Infection control

1. Mohd. Iskandar Andrew
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
MEDICAL ASEPSIS - BASIC
INFECTION CONTROL

2.  Define infection, Infection control and
Nosocomial infection.
State the principles of basic infection control.
Explain who are at risk of acquiring or
developing nosocomial infection.
State the components of chain of infection.
State the various ways of breaking the chain
of infection at various stages.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Learning Objectives

3. An infection is a disease state that
results from the presence of
pathogens in or on the body.A
pathogen is a disease producing
microorganism.
The invasion and reproduction of
microorganisms in the body tissue
resulted in a local or systemic clinical
response such as fever or cellulitis.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Infection

4. CELLULITIS
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012

5. • Infection control practices help to
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• Infection control practices help
protect patients and healthcare
providers from disease by
reducing and eliminating source
of infection.
• Includes all the practices used to
prevent the spread of
microorganism that could cause
disease in a person.
Infection Control

6. Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial infections (hospital-acquired
infections)are infections acquired in the
hospital that were not present or incubating
time of the patient’s admission.
at
Nosocomial infections are transmitted by
caregivers who fail to practice proper hand
washing procedures or change gloves between
patient contact.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012

7. 1.Microorganisms move through space on air
current
– avoid shaking or tossing linens.
2. Microorganisms are transferred from one
surface to another
– keep hands away dirty items as an item
dropped on the floor is considered dirty.
3.Microorganisms are transferred by gravity.
- E.g. clean linens on the top shelves where
dirty linen on the lower shelves (bedpan).
as
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Principles of Basic Infection Control

8. 4.Microorganisms are released into the air in droplet
nuclei whenever a person breathes or speak
– avoid breathing directly on someone’s face or
when some coughing or sneezing.
5.Microorganisms move slowly on dry surfaces
very fast on moisture
– use paper towel to dry bath basin before
returning to bedside.
and
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Principles of Basic Infection Control

9. Exposure to an increased number and
MRSA, VRE.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
The performance of invasive procedures
e.g. inserting of catheter.
types of disease-causing organisms e.g.
Lower resistance to infectious
microorganisms (due to illness or disease).
Who are at risk acquiring or developing
nosocomial infection

10. Remember….
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• Protection of our client is priority . Caregivers
must protect themselves as they are at risk in
contact with infectious materials or exposure to
communicable diseases.
• Frequent hand washing can cause dry skin. Dry
skin leads to skin break down and crack thus
breaking the skin barrier protection.
• - Use hand moisturizer frequently

11. Chain of Infection
Infectious
Agent
Means of
transmission
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012

12. Infectious
viruses).
agent-microorganisms (bacteria,
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• - normally residing on the skin.
• - attach loosely to the skin and easily
remove by hand washing.
Chain of Infection

13. Reservoir
Portal of Exit
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• - Exit through the
respiratory tract, gastro-
intestinal, genitourinary
tracts & break in the skin.
• - Source of pathogens,
Place where Pathogens
may live or may multiply
e.g. humans, animals,
food, water, milk.
Chain of Infection

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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Mode of Transmission
airborne contact droplets
Chain of Infection

15. • Portal of Entry (to host)
y
Chain of
Infection
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• Portal of Entry (to
• - Enter the same way the
exit e.g. open wound,
inhalation).

16. Host susceptibility
• Susceptibility is the degree of resistance the
potential host has to the pathogens.
• - T
o reduce susceptibility- provides adequate
nutrition and rest , provide immunization.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Chain of Infection

17. - Hand washing
- Sterilization
- Antibiotics
-Immunization
- Screen health care staff Infectious
Agent
Susceptible
Host
Reservoir
Chain of
Infection
- Isolation/barrier technique
- Sterilization or use of
disposable supplies
-Hand washing
- Wear gloves
- Use mask, proper
disposal of needles
Portal of Portal of
Exit
Entry
-Dry intact dressing
- Hand washing
- Wearing gloves if contact
with body fluid
- Cover nose & mouth when
-sneezing
Means of
Transmission
-Hand washing
-Use of pesticide to eliminate
vector
Adapted from Murphy,Q. 1998 –The cyclic process through an infection occurs.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Breaking the Chain of Infection

18. MRSA –
methicillin
resistant
staphlococcus
aurens
the skin – hand washing.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
• - common nosocomial
infection in hospital and
long term care.
• - easily transmitted by
health workers as it
frequently colonizes on
the skin – hand washing

19. VRE – Vancomycin resistant
enterococcus
Enterococci are normally found in the
bowel and female genital tract. They
as
bed rails, telephones , stethoscopes
Cross-infection has been attributed
directly via hands health workers.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Enterococci are normally found in
bowel and female genital tract. can
stay up to 7 days on hands, gloves,
equipment or surfaces such bed
rails, telephones , stethoscop
etc.
to thermometers, bedpans,
commodes and movement of
inadequately clean patients
furniture. Transmission occurs

20. falling forward may
wound with
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
Cover open
proper dressing.
Restrain hair – hair
drop organisms.
Minimum use
of jewellery .
Keep fingernails
short – no acrylic
nails polish
Key Points for Personal Hygiene

21.  When visibly soiled.
 After contact with a source of
microorganisms (blood, body fluid, mucus
membrane etc.)
 Prior to performing invasive procedures
e.g. inserting catheters.
 Before and after removing gloves.
 At the beginning and end of every shift.
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MASC 2014 NURSING SCIENCE 1 MA6 2 2012
When should hands be washed