1. Understanding the film and TV INdustries
Ownership and FUnding (P1, M1, D1)
define the following models of ownership
public service
commercial
independant company
global conglomorate
horizontal / vertical integration
monopoly
In the UK the term "public service broadcasting" refers to broadcasting which is intended for the public
and will benefit rather than for purely commercial concerns. The communications regulator Ofcom
requires that certain television and radio broadcasters fulfil certain requirements as part of their licence to
broadcast. All of the BBC’stelevision and radio stations have a public service remit, including those that
broadcast digitally.
Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and
radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship. It was the United
States first model of radio during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model in Europe during
the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s which prevailed worldwide. Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on
the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to
public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and eschews most (or all) paid advertising.
The Independent Broadcasting Authority was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial
television (ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation cable was the responsibility of the
Cable Authority) - and commercial/independent radio broadcasts.
A media conglomerate, media group or media institution is a company that owns large numbers of
companies in various mass media such as television, radio, publishing, movies, and the Internet. Media
conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets around the world.According to
the 2013 Fortune 500 list, The Walt Disney Company is America’slargest media conglomerate in terms of
revenue
All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital (horizontal and vertical), and
audio signals, and broadcast them over a radio and TV signals
A statutory monopoly may take the form of a government monopoly where the state owns the particular
means of production or government-granted monopoly where a private interest is protected from
competition such as being granted exclusive rights to offer a particular service in a specific region while
agreeing to have their policies and prices regulated.

2. explore two case studies which demonstrate two contrasting
ownerShip models
case study 1:
case study 2:
The BBC main responsibility is to provide impartial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom,
the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. The BBC is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London and
has major production centres in Salford Quays, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff and Glasgow, and
smaller production centres throughout the UK. The BBC is the world’soldest national broadcasting
organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. The BBC is a
semi-autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal Charter and a Licence and
Agreement from the Home Secretary. Within the United Kingdom its work is funded principally by an
annual television licence fee, which is charged to all British households, companies and organisations
using any type of equipment to receive live television broadcasts; the level of the fee is set annually by the
British Government and agreed by Parliament.
ITV is a commercial public service TV network in the United Kingdom. Launched in 1955 as Independent
Television under the auspices of the Independent Television Authority (ITA, then after the Sound
Broadcasting Act 1972, Independent Broadcasting Authority, now Ofcom) to provide competition to the
BBC, it is also the oldest commercial network in the UK. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990
its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the other analogue channels at the time, namely
BBC 1, BBC 2 and Channel 4. In part, the number 3 was assigned as television sets would usually be tuned
so that the regional ITV station would be on the third button, with the other stations being allocated to the
number within their name. ITV make there money through advertising this challenged BBC as the BBC
doesn’tlet companies or products advertise on the BBC. This has been able to make ITV a lot of money
and make big budget shows as advertsing as proved in America can make a lot of money.

3. discuss how funding is generated through the following revenues
licence fee
sponsorship
subscription
pay per view
advertising
product placement
development funds
To sponsor something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the
provision of products or services. A sponsor is the individual or group that provides the support, similar to
a benefactor.
The subscription business model is a business model where a customer must pay a subscription price to
have access to the product/service. The model was pioneered by magazines and newspapers, but is now
used by many businesses and websites.
Pay-per-view (PPV) provides a service by which a television audience can purchase events to view via
private telecast. The broadcaster shows the event at the same time to everyone ordering it (as opposed to
video-on-demand systems, which allow viewers to see recorded broadcasts at any time). Events can be
purchased using an on-screen guide, an automated telephone system, or through a live customer service
representative. Events often include feature films, sporting events and entertainment.
Advertising or advertizing in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade,
or manipulate an audience viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group to take or continue to
take some action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a
commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work
belongs to a category called affective labor.
Product placement, or embedded marketing, is according to the European Union "any form of audiovisual
commercial communication consisting of the inclusion of or reference to a product, a service or the trade
mark thereof so that it is featured within a programme.
Development funding is the term used to describe financial capital given in support of creating a new
project. Such projects may include new real estate developments, community programs, building
restorations or new business ventures. Development funding may be offered in the form of a grant
designated for such projects and does not require repayment or it may be offered in the form of a loan.
A television licence (or broadcast receiving licence) is an official record of payment required in many
countries for the reception of television broadcasts, or the possession of a television set where some
broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fee paid. The licence is sometimes also required to
own a radio or receive radio broadcasts.

4. define the following working patterns
over the following pages identify 5 different jobs within the
creative media sector and create A PROFLE OF EACH JOB.
shift work
freelance
fixed term
JOB ROLES AND CONTRACTS (P2, M2, D3)
Fixed Term working patterns is the style of working where you work for an organization and your under
contract and have a fixed wage.
Shift work is an employment practice designed to make use of, or provide service across, all 24 hours of
the clock each day of the week abbreviated as 24/7. The practice typically sees the day divided into shifts,
set periods of time during which different groups of workers take up their posts. The term shift work
includes both long-term night shifts and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts. Shift
work is considered a risk factor for many health problems. It has many negative cognitive effects. In
addition, rotating night shift work disrupts our circadian clocks which is associated with a higher
probability of developing obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
A freelance is a person who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long-term.
These workers are sometimes represented by a company or an agency that resells their labor and that of
others to its clients with or without project management and labor contributed by its regular employees.
Others are completely independent. "Independent contractor" would be the term used in a higher register of
English.
Fields in which freelancing is common include: music, journalism, publishing, screenwriting, filmmaking,
acting, photojournalism, cosmetics, fragrances, editing, photography, event planning, event management,
copy editing, proofreading, indexing, copywriting, computer programming, web design, graphic design,
website development, consulting, tour guiding, video editing, video production, translating, illustrating and
micro jobs.

5. job: Director
Film directors create an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized. Realizing this
vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of film production, as well as directing the
shooting timetable and meeting deadlines. This entails organizing the film crew in such a way as to
achieve his or her vision of the film. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to
maintain a singular focus even in the stressful environment of a film set. Moreover it is necessary to have
an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus, excellent communication
skills are a must. Since the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative
individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, he or she also needs to possess
conflict resolution skills in order to mediate whenever necessary. Thus the director ensures that all
individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film.
The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw
puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure". It adds to the pressure that the success of a
film can influence when and how they will work again. Omnipresent are the boundaries of the films
budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating. Theoretically the sole
superior of a director is the studio that is financing the film, however a poor working relationship between
a film director and an actor could possibly result in the director being replaced if the actor is a major film
star.

6. job: Camera operator
A camera operator or cameraman/camerawoman is a professional operator of a film or video camera. In
filmmaking, the leading camera operator is usually called a cinematographer, while a camera operator in a
video production may be known as a television camera operator, video camera operator, or videographer,
depending on the context and technology involved, usually operating a professional video camera. The
camera operator is responsible for physically operating the camera and maintaining composition and
camera angles throughout a given scene or shot. In narrative filmmaking, the camera operator will
collaborate with the director, director of photography, actors and crew to make technical and creative
decisions. In this setting, a camera operator is part of a film crew consisting of the director of photography
and one or more camera assistants. In documentary filmmaking and news, the camera is often called on to
film unfolding, unscripted events. In 2006, there were approximately 27,000 television, video, and motion
picture camera operators employed in the United States. Important camera operator skills include
choreographing and framing shots knowledge of and the ability to select appropriate camera lenses, and
other equipment (dollies, camera cranes, etc.) to portray dramatic scenes. The principles of dramatic story
telling and film editing fundamentals are important skills as well. The camera operator is required to
communicate clearly and concisely on sets where time and film budget constraints are ever present.

7. job: Screenwriter
Screen writing is a freelance profession. No education is required to become a professional screenwriter,
just good storytelling abilities and imagination. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted
free-lancers. Most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write
without being hired or paid for it. When such a script is sold, it is called a spec script. What separates a
professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually
represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not work for free often, an amateur will
often work for free and are considered writers in training. Spec scripts are usually penned by unknown
professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who
attempt to enter the film industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure, and gritty persistence to
achieve success. "Screenplays have become, for the last half of the twentieth century. Every screenplay
and teleplay begins with an idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of
selling them and having them produced.The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a
screenwriter and because they initiated the project, the writing assignment exclusively becomes his or hers

8. job: Project manager
Production Managers run productions on behalf of the Producer and Line Producer. They help to
determine the most efficient and economic way to schedule shoots, negotiate business deals for crews,
locations and technical equipment, and make day-to-day production decisions to ensure that productions
proceed smoothly. Production Managers are dynamic and highly self-motivated individuals. They should
be excellent communicators, prepared to work very long hours, and able to react calmly under intense
pressure. The role is challenging but well paid, usually on a freelance basis. During production, Production
Managers ensure that all bills are paid, that tasks are delegated properly, and that people work well
together. Their responsibilities include: setting up and implementing financial monitoring systems;
controlling production expenditure; monitoring and controlling the progress of productions; overseeing
production paperwork, such as releases, call sheets, and daily progress reports, to ensure that the
production schedule and departmental budgets are on target. Production Managers sign and authorise all
purchase orders and help the Production Accountant to prepare weekly cost reports. They make changes to
the schedule and to the budget as required, and ensure that these changes are brought to the attention of all
relevant personnel. Production Managers deal with any personnel problems or issues that may arise, and
ensure that all Health and Safety regulations are adhered to.

9. job: Actor
Acting is the work of an actor or actress, which is a person in theatre, television, film, or any other
storytelling medium who tells the story by portraying a character and, usually, speaking or singing the
written text or play. Not all people working as actors in film, television or theatre are professionally
trained. Conservatories typically offer two- to four-year training on all aspects of acting. Universities will
offer three- to four-year programs, where a student is often able to choose to focus on drama, while still
learning about other aspects of theatre. Schools will vary in their approach regardless of a school’s
approach, students should expect intensive training in textual interpretation, voice and movement.
Although there are some teachers who will encourage the improvisation as technique in order to free the
actor of limitations in rehearsal. Applications to drama programs and conservatories are through auditions
in the United States. Anybody over the age of 18 can usually apply to drama school.Training may also start
at a very young age. Acting classes and professional schools targeted at the under-18 crowd are offered in
many locations. These classes introduce young actors to different aspects of acting and theatre, including
scene study.

10. WHAT RIGHTS ARE WORKERS ENTITLED TO? trade unions, HEALTH AND SAFETY, EQUAL OPS
RIGHTS, ETHICS AND LEGAL (P3, M3, D3)
Your contract of employment cannot take away rights you have by law. So if, for example, you have a
contract which states you are only entitled to two weeks’paid holiday per year when, by law, all full-time
employees are entitled to 28 days’paid holiday per year, this part of your contract is void and does not
apply. The right you have under law (to 28 days’holiday in this case) applies instead. If your contract gives
you greater rights than you have under law, for example, your contract gives you six weeks’paid holiday
per year, then your contract applies. There are special rules about the employment of children and young
people. Statutory rights are legal rights based on laws passed by Parliament. Nearly all workers, regardless
of the number of hours per week they work, have certain legal rights. There are some workers who are not
entitled to certain statutory rights .Sometimes an employee only gains a right when they have been
employed by their employer for a certain length of time and when this applies.

11. IDENTIFY ANY EXAMPLES OF WHERE YOU CONSIDER THE CREATIVE MEDIA
INDUSTRIES TO HAVE BROKEN ETHICAL CODES
That’sthe length of time it took CNN to correct itself after inaccurately reporting the Supreme Court’s
decision on President Obama’sAffordable Care Act on June 28, 2012. The date and time of this landmark
ruling had been established in advance, making the court’sannouncement more of a pseudo-event than a
scoop. However, with every national media outlet camped on the steps of the Supreme Court, the
temptation to be first was too great for CNN to ignore even if that meant abandoning its ethics. Chief
Justice John Roberts began delivering the verdict around 10:06 a.m. EDT accompanied by a dense 59-page
document. Only a minute later, CNN correspondent Kate Bolduan frantically broke the news on-air
outside the courthouse, while Roberts was still reading the decision inside. CNN failed to live up to both of
these organizations’standards. The most glaring detail about this whole event is the non-impetuous or
non-adlibbed nature of the Court’sdecision. Reporters and producers knew the date, time, location, and
possible outcomes, yet still made the conscious decision to win the media race rather than remain true to
their own codes of ethics. Being first clearly meant more to CNN than being right. While the network has
promised to pursue an internal investigation into the matter, I believe the public is never likely to learn of
its outcome.

12. WHAT ARE THE MAIN RESPOSIBILITIES AND ROLES OF THE FOLLOWING
THE BROADCASTING act
THE BBFC
ofcom
The Broadcasting Act 1990 is a law of the British parliament, often regarded by both its supporters and its
critics as a quintessential example of Thatcherism. The aim of the Act was to reform the entire structure of
British broadcasting; British television, in particular, had earlier been described by Margaret Thatcher as
"the last bastion of restrictive practices". The act came about after the finding from the Peacock
Committee.
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a
non-governmental organization, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification
and censorship of films within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos,
DVDs and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010
The Office of Communications commonly known as Ofcom, is the government-approved regulatory and
competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United
Kingdom. Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has
a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and
protecting the public from harmful or offensive material. Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are
licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting the radio spectrum from
abuse.

13. WHAT HAVE BEEN THE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THE TV INDUSTRY IN RECENT
YEARS?
INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS (P4, M4, D4)
The Television industry is changing as it is now not as important to watch a series exactly when its
released as companies like nextflixs and lovefilm you are able to watch the TV shows whenever you want
for a small fee a month. In the past decade, the Television Programming & Broadcasting industry has
undergone significant changes. It is increasingly dominated by subscription packages rather than free-to-air
broadcasts and has come to include video-on-demand services provided on screens other than TVs. The
switch to digital TV has had the biggest effect as it has allowed the number of new channels to increase
rapidly and changed the sources of revenue and subsequently the industry is expected to post modest
growth over the next five years through 2018-19 as operators adapt to new viewing methods and public
funding declines as a result of the BBC’sstrategic consolidation.

14. WHAT HAVE BEEN THE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO THE FILM INDUSTRY IN RECENT
YEARS?
Watching movies on your tablet and filming on them is starting to happen as the new Ipad has a higher
resolution than a HD TV. Another significant change will be 3D movies without the glasses similar to the
Nintendo which is 3D but does not need glasses.4D movies incorporate actual physical effects, like drops
of water for rain, special smells, and blowing winds. finally similar to the TV industry subscription
companies for films are taking up a big part of the industry cutting the amount of people who go to the
cinema.