5. Visions of the City of Visions
…….and Realities, nice at distance; challenging in proximity
Dystopian crashes in Rio, Lagos and Bombaim
Utopian nightmares of Vegas and Macau.
or just Topian challenges everywhere
7. Literature along the path “City of Visions”
MODELLINC THE
POST-INDUSTRIAL
CITY* - Peter Hall,
1997
1960:
self-contained agrarian
regions, in which central urban
places exchanged goods and
services with their rural
hinterlands;
1990.
First, it is a world in which
cities compete in a global
economy,
Second, it is a world in which
cities deconcentrate and
spread to become complex
systems of cities linked
together by flows of people
and information.
How to adapt transportation?
SMART CITIES OF
THE FUTURE -
Batty et al, 2000
New understanding of urban
problems; effective and
feasible
ways to coordinate urban
technologies; models and
methods for using urban data
across spatial and temporal
scales; developing new
technologies for
communication and
dissemination; developing new
forms of urban governance
and organisation; defining
critical problems relating to
cities, transport, and energy;
and identifying risk,
uncertainty, and hazards in the
smart city.
THE CITY AND THE
CAR, Sheller and
Hurry, 2000
Automobility designe the
environment, the space, the
economy and the institutionss
of the city.
BIG CITIES AND
GLOBAL CHANGE
Timmerman & White
2000
Water supply and sanitation,
Solid waste. industrial effluent,
Land subsidence and flooding.
Loss of ecological resources.
MEANING, PLACE
AND POLICY,
Eugene McCann,
2002
Any problematization of the
conceptual distinction between
‘culture’ and ‘economy’ must
be carried out in and through
detailed analyses of how
groups involved in social
struggle frequently construct
rhetorical strategies in
reference to it. Politics of local
economic development must,
then, be understood as
always, simultaneously, the
cultural politics of making
meaning, making a living, and
making place.
VISIONS OF
NATURE, Gobster,
2001
Nature as Landscape, as
Habitat, as Recreation and as
Creation .
EMERGING
LANDSCAPES -
Gospodini, 2006
‘Glocalised’ landscape,
with tradition and innovation.
BIOSCIENCES
MEGACENTERS-
Cooke, 2006
Tthe new model is foresight-
driven, collaborative, based on
shared vision and leadership.
CREATIVE AND
NON-GO Roberts,
2006
Policy vision that differentiates
between creativity, cultural
resources and the
consumption of alcohol
URBAN OPEN
SPACE FOR XXI
Thompson, 2002
The urban park will continue to
serve a central function in
society’s self definition.
QUANTITATIVE
ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILITY,
Goerner et al, 2009
Sustainability as a function of
efficiency and resilience.
SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORT
PLANS Han, 2010
Model for Asian nations and
cities
CENTER
PERIPHERY
CULTURE POLICY
Bonet et al, 2011
Institutions, Markets, Non-
profit and Policies
LAND ISSUES
Yan, 2015
Haldrup, 2015
Malekpour, 2015
, .
Location of economic activities are influenced by transport networks and geographical barriers and capabilities(von
Thunen 1826, Christaller, 1966, Losch 1938; Isard, 1956; Beckman, 1968), but mutipleequilibriums can also occur
8. Challenges from the Literature on “City of Visions”
CITIES OF VISIONS
RESPOND TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSTRAINTS
(Goerner et. Al., 2009, Han, 2010;
Yan, 2015; Haldrup, 2015;
Malekpour, 2015)
AND TO SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC CREATIONS AND
DEMANDS
(Gospodini, 2006; Cooke, 2006;
Roberts, 2006, Bonet et. al., 2011 )
BY ADAPTING TECHNOLOGIES
(Hall,1997; Batty et al. 2000)
AND INSTITUTIONS
(Eugene McCann, 2002),
BUT LEADING TO VARIOUS
POSSIBLE EQUILIBRIUMS
(Krugman, 1995; Fujita et al. 2001)
WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?
WHAT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CREATIONS AND DEMANDS?
WHAT TECHNOLOGIES ARE BETTER ADAPTED TO RESPOND?
WHAT INSTITUTIONS AND VALUES?
WHAT POSSIBLE EQUILIBRIUMS?
9. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ln[Density2013](WorldBank) % of Arable Land 2013 (World Bank)
Countries larger than 250000
and density lower than 1300
INTENSITY OF LAND USE
POPULATION DENSITY
GEOGRAPHICAL CAPAPILITIES AND CONSTRAINTS HAVE INFLUENCE IN THE LOCATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL POTENCIALS
CONSTRAINED BY INSTITUTIONS, TECHNOLOGIES AND
ECONOMICS
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES (SEAS , RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS) AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS THAT CHANGE THE COST OF TRANSPORTATION HAVE
INFLUENCE IN THE LOCATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS.
11. AND ECONOMIC POTENCIALS CONSTRAINED BY INSTITUTIONS
0000 0001 0001 0002 0002 0003 0003 0004
France
United Kingdom
Japan
United States
Brazil
Cuba
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Denmark
Poland
Russian Federation
Italy
Germany
Colombia
Mexico
Nepal
Pakistan
Portugal
South Africa
Spain
Turkey
India
Tanzania
Morocco
Kazakhstan
Angola
Argentina
Canada
Saudi Arabia
Kenya
Sri Lanka
Australia
New Zealand
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Nigeria
COUNTRIES WITH HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF INCOME FROM NATURAL RESOURCES ON TOTAL INCOME TEND TO HAVE THEIR POPULATIONS MORE
CONCENTRATED IN MAJOR CITIES AND CAPITAL CITIES TEND TO BE BIGGER BECAUSE TAXES FROM THE TERRITORY TEND TO CONVERGE THERE.
y = 0.0192x + 0.9744
R² = 0.26352
000
001
001
002
002
003
003
004
000 010 020 030 040 050 060
ZipfCoefficient
Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)
Relation Between Rents and Urban
Concentration
Ra = {3.[1-r.(ρ+k)]/
(ρ.r.tA)}
P = {3.[1-r.(ρ+k)]/
(ρ.r)}
YA = (3 π σA tA) [1-r(ρ + k)]
2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
YB = (3 π (σB tA – tB)) [1-r(ρ + k)]
2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
YC = (3 π (σB tA – tC)) [1-r(ρ + k)]
2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
12. INSTITUTIONS THAT INFLUENCE THE CITY STRUCTURE
CITIES WITH FREE ACCESS TO URBAN LAND MUST HAVE A PLANING SYSTEM TO ALLOCATE LAND USES BUT THE SHAPE OF THE SYSTEM CAN BE QUITE
DIFFERENT..
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
1,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 11,000
Population and Production/1000
Distance to the Centre
Land Use Profiles with Free Access to Land
Households
Companies
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
1,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 11,000
Population and Product
/100
Distance to the Centre
Land Use Profiles with Private Access to Land
Households
Compannies
13. WHAT TECHNOLOGIES ARE MORE SUSTAINABLE?
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Population
Years
Evolution of the Population of Maya Cities
Firstsettlers
Reduc-on of the Popula-on
ChangesinPower
Puuc
Cópan
El Mirador
Ocupa-on of the Hills
AbandonmrntoftheHills
Erosion of the Hills
Hunger and malntri-on
BurningoftheRoyalpalace
AbandonmentoftheCity
Urban sustainability of cities is not a theoretical question.
There are ruins!
Sustainability depends crucially on the management of
four types of capital:
• The environmental capital that can be destroyed or
degraded.
• The technological capital which may become obsolete or
inappropriate
• Human capital that can migrate or be degraded
• Institutional capital that can crystallize management and
innovation instead of promoting them.
MAYAN CITIES BECOME RUINS BECAUSE THEY EXPAND WITHOUT TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION THE LOWS OF LAND PRODUCTIVITY.
14. Learning from Cases
City of Visions
Challenges from the Literature
Learning from Cases
Planning Lines
Further a do
15. CORVO
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1580 1680 1780 1880 1980 2080
Years
Non sustainability of Corvo Island
Population
% Natural
Forest
% Horticulture
Aptitude
Population % Area
DISTRUCTION OF NATURAL CAPITAL LEADS TO THE REDUCTION OF THE POTENCIAL OF THE PLACE. ENLARGEME WITH FISHERY RIGHTS ENHANCE THE
POTENCIAL
16. HUAMBO
- Kz
20000.00 Kz
40000.00 Kz
60000.00 Kz
80000.00 Kz
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Density of the Population(inhabitants/ km2)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Urban and Rural Population
Years
Rural Population
Urban Population
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Urban and Rural Population
Years
Rural Population
Urban Population
CONCENTRATION INTO THE MAIN CITIES AND URBAN SPRAWL
OR STIMULATING THE POTENCIAL OF THE TERRITORY AND URBAN CONCENTRATION
17. Planing Lines
City of Visions
Challenges from the Literature
Learning from Cases
Planning Lines
Further a do
18. SPATIAL ALLOCATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OF NATURAL RESOURCES
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
0 20 40 60 80 100
Portugal
Espanha
França
Italia
Brasil
EUA
India
Russia
Japan
Nigéria
Australia
Alemanha
Dinamarca
Marrocos
Turquia
Africa do Sul
Angola
Tanzania
México
Canada
Polónia
Reino Unido
Arabia Saudita
Egipto
Indonesia
Argentina
Luxemburgo
Nova Zelândiua
Quenia
Colombia
Cuba
Arménia
Casaquistan
Tailandia
Paquistan
Siri-Lanka
Nepal
Bangladesh
Afeganistan
Butan
Ra = {3.[1-r.(ρ+k)]/(ρ.r.tA)}
P = {3.[1-r.(ρ+k)]/(ρ.r)}
YA = (3 π σA tA) [1-r(ρ + k)] 2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
YB = (3 π (σB tA – tB)) [1-r(ρ + k)] 2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
YC = (3 π (σB tA – tC)) [1-r(ρ + k)] 2/(ρ3 r2 tA
3)
19. DEFINITION OF CITIZENS RIGHTS
Is there space for Global Citizenship in a Global World?
Or national citizenship in a developing country?
23. Further a do
City of Visions
Challenges from the Literature
Learning from Cases
Modelling Exercises
Further a do
24. CRISTALLER, …. KRUGMAN
PLUS PHYSICAL AND
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
INITIATE NEW CENTRALITIES
IN THE PLACES WE KNOW
ADRESS REAL PROBLEMS :
MEDITERRANEAN,
CALCUTTA
THEN YOU CAN PLAY WITH
LEGO