9 The American Civil War HIS 212: Introduction to History Professor Lawrence Schneider December 09, 2016 In the spring of 1861, many years of stewing pressures between the northern and southern United States over issues including states' rights versus government power, westbound extension and servitude detonated into the American Civil War (1861-65). The decision of the abolitionist bondage Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 brought on seven southern states to withdraw from the Union to frame the Confederate States of America; four more went along with them after the primary shots of the Civil War were discharged. The inquisitive thing is that in spite of the fact that bondage was the ethical issue of the nineteenth century that separated the political pioneers of the area, the normal American had next to no enthusiasm for slaves or servitude. Most Southerners were little agriculturists that couldn't bear the cost of slaves. Most Northerners were little agriculturists or tradesmen that had never at any point seen a slave.[footnoteRef:1] Slave’s policies in Mississippi ended in 1863 unlike in Virginia State where slavery ended in 1705. However, each state had strict policies regarding the guiding of the slaves in each state. In Mississippi, the following rules were used to govern the slaves. In 1787, there was introduction of taxes and membership of the House of Representatives in line with the population. However, a slave was counted as three-fifths of a person instead of a single person. In both Mississippi and Virginia slavery violated and diminished human rights.[footnoteRef:2] [1: Cooper William J.and John McCardell, In the Cause of Liberty: How the Civil War Redefined American Ideals, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009) 210-220.] [2: James Oakes, 2013. Freedom National (New York: W.W. Norton & Co).80-90. ] Today we perceive subjugation as an ethical issue. Be that as it may, in the mid nineteenth century, it was seen as a financial issue to begin with, good issue second. A progression of authoritative activities, most quite the Missouri Compromise of 1820, had been instituted by Congress as far as possible on the proliferation of subjection, yet trade off with northern and southern interests was constantly remembered. The South had a financial enthusiasm for the spread of subjugation to the new domains so that new slave states could be made and the South's political impact would stay solid. The North had an enthusiasm for constraining the spread of subjugation into the new regions for both motivations behind controlling Southern political power and backing of the ethical issue.[footnoteRef:3] [3: Ibid.] The drafted constitution also supported that, those slaves who escaped to be returned to their masters. In February 1793, there was enactment of Fugitive Slave Law Act that stated that any individual who was found harboring or hiding a fugitive was to pay a fee of $500 which was t.

1. 9
The American Civil War
HIS 212: Introduction to History
Professor Lawrence Schneider
December 09, 2016
In the spring of 1861, many years of stewing pressures between
the northern and southern United States over issues including
states' rights versus government power, westbound extension
and servitude detonated into the American Civil War (1861-65).
The decision of the abolitionist bondage Republican Abraham
Lincoln as president in 1860 brought on seven southern states to
withdraw from the Union to frame the Confederate States of
America; four more went along with them after the primary
shots of the Civil War were discharged. The inquisitive thing is
that in spite of the fact that bondage was the ethical issue of the

2. nineteenth century that separated the political pioneers of the
area, the normal American had next to no enthusiasm for slaves
or servitude. Most Southerners were little agriculturists that
couldn't bear the cost of slaves. Most Northerners were little
agriculturists or tradesmen that had never at any point seen a
slave.[footnoteRef:1] Slave’s policies in Mississippi ended in
1863 unlike in Virginia State where slavery ended in 1705.
However, each state had strict policies regarding the guiding of
the slaves in each state. In Mississippi, the following rules were
used to govern the slaves. In 1787, there was introduction of
taxes and membership of the House of Representatives in line
with the population. However, a slave was counted as three-
fifths of a person instead of a single person. In both
Mississippi and Virginia slavery violated and diminished human
rights.[footnoteRef:2] [1: Cooper William J.and John
McCardell, In the Cause of Liberty: How the Civil War
Redefined American Ideals, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State
University Press, 2009) 210-220.] [2: James Oakes,
2013. Freedom National (New York: W.W. Norton & Co).80-90.
]
Today we perceive subjugation as an ethical issue. Be that as it
may, in the mid nineteenth century, it was seen as a financial
issue to begin with, good issue second. A progression of
authoritative activities, most quite the Missouri Compromise of
1820, had been instituted by Congress as far as possible on the
proliferation of subjection, yet trade off with northern and
southern interests was constantly remembered. The South had a
financial enthusiasm for the spread of subjugation to the new
domains so that new slave states could be made and the South's
political impact would stay solid. The North had an enthusiasm
for constraining the spread of subjugation into the new regions
for both motivations behind controlling Southern political
power and backing of the ethical issue.[footnoteRef:3] [3:
Ibid.]

3. The drafted constitution also supported that, those slaves who
escaped to be returned to their masters. In February 1793, there
was enactment of Fugitive Slave Law Act that stated that any
individual who was found harboring or hiding a fugitive was to
pay a fee of $500 which was to be recovered in form of debt
therefore preventing the claimant the permission to take any
action for any damages sustained. In the year 1794. There was
also enactment of the Slave Trade Act which amended the
Fugitive Slave Law Act, stated that any forfeited charges taking
into account commencement of the original voyage in the united
states not taking great care of whether the voyage was owned by
the a united states citizen or a foreigner and whether it is
commenced by the owner or the agent for the benefit of another
person. Still in the year 1794, there was enactment of a law
which prevented any citizen or foreigners from acquiring
equipping vessels within the borders of the United States to
continue with trade using slaves in other
countries[footnoteRef:4]. [4: Joel Quirk, The Anti-Slavery
Project (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
Pages 153-170
]
The reasons for the war, the explanations behind its result, and
even the name of the war itself are subjects of waiting conflict
today. The North developed rich while the once-rich South got
to be poor for a century. The national political influence of the
slave proprietors and rich southerners finished. Students of
history are less certain about the consequences of the after war
Reconstruction, particularly with respect to the inferior
citizenship of the Freedmen and their neediness.[footnoteRef:5]
[5: Ibid.,188-189]
There was a law which stated that providing for manumission
(freedom) of slaves by will, had an effect at the death of the
testator, the right of freedom may be tested at a law suit as
opposed to the executor whenever there are manumitted slaves.

4. There was a petition for freedom. In the year 1807, there was an
Act which prohibited the process of importing slaves in any port
or any other place in the boundary of United State which was in
exclusion of the importing slaves to convert into slaves but
hovering to the coast with the intention was to be treated as a
silent act of disposing the colored people on
board.[footnoteRef:6] [6: James Oakes, 2013. Freedom
National (New York: W.W. Norton & Co).100-110]
In the year 1810, There was the enactment of the right of
freedom which prohibited the importation of the slaves into
Mississippi State where the slaves were not acquired by the
neglect of the master in accordance with the will to prove to the
tax collector or the naval officer that the slave had resided in
the United States for three years.[footnoteRef:7] [7: Joel Quirk,
the Anti-Slavery Project (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2011). Pages 172-174 ]
In 1817, therefore there was a law seen in the case of Beverly
V. Brooke that required the slaves’ owner and the vessel owner
to hire the master slaves to the vessel without any contract.
Accountability of the slave was however not to be on the master
at the terminal voyage of the foreign port even if the master had
acted out of the kindness of his heart.[footnoteRef:8] [8: Ibid.,
pages 174-175]
There was a slave trade act of April 20th which was against the
introduction of the slaves within the jurisdiction of the United
States or in any port within the jurisdiction of the United States.
Missouri Compromise Act., which was in opposition to the
holding and owning of slaves within the jurisdiction of the
United States. In the state of Mississippi there was the
validation of contracts for sale of slaves. On the other hand,
Virginia also had its policies regarding the importation and
sanctions related to slaves.
In the year 1639 to 1640, the black slaves were excluded from

5. having the right to possess arms, women were declared taxable
to show a distinction between English and Black women. The
law was passes in the state that a child born by a slave, was to
become a slave too. There was further restrictions in Virginia
for the freedom of the black which continued all the way to the
year 1680.[footnoteRef:9] [9: James Lee Ray, 2016. (The
Abolition Of Slavery And The End Of International War).]
In Virginia lawmakers banned the baptism as it was believed it
did not bring freedom to the blacks, following the casual
killings of slaves, was to be waived if the slave resisted the will
of the master. Virginia lawmakers made it legal to kill or wound
slaves who resisted arrest. There were laws which were enacted
to support racism and deliberate separation of blacks from
whites.
The skin color became a determining factor which making
policies. For example, the blacks were banned from conducting
gatherings, including funerals. Slaves were also prohibited to
protect themselves in claim of defensive purposes failure to
which one was punished. (20 whips on a bare back), leave the
plantation without permission from the master or the person in
charge that particular day. Blacks were banned from marrying
white persons and the black were enslaved with the notion
“outlying slaves.” Slaves were denied the right to a jury trial
for capital offences.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Ibid.,]
In addition, the slaves were denied the right to own horses,
cattle and hogs after the end of the year 1692. In the year 1705,
black slaves lost the right to hold public offices, to testify as
witnesses in court houses and black, mulatto and Indian slaves
were considered as real property. It is true that slavery violated
and diminished human rights.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Ibid]
According to the above research it is evident that all of the laws
and policies implemented then were all a violation of human
rights. The black people were degraded and violated through

6. getting beaten, murdered and expected to work without pay.
They were separated from their families and could not air out
their views or have any freedom of speech to speak about their
oppression.
The Civil War is one of the focal occasions in American
aggregate memory. There are endless statues, remembrances,
books and authentic accumulations. The memory incorporates
the home front, military undertakings, the treatment of troopers,
both living and dead, in the war's fallout, portrayals of the war
in writing and craftsmanship, assessments of legends and
reprobates, and contemplations of the good and political lessons
of the war. Torn between the monetary advantages of bondage
and the good and protected issues it raised, white Southerners
developed increasingly guarded of the foundation. They
contended that dark individuals, similar to kids, were
unequipped for watching over themselves and that subjection
was a generous organization that kept them encouraged,
dressed, and possessed. Most Northerners did not question that
dark individuals were second rate compared to whites, however
they doubted the generosity of servitude. The voices of
Northern abolitionists, for example, Boston proofreader and
distributer William Lloyd Garrison, turned out to be
progressively fierce. Taught blacks, for example, got away slave
Frederick Douglass composed persuasive and ardent assaults on
the establishment.[footnoteRef:12] [12: Stampp, Kenneth M.
The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil
War, (1981) 198.]
As a general rule, treatment of slaves extended from gentle and
paternalistic to coldblooded and cruel. Spouses, wives, and kids
were much of the time sold far from each other and discipline
by whipping was not bizarre. The United States Supreme Court
in the 1857 Dred Scott Decision decided that slaves were
subhuman property without any privileges of citizenship. They
had no legitimate method for dissenting the way they were dealt
with. Southerners dreaded open resistance yet this was

7. uncommon. Be that as it may, slaves would imagine sickness,
compose lulls, attack cultivate apparatus, and here and there
confer fire related crime or murder. Fleeing, more often than
not for brief timeframes, was regular.[footnoteRef:13] [13:
Ibid., pages 221-225]
The flare-up of the Civil War everlastingly changed the
eventual fate of the American country. The war started as a
battle to safeguard the Union, not a battle to free the slaves, but
rather numerous in the North and South felt that the contention
would at last choose both issues. Numerous slaves got away
toward the North in the early years of the war, and a few Union
commanders set up abolitionist strategies in the Southern land
that they won. Congress passed laws allowing the seizure of
slaves from the property of insubordinate Southerners. On
September 22, 1862, after the emotional Union triumph at
Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln displayed the Preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation.[footnoteRef:14] [14: Ibid., pages
229-231]
This archive declared that, by the force of the United States
military, all slaves in states that were still in disobedience one
hundred days after September 22 would be "thenceforward and
always free." Furthermore, Lincoln built up a foundation
through which blacks could join the U.S. Armed force, a
phenomenal level of reconciliation around then. The United
States Colored Troops (USCT) served on numerous front lines,
won various Medals of Honor, and guaranteed inevitable Union
triumph in the war. On December 6, 1865, eight months after
the end of the Civil War, the United States received the
thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which banned the act
of subjection.[footnoteRef:15] [15: Ibid., 232-234]

8. Bibliography
William J. Cooper and John McCardell, In the Cause of
Liberty: How the Civil War Redefined American Ideals. Baton
Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009. Pp.
Kenneth M. Stampp, The Imperiled Union: Essays on the
Background of the Civil War 1981, p. 198; Richard Hofstadter,
The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington 1969.
Oakes, James. 2013. Freedom National. 1st ed. New York:
W.W. Norton & Co.
Quirk, Joel. 2011. The Anti-Slavery Project. 1st ed. University
of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia.
Ray, James Lee. 2016. "The Abolition Of Slavery And The End
Of International War".