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The Tao of the Web: China and the future of the Internet
1. The Tao of the Web
China and the Global Internet
Rebecca MacKinnon
Open Society Fellow
Assistant Professor, Journalism & Media Studies Centre,
University of Hong Kong
Co-Founder, Global Voices
Blog: RConversation.com
email: rebecca.mackinnon@gmail.com
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. To view a
copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons,
171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
2. “The kingdom is a spirit-like thing, and
cannot be got by active doing. He who
would so win it destroys it; he who would
hold it in his grasp loses it.”
--- Lao-tzu, The Tao-te Ching
Chapter 29, No.1
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
3. Cultural loss of control: “Back dorm boys”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2HOD-nrOY8
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
8. E - “Two Congresses”
National Peopleʼs Congress & Chinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative Conference
http://elianghui.people.com.cn
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
9. E - “Two Congresses”
National Peopleʼs Congress & Chinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative Conference
http://elianghui.people.com.cn
Sign up for a
“membership
badge”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
10. E - “Two Congresses”
National Peopleʼs Congress & Chinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative Conference
http://elianghui.people.com.cn
Sign up for a
Two suggestions for fighting corruption
“membership
badge”
Crackdown on ads for illegal medicine as hard as the
anti-porn crackdown
Suggestions for improving safety in coal mines
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
11. Proposal to abolish one child policy
“End the one-child
policy, restore population
growth to a sustainable
rate”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
12. Proposal to abolish one child policy
Don’t we have enough people?
“End the one-child
policy, restore population
growth to a sustainable
rate” Uphold the reproductive rights of
the Han Chinese race!
Deng Xiaoping himself said that the one-child
policy would be for 30 years!
Reward single childless people with free health
care...
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
13. Chinese
cyber-glasnost???
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
14. Not so fast...
Wang Xiaofeng:
people are getting too
emotional .. “...without a
proper [political] structure all
Premier Wen can do is interact
with people on an emotional
level...”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
15. Not so fast...
“Due to certain problems Wang Xiaofengʼs blog is
closed temporarily (for a few days)”
Wang Xiaofeng:
people are getting too
emotional .. “...without a
proper [political] structure all
Premier Wen can do is interact
with people on an emotional
level...”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
16. Not so fast...
“Due to certain problems Wang Xiaofengʼs blog is
Sorry, due to a sudden
closed temporarily (for a few days)”
case, plus the two-space-
conferences, plus having
mentioned Pre-space-mier-space
Wen, therefore Teacher Wangʼs blog
has been temporarily
Wang Xiaofeng: “smutted”...please have patience
until the two-space-meetings
people are getting too
are over.
emotional .. “...without a
proper [political] structure all
Premier Wen can do is interact
with people on an emotional
level...”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
21. Cyber-tarianism?
President Hu Jintao (June 2008):
“We pay great attention to
suggestions and advice from our
netizens. We stress the idea of
quot;putting people firstquot; and
quot;governing for the people.quot; With
this in mind, we need to listen to
people's voices extensively and
pool the people's wisdom when
we take actions and make
decisions. The web is an
important channel for us to
understand the concerns of the
public and assemble the wisdom
of the public.”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
22. Cyber-tarianism?
President Hu Jintao (June 2008):
“We pay great attention to
suggestions and advice from our
netizens. We stress the idea of
quot;putting people firstquot; and
quot;governing for the people.quot; With
this in mind, we need to listen to
people's voices extensively and
pool the people's wisdom when
we take actions and make
decisions. The web is an
important channel for us to
understand the concerns of the
public and assemble the wisdom
of the public.”
• “Authoritarian deliberation” (Yongnian Zheng)
Technological Empowerment: The Internet, State, and Society in China
http://video.sina.com.cn/news/c/v/2008-06-20/105617742.shtml
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
23. Common Western paradigm for
Chinese Internet controls: makes it
harder to understand Cyber-tarianism
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
24. “Iron curtain 2.0”
(h/t Lokman Tsui)
Photo courtesy “PC fish” on Wikipedia at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Point_Alpha_Ostseite.jpg (GNU Free Documentation License)
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
26. “Net nanny”
Photo courtesy “merwing” at http://flickr.com/photos/merwing/2569326878/
(Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license)
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
27. Inside the firewall: Search censorship
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
28. Inside the firewall: Search censorship
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
29. Inside the firewall: Search censorship
Image search for “Tiananmen massacre”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
30. Censorship by Chinese blog-hosting companies
Tianya blog service:
Blog post about
“Tiananmen Mothers”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
31. CENSORED
Your post “Tiananmen mothers organization publishes a
website” has been successfully submitted! Because it
contains sensitive words, please wait for the community
editors to approve it. Please donʼt re-post. Thank you.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
32. Sina.com: Report about explosion in Xinjiang,
published successfully, but...
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
33. Post is removed within 24 hours.
Error message at same URL: “Sorry, the blog address
you visited does not exist.”
8 OUT OF 15 BLOG SERVICES TESTED CENSORED
THIS CONTENT
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
34. Tests show blogs are censored by companies,
amount and methods very decentralized
Company A 60
B 44
15 blog hosts tested,
C 34
D 31
108 valid tests
E 27
F 26
Blog services
G NOTE: Company names have been replaced with
24
letters due to concerns that companies who censor
H 22
less will be subject to repercussions.
I 20
J 19
For more about Chinese blog
K 17
censorship see February issue
L 13
of First Monday at:
M 9
http://firstmonday.org
N 3
O 1
0 27 54 81 108
Number of blog posts tested
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
35. Chinese web management:
Hydro-electric engineering?
Photos:
LEFT: “noelinthebahamas” on Flickr at http://flickr.com/photos/noelinthebahamas/2417798169/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-ND)
RIGHT: “yunmeng” on Flickr at http://flickr.com/photos/yunmeng/323886547/ (Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
36. Riot in Wengʼan county, Guizhou province, Julyʼ08
Summer 2008 marked a shift in
official media strategy: let
official news agencies cover
bad breaking stories to get the
official version out quickly, then
censor unofficial versions.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
37. “Pushups” were
used by bloggers
to talk about
Wengʼan incident
This Sina.com website no longer exists
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
38. “Pushups” were
used by bloggers
to talk about
Wengʼan incident
This Sina.com website no longer exists
3 images from: http://www.caobian.info/?p=3778
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
39. Political joke:
“River crab wears three watches”
“Harmonious” “Rivercrab”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
40. Anti-censorship Protest video:
“song of the alpaca sheep”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3tPA_Z_MT0
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
44. V.P. Xi Jinping in Mexico
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill
have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
45. V.P. Xi Jinping in Mexico
“It is only by way of this frankness that the
confidence of a responsible big power can be better
displayed; it is only by way of this frankness that the
bright attitude of an increasingly powerful China can
best be shown; and also it is only with this frankness
our fellow countrymen will feel excited.”
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill
have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
46. V.P. Xi Jinping in Mexico
“It is only by way of this frankness that the
confidence of a responsible big power can be better
displayed; it is only by way of this frankness that the
bright attitude of an increasingly powerful China can
best be shown; and also it is only with this frankness
our fellow countrymen will feel excited.”
“Vice President Xi
Jinping is so cool! He
trashed the unfriendly
foreigners.”
Some foreigners who have eaten their fill
have nothing better to do than point their
fingers at our affairs.
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
47. “Fifty Cent party”
paid & volunteer web commentators
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
48. Cyber-vigilantism
“Human flesh search engines”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
51. Cyber bonapartism?
“a broad centrist
political movement that
advocates the idea of a
strong and centralized
state, based on popular
support.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonapartism
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
52. Cyber-confucianism?
“importance of education
for moral development of
the individual so that the
state can be governed by
moral virtue rather than by
the use of coercive laws.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
53. Cyber-ocracy?
2008 Chinese Blogger Conference, Guangzhou.
Photos courtesy “HKdom” http://www.flickr.com/photos/hkdom/3046205362/
and http://www.flickr.com/photos/hkdom/3046219444/in/photostream/
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
54. Isaac Mao
If we want free speech,
first we need free thinking.
http://www.isaacmao.com/
“Sharism will result in better social justice. In a healthy sharing environment, any evidence
of injustice can get amplified to get the public's attention. Anyone who has been abused
can get real and instant support from her peers and her peers' peers.”
“Sharism will be the politics of the next global superpower. It will not be a country,
but a new human network joined by Social Software.”
Photo by Joi Ito (Creative Commons BY) at:
http://freesouls.cc/essays/07-isaac-mao-sharism.html
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
55. Bloggers & civil rights
lawyers argue:
“Internet democracy” isnʼt really
democratic without things like:
• rational, systematic & fair
mechanisms;
• mandated institutional
transparency & accountability;
• meaningful and robust legal
protection for free speech
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
56. Web freedom vs. control
Jeffersonians vs. Hamiltonians
(Central idea in David Postʼs Jeffersonʼs Moose)
The argument is very much unresolved in todayʼs parliamentary
democracies when it comes to Web standards and regulations..
Both photos in public domain via Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
57. Web freedom vs. control
Jeffersonians vs. Hamiltonians
(Central idea in David Postʼs Jeffersonʼs Moose)
The argument is very much unresolved in todayʼs parliamentary
democracies when it comes to Web standards and regulations..
A lively Chinese
version of this
debate is now
raging, hampered
by censorship - and
complicated by
strong nationalism.
Both photos in public domain via Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
58. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
59. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
60. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
61. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
62. Where are we going?
“Authoritarian “Democratic
Countries” Countries”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
63. Where are we going?
“Authoritarian “Democratic
Countries” Countries”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
64. Where are we going?
“Authoritarian “Democratic
Countries” Countries”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
65. Where are we going?
“Authoritarian “Democratic
Countries” Countries”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
66. Where are we going?
?
“Authoritarian “Democratic
Countries” Countries”
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
67. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
68. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Global
Network
Initiative
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
69. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Web & IT
services
Global Regulation
Network (GOFA,
WTO, etc?)
Initiative
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
70. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Internet Web & IT
governance & services
Technical Global Regulation
standards Network (GOFA,
WTO, etc?)
Initiative
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
71. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Internet Web & IT International
governance & services human rights
Technical Global Regulation norms
standards Network (GOFA,
WTO, etc?)
Initiative
Citizen
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
72. We are building a global layer
between citizens and government
Government
Internet Web & IT International
governance & services human rights
Technical Global Regulation norms
standards Network (GOFA,
WTO, etc?)
Initiative
MUCH
better
organized, informed &
Citizen
equipped
GLOBAL CITIZENRY?
Tuesday, March 3, 2009