentication protocols. Above table provides an example of SSIDs that are used in
universities. The number of SSIDs should be kept to a minimum to avoid a negative
performance impact because of excessive management traffic. Each SSID requires a separate
beacon message that will be broadcast at the lowest mandatory data rate and can significantly
impact the performance in a high density design.

14. Undercroft Lecture Theatre: Signal Strength Map
This map shows the entire survey area. The data collected is also shown using colored lines
and dots. The colors indicate the signal strength of the access points at each location. In this
case, the color is based on the signal strength of the associated AP. This heat map shows the
signal strength in the Undercroft Lecture Theatre. The green area represents the strongest
signal, followed by the yellow areas, with the reddish areas representing the weakest signal.
Within each color, different shades of the base color show different signal levels within that
color. The legend is across the top of the map. In this case, the units are dBm since signal
strengths are being mapped. There are some spots that has no signal at all, the white patches in
the heat map are the bleeding areas.

15. Undercroft Lecture Theatre: Survey Map
The above map shows the entire survey area. The data collected is also shown using colored
lines and dots. The above site survey result depicts the AP coverage across the Undercroft
lecture theatre. It shows the overlapping of channels with a minimum SNR of 18db. This
includes results for all the access points with all SSID’s (eduroam, NewToLTU,
LTUWireless2, LTUGuest). The white spot in the survey are the places with no coverage and
are considered to be the bleeding spots.

16. Undercroft AP Coverage Area
The above result shows the overlapping AP coverages highlighted, with minimum signal-to-
noise ratio being 18dB. The results were obtained for all the SSIDs. The spots in white colour
are the ones that has no coverage. These areas are said to be the bleeding zones.

17. Undercroft Lecture Theatre: Data Value Chart
With a value chart, you can see the actual data values collected and where they were located.
The survey area is split into cells. Each cell shows counts and averages of data points collected
within that cell. In this case, the number of data points in each cell is shown along with the
average signal strength, channels, SNR and noise values for all readings from AP’s. The

18. spectrum average is 2.4GHz and the maximum spectrum is 5GHz across all the SSID’s
(eduroam, LTUWireless2, NewToLTU, LTUGuest). The value chart above is a bit cluttered,
the below figure shows the values of average signal strength, SNR, noise values, channels and
data rates from all the AP’s in one particular region.
From the above value chart, we can infer that, the signal strength at the top left corner is -83.6
dBm, this means the signal strength is poor. The channels seen support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz
range. Noise level is high in all the four cells. The data rate seen at the bottom right corner is
around -69.3 dBm, this is during peak hour and the signal strength does not seem to be great.
These areas are the largest bleeding areas as the signal strength is close to none and it could
also mean that the APs in this areas are non-overlapping. Noise levels are pretty high when
compared to the accepted levels and that is one major factor affecting the data rates, throughput
and the signal strength of that area for all SSID’s.

19. A “capacity-oriented” design introduces a significant differential between the distance at which
clients will associate to an AP (association range > -67 dBm) and the distance at which the AP
signal can create co-channel interference with other APs operating on the same channel
(contention range -67 to -85 dBm). Therefore, APs will cause co-channel interference at much
farther distances than the clients will typically associate to the APs. Co-channel interference is
more aptly referred to as medium contention between Wi-Fi stations because they are able to
de-modulate the frame preamble from one another and defer concurrent transmission to prevent
frame corruption. Co-channel interference is typically the most significant cause of limited
performance and capacity in a Wi-Fi network.
This effectively reduces the Wi-Fi cell size at which clients should be associated to individual
APs. As clients move farther from the AP and signal strength declines toward the -67 dBm
threshold, they should be able to discover and roam to an alternate AP that can continue to
provide a sufficiently high-strength signal. This requires that network administrators design the
Wi-Fi network so that AP coverage areas provide overlap at or above -67 dBm. When
compared to a “coverage-oriented” network, designed to provide signal in all locations at much
lower levels (- 72 dBm for example), this effectively reduces cell sizing and distance between
APs. Access points will be located in closer proximity to one another in “capacity-oriented”
Wi-Fi networks.

20. Coverage Vs Capacity
We can increase the use of 5 GHz RF spectrum for less interference and more channels
(capacity). Shrinking AP cell sizes as much as possible. Increase the AP count, but only to the
extent of estimated capacity (more is not better). Understand required Capacity to avoid over-
-building network (increases interference unnecessarily). High frequency re-use. Use of
directional antennas.
11 Estimating Client and AP Counts
This is the most common question asked about Wi-Fi. The answer changes dramatically
depending on:
 Key performance metrics (applications, bandwidth, latency)
 Client capability
 Estimated number of devices per AP
 Physical density of people
 AP hardware selection
 Whether encryption will be utilized and what type
Estimating the Number of Client Devices
While it is obvious that all 189 attendees at the Undercroft Lecture Theatre will not use the
network simultaneously, we still need to determine some reasonable number for network
sizing. The state of a Wi-Fi device becomes an important factor i.e. if it is active and

21. transmitting or associated but idle. Correctly scaling capacity needs to consider both the
number of clients that might be connected as well as the number actually using the network.
There should always be enough APs such that any random client can associate at any time and
transmit data from any part of the coverage area.
Lecture Theatre Example:
The chance of all 189 attendees bringing a Wi-Fi device, connecting it and transmitting at the
same time is almost nil; but there is no easy way to determine what number is likely. This is
further complicated by the assumption the number of devices will increase over time. One way
to estimate this number makes the following assumptions:
 The maximum number of Wi-Fi devices associated but idle on the network will always
be lesser than the number that are active
 Attendees will typically use up to a maximum of 4 wireless device at a time
 Not all attendees will bring Wi-Fi devices or connect them to the network - estimate
1%
 Unless otherwise indicated, more than 99% of these devices are connected to the
network at a single point of time
 Unless otherwise indicated, more than 99% of all devices that are connected to Wi-Fi
are active at the same time
Assumptions Percentage of Uptake Number of Clients
Maximum capacity 100% 189
Users bringing a Wi-Fi
device
99% 187 (Appx.)
Devices connected to the
WLAN
>99% 748.44 ~ 750
Active devices >99% 750
The percentages offered here represent a place to start. The existing wireless network should
be taken into account as it may have valuable information about the current number of active
devices. The percentages should be adjusted accordingly. There are several factors used to
determine AP counts; • Association limit • Capacity limit • Coverage limit

22. 12 Estimating the Access Point Association Limit
Assuming that Cisco APs currently support a maximum of 50 clients per AP. Therefore, the
total number of APs needed to ensure all the Wi-Fi devices can get service if desired is
calculated as follows:
Maximum number of Wi-Fi devices/ 50 associations per AP
Identifying client device capabilities
 Identify the client device types that will be supported within the environment, their
quantities, and their wireless radio capabilities.
 The wireless network must serve all client devices simultaneously. Because Wi-Fi
leverages a shared RF medium, the network design and configuration must balance
requirements between all clients.
 Identify the type of radio in each device (802.11b/g/a/n/ac).
 Once the radio types is identified, determine the maximum Wi-Fi data rate that the
device is capable of achieving and on what channels and bands.
 The maximum data rate is important for determining how fast a client can transmit and
receive data, which impacts the amount of airtime utilized to achieve the target
application throughput level and overall network capacity planning.
 The channel and band support is important for determining whether or not DFS
channels can be used and for understanding the effectiveness of band-steering.
 Next, determine the maximum application throughput that each type of wireless client
device that will be on the network can achieve.
 Due to various sources of network overhead, the maximum Wi-Fi data rate does not
represent the actual application throughput that can be achieved.
 To estimate the maximum amount of TCP/IP throughput that a client is capable of
achieving, the amount of network overhead must be determined either through live
network testing under load or through an educated assumption. It is common for Wi-Fi
networks to have between 40-60% overhead.

23. Estimating Access Point Throughput
The estimated aggregate throughput for an AP can be calculated as follows:
Maximum PHY rate * % of Overhead – Loss from interference (%)
As discussed earlier, TCP/IP networks often have as much as 40% overhead. This is subtracted
from the raw available throughput to yield a clean RF number. However, high density venues
will see this number reduced due to collisions. This number is hard to pin down, but for these
calculations 35% is a reasonable place to start.
The average expected throughput for an AP radio in the Undercroft Lecture Theatre is:
Bandwidth requirement per Application
Applications Nominal Throuput
Web access 500Kbps
Audio (Pandora, Apple
Music, Spotify)
100Kbps
Video (YouTube, Netflix,
Skype, FaceTime,
Hangouts)
1Mbps
File sharing and Printing 1Mbps
The total nominal throughput is 2.6Mbps.
The average expected throughput for an AP radio in the lecture theatre is:
72.2 Mbps – (72.2 Mbps* .40 %) = 43.3 Mbps – (43.3 Mbps *.35) = 28.12 Mbps
These numbers shown above are per radio. The lower number (2.4 GHz) is specifically called
out here. 5 GHz radios should expect a slightly higher number.
When many APs are able to influence one another, such as in a very high-density deployment,
the noise floor will rise. The same type of increase comes from the higher number of end user
devices. The result is not all the user devices are able to achieve the highest modulation rate
due to the noise floor increase and/or they are further away from the AP than the others. The

24. resulting AP capacity will be a function of the blended rates of each end user devices
modulation rate resulting in the weighted average.
43.36 Mbps – (43.3 Mbps* .40 %) = 26 Mbps – (26 Mbps *.35) = 16.9 Mbps
This average is per radio, so a dual-radio AP could be expected to deliver twice this amount
across two radios. However, since the second radio is 5 GHz and less subject to interference,
it should deliver a higher number.
The maximum transmission speed of a wireless device is typically listed as a reference but the
actual throughput that can be achieved will always be less. The following table lists some
common transmission rates:
Minimum PHY rate does not include management frames, which are typically sent at 1 - 2
Mbps. As noted, the rates listed here are PHY rates. A PHY rate is the maximum throughput
of raw symbols. This is not the same as application data, which is what is normally considered
throughput (or good put). Higher layer data such as Layer 2 TCP/IP and UDP/IP traffic adds
overhead and reduces the amount of actual bandwidth available for applications such as web
browsing and email. This overhead is a necessary part of any IP network. Additional overhead
from transmissions such as management frames on the wireless network also reduce available
client throughput. Management traffic includes AP beacons and acknowledgements, which are
vital of operation.

25. 13 Estimating Clients per AP Capacity
The maximum number of client devices a single AP can support with the required KPIs is then
calculated as:
AP aggregate throughput / Minimum bandwidth per client
With the information so far, the maximum capacity for the example is:
Number of associated clients = 750
Estimated number of concurrent active devices = 99% of 750 = 750 approximate
Required throughput per client = 500 Kbps
Latency tolerance = high
RF environment = very high during peak usage
Percentage of retransmissions/loss due to interference = 35%
Estimated throughput per AP radio = 16.7 Mbps
These figures are then calculated:
Maximum clients per AP to meet capacity = 33 (16.7Mbps / 500Kbps per client)
Number of APs required to meet number of active clients = 22 APs (750/ 33)
Total APs for 750 associated devices = 15 (750 / 50)
Seats covered per AP = 13 (189 / 15)
The largest calculated number of APs, either for capacity or associations, is what is required to
meet the service requirement. Using these guides, 15 APs is the required number assuming the
client devices are distributed evenly across all APs
The only way to accurately estimate the weighted average capacity per AP is to do a computer
simulation of the venue and calculate the SNR of each AP and the entire service area. Just
estimating and using the peak value will yield to few APs and underestimating the AP per
capacity will drive the AP count higher, which will in turn further reduce the weighted average
per AP capacity.

26. 14 Estimating additional APs
Determining how many extra APs are required beyond the minimum count requires additional
information:
• Distance from AP to client
• AP cell (coverage) size
• Additional coverage areas outside the Undercroft Lecture Theatre
Because venues such as Lecture Theatres are very large and very dense, APs should ideally
have small coverage areas. This increases performance and allows for narrower beam antennas
that can boost signal gain. More APs also increases the receive signal for clients since there are
more APs closer to any client location. This has the benefit of better SNR, which is required
for high performance and capacity. The directional antenna requirement is driven by the need
for higher signal gain due to higher installation locations. They also help reduce interference.
For more information on AP mounting strategies, please see section AP Installation and
Hardware. Distance from AP to Client In general, an AP should be mounted as close to the
clients as possible. RF signal strength is calculated as the inverse square of distance so the
signal degrades quickly as distance increases. A client that is 30 meters (98 feet) from an AP
receives a signal that is only 1/4th that (-6dB) of a client 15 meters distant. A large enough
distance can reduce the signal strength to the point where a client cannot hear it. This is
particularly true if there is any background interference or noise.
Using this model of AP positioning based on its beam width helps determine the coverage area
for each AP. The need to get the APs closer is required to keep the AP foot print from being
too large. It can help to think of each AP supporting a particular spot or section of seats within
the lecture theatre itself. Each additional AP adds another group of seats until all are covered.

27. 15 Proposed Solution
Ultimate aim of this project is to provide WLAN services to Undercroft area and its
surrounding places. For serving the purpose, we divided our whole region into five sectors
where the black spots and the bleeding areas have been identified.
 Extend the current Access points to higher antennas
 Add new AP’s to serve the coverage of the designated area.
Proposed Design: Access points
inside the Undercroft Lecture
Theatre

28. 16 Channel Selection
In contrast to 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz has many more channels with which to work. As many as 21
channels can be received in Australia. But all 5 GHz channels are not created equally.
Limitations on maximum power for parts of the band are not of concern, but Dynamic
Frequency Selection (DFS) channels represent some challenges that must be addressed.
DFS was implemented so that APs and clients can share the band with radar devices. DFS
details how radar is detected and what should be done in the event of detection. APs operating
on DFS channels must first listen to a channel for 60 seconds to determine if there is a radar
present before transmitting any energy. If an AP is operating on a DFS channel and detects a
radar (real or false) it must shut down operations on that channel and abandon it for 30 minutes
before that channel can be evaluated again for use.
The essential question for a high-density design is how many channels for each band will be
needed to match the client base? This can be a tricky question since even dual band capable
clients do not always select the faster 5 GHz band. Since bandwidth in 2.4 GHz is going to be
limited, 5 GHz must be relied on to reach the goal.
Dual band adapters have been shipping with most laptops for some time. This does not mean
that every laptop is a dual band client, but many are. Simply having a dual band client does not
guarantee that it will choose 5 GHz over 2.4 GHz. The Microsoft Windows operating system
defaults to a Wi-Fi channel search that starts with the 5 GHz channel 36 and continues
searching through all of the 5 GHz channels that the client is capable of. If no 5 GHz AP is
found then it will continue the search in 2.4 GHz starting at channel 1. Unless the Windows
default is changed or the user has chosen a third party Wi-Fi utility to set spectrum preference
to 2.4 GHz, the client radio will first try to associate to a 5 GHz AP. Apple Computer’s latest
release for Atheros and Broadcom chipsets also searches 5 GHz first.

29. 17 AP Mounting Points
The APs are mounted to be as close to the seating as possible, covering the target number of
seats (coverage zone) and at the same time are positioned such to direct the energy away from
other APs.
Never mount the AP at the back of the venue pointing towards the back of the clients. As stated
earlier, the body loss is much higher than free space loss, so the signal from the AP will
propagate across the venue at a much higher signal level than it will to those seating nearby
with their backs turned.
In reality, the AP might not be able to be installed at the ideal position. This is usually because
there is no place to mount the AP at that spot or the AP is partially obstructed. Sometimes this
can be overcome with a higher gain antenna; other times there is no choice but to select a
different location. The only way to accurately assess this is with an on-site survey of the
physical structure. A survey will take into account the available mounting locations, distance,
line of sight to seating areas, and construction materials.

30. 18 AP installation
As a general guideline, the following will hold true for most high-density Wi-Fi installations:
 Very large venues will require small AP cells to maximum signal quality.
 Directional or narrow-beam antennas are an excellent choice when density is very high
and coverage cell size is small – better signal and less interference.
 Indoor APs are good choices for interior spaces such as suites, meeting rooms and non-
public areas such as offices.
 Install APs as close to ideal locations for best signal quality with the least interference
(isolate the AP signal).
 Non-optimal choices can still work well if planned correctly.
19 Budget Estimation and Financial Analysis
Cisco Aironet 802.11ac Indoor Access Points
 Most advanced carrier-grade indoor Wi-Fi AP
 802.11ac dual-band (2.4 and 5 GHz) radios
 Industry’s only 4x4, 3-spatial-stream AP
 1.3 Gbps (5 GHz) WLAN RF data rates
 High client density HD Video/VDI 802.11ac
 Power: AC, DC, Cable, UPOE, PoE-Out (802.3at)
 4G LTE coexistence
 Module option: Investment protection and future proofing
 Controller-based or standalone operation

31. Cost and Budgeting for the new Design
Line
Number
Item Name Description Quantity ListPrice Extended
List Price
1.0 Cisco Aironet 3700e
series antenna with
external antenna
802.11ac Indoor
AP
7 $3,000.00 $21,000.00
1.0.1 CON-SNT-XXXX License to
maintain the
802.11ac Indoor
APs
7 $341.59 $2391.13
1.2 Cables CAT6 AP to Switch,
Switch to
controller,
Switch to router
10 $350.00 $3,500.00
1.3 Labour Fixing APs,
cables etc
2 $700.00 $1400.00
1.4 Sai Eshwar Site Survey and
Design
1 $3,000.00 $3,000.00
1.5 Qaiser Tanveer Project Manager
and planning
1 $3,000.00 $3,000.00
1.6 Sai Shyam Project design 1 $3,000.00 $3,000.00
1.7 Micelleneous In case of
emergency
$10,000.00 $10,000.00
$47,291.13

32. 20 Project Implementation
This section will cover all the technical aspects of our proposed design. Each section briefly
describe about different types of specifications and the network devices used.
Before getting into the design implementation, we had thoroughly studied and analysed the
basic standards that need to consider before designing any of the wireless network. The
following points gives a quick overview of the studies and analysis done for implementing the
design.
For designing any wireless network the main aspect is to choose the modes of wireless.
Wireless network can be design on two different modes
 Ad-hoc [IEEE name: Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)]
 Infrastructure [IEEE name : Basic Service Set (BSS)
Our proposal design is mainly influenced with the Infrastructure mode of wireless. The main
reason behind not choosing the Ad-hoc mode is its transmission limitations. With Adhoc mode
transmission can only be done within same transmission range i.e. within the same cell.
However, Infrastructure mode of Wireless design makes use of Access Points for its
communication. The access points acts as a bridge and transfers all communication to the
appropriate network.
OPNET Implementation:
For the simulation, we are using OPNET (Optimized Network Engineering Tool). This tool is
used for simulation, performance analysis of communication networks, computer systems and
applications. It also creates a great platform to execute simulations and analyse the output data.

33. In OPNET, we basically start building the Wi-Fi networking model by creating a project and
working on the model at network layer. We are creating two scenarios, one with the existing
design and one with the proposed design by putting in Access Points (APs) accordingly as a
wireless router to transmit wireless signals, various number of work stations according to
different scenarios. The AP s is connected to the switch which is then connected to a server
which provides applications used for the workstations. Work stations are associated with the
profiles in order to use the applications. This is done by defining applications and profiles by
adding a node to each.
Important attributes changed for each node:
 Access Point:
Node Model: wlan_ethernet_slip4_adv
Wireless LAN Parameters: BSS Identifier: <Unique ID for each access point>
Access Point Functionality: Enabled
Data Rate: 54 Mbps
Transmission Power: 0.005W
 Workstation:
Node Model: wlan_wkstn_adv
BSS Identifier: same level number as the associated AP
Supported Application: varies correspond to different scenarios
Supported Services: All
Access Point Functionality: Disabled
Data Rate: 54Mbps
Transmission Power: 0.005W
 Switch:
Node Model: CS_C3548XL_ae48_adv
 Server:
Node Model: ethernet_server_adv
Application Supported Services: All

34.  Application:
Node Model: Application Config
Application Definitions: 4 (Email-Heavy, FTP-High load, Http- High Load)
 Profile:
Node Model: Profile Config
Profile Configuration: Choose the applications that correspond to different scenarios
Network Simulation: Scenarios for Undercroft lecture Theatre
Delay for scenario 1 and 2:
Node AP Workstati
on
Applicati
on
Profile Switch Server
Node Icon
Scenario 1 2 750 1 1 1 1
Scenario 2 7 750 1 1 1 1

35. From the above simulation result, we can analyze that the delay is maximum in the case of
scenario 1 which is when 750 active devices are accessing 2 APs and minimum in the other
case when 750 active devices are accessing 7 APs. We can conclude from the above
performance analysis that delay increases when the load is high on a single AP instead when
the load is balanced amongst 7 Aps, the delay seems to be balanced better in the high density
areas of the lecture theatre.
Throughput for scenario 1 and 2
As the number of workstations increases, the throughput also increases and it is evident from
the above figures. The throughput can be monitored by setting in proper inter packet arrival
rate and also modifying the configurations and operating conditions which affect the peak
throughput performance and efficiency of the system.

36. 21 Schedule Estimation and Work Breakdown Structure
The estimated time for this project to be completed is about three months. The total working
time is 70 days.
Work Breakdown Structure
1.0 Planning (15 days)
1.1 Project Planning
1.1.1 Research Background about the wireless technology
1.1.2 Overview of the Problem
1.2 Define project Scope
1.2.1 Scope of Initial Release
1.2.2 Scope of subsequent release
1.3 Define Business Case
1.3.1 Risk Analysis
1.3.2 Stakeholder Analysis
1.3.3 Cost & Benefits Analysis
1.4 Estimate Project Schedule
1.4.1 Create Work Breakdown Structure
1.4.2 Make stakeholder presentation
2.0 Design (25 days)
2.1 Analysis
2.1.1 Identify requirements
2.1.1.1 Define non-Technical requirements
2.1.1.2 Define Technical requirements
2.1.1.3 Identify the existing Wireless Network
2.1.1.3.1 Site Survey
2.2 Design Document
2.2.1 Create proposed design diagram
2.3 Prototype of Design
2.3.1 Simulate the design using OPNET
3.0 Implementation (30 days)
3.1 Implement the wireless network design
3.2 Testing

37. 22 Communication Plan
 Group meeting 1 (04/08/15 at 12:00pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of meeting
1. Getting to know the team members
2. Notifying each group member’s role
Result of meeting
1. Assign the group member
a. Qaiser - Project Manager (Communication log, guideline, Project role)
b. Eshwar– Project designer (Specialize on existing design and future plan)
c. Shyam – Project Secretary/ Network Specialist (Overall project role)
2. Collaboration tool – our group use Drop Box
 Group meeting 2 (11/08/15 at 12:00pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of meeting
1. Preparation of introductory documents
2. Gathering information related to project
3. Start-up on the documentation of the project
4. Discussion on project scope
 Group meeting 3 (18/08/15 at 12:00pm ~3:30 pm)
The goal of meeting
1. Activity assigned to the team for the site survey at Undercroft area
2. Analysing the prepared introductory documents for the project management plan
 Group meeting 4 (25/08/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Activity assigned to the team for the site survey
2. Compilation of the documents, final analysis.
 Group meeting 5 (01/09/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Site survey using different softwares (Ekahau, VisiWave)
2. Compilation of the documents, final analysis.
 Group meeting 6 (08/09/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Site survey using different softwares (Ekahau, VisiWave) – Redo, wrong information
from the clients

38.  Group meeting 7 (15/09/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Site survey and survey results generation
 Group meeting 8 (22/09/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Compilation of the documents and redoing the parts that were asked to be corrected
by the clients and supervisor
 Group meeting 9 (29/09/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Getting familiarised by the OPNET tool
2. Budget analysis for the proposed design
 Group meeting 10 (06/10/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. OPNET simulation
2. Focused on the proposed design and bandwidth calculations for high density
 Group meeting 11 (13/10/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Compilation of the documents, final analysis
 Group meeting 12 (20/10/15 at 12:00 pm~3:30 pm)
The goal of the meeting
1. Compilation of the documents, final analysis
2. Preparation for the final client presentation

39. 23 Bibliography
[1] Australian UniversityDeploysHigh-Density WirelessNetwork 2012PerthCisco
[2] Best Practices forWireless Site Design2007Air Magnet
[3] CAMPUSLAN DESIGN GUIDE2010JuniperNetworks
[4] CAMPUSNETWORKREPORT2011Austin,TexasInformationTechnologyServices
[5] Design and deploymentof outdoormesh wirelessnetworks July12, 2011Las VegasCiscLive
[6] Designing Basic Campusand Data CenterNetworks2008Cisco
[7] http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/index.htmlCisco
[8] Planning a Wireless Network January2006ProCurve NetworkingbyHP
[9] Site Survey and RF Design ValidationVoice OverWirelessLAN (VoWLAN) Troubleshooting
Guide