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MYTHOLOGIES OF MODERNITY
                  by Deborah Parsons
THESIS

 Deborah Parsons traces and explores how the concept of
 flâneur has been time and again (re)defined and appropriated
 by various intellectuals throughout the 19th and 20th century
 literature. She aims to rehistoricize and contextualize the
 universalized and mythologized concept of flâneur in order to
 problematize the gendering of flâneur as male by definition and
 to thereby theorize the possibility of flâneuse.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEMATICS
 十九世紀漫遊者的形象和概念首次出現在法國時,並沒有排除女
 性作為漫遊者的可能,於是字典裡有 flâneur 的陰性形 flâneuse,
 文學裡也有女性人物在城市裡頭漫遊。漫遊者可以是游手好閒,
 到處亂晃之人,也可能是在路上行走觀察的藝術家,同時女性逛
 街購物的行為也是漫遊者重要的活動之一。但在後來的英文字典
 中,尤其是 1990 年的 Concise OED,陰性形的 flâneuse 消失不見
 了,這並不代表 flâneur 從此成為中性名稱(如 chairperson),可
 同時用來指稱男性和女性,反而讓突顯了自 Benjamin 以降,原本
 性別模糊的 flâneur 在二十世紀的主流論述中已儼然被「男性化」,
 成為一個男性城市觀察者/藝術家的想像,排除了女性。 是什麼
 原因導致 flâneur 被刻意定義為男性?這樣性別化的過程有何涵義?
 我們需要 flâneuse 這樣一個「女性化」的漫遊者概念嗎?
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Joseph Addison’s The Spectator (1711-1714)
    背景:啟蒙時期倫敦
    特色:遍覽人生風景、抽離、權威、全知的城市觀察者(男性)
    意義:反映啟蒙時期倫敦對視覺/知識的迷戀和迷思,也反映了當時
                r
    普遍的樂觀和井然秩序的社會
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Baudelaire’s Flâneur as a Loiterer in the City Streets
    背景:快速工業化、變遷的混亂十九世紀巴黎
    特色:波希米亞式的生活、與布爾喬亞社會的隔隔不入、與社會角落
    求生的孤絕和疏離感(無明顯性別區分,可以是妓女、拾荒者或男性
    藝術家),其邊緣化的位置和匿名性使得他們得以投身人群,卻又保
    持情感上的距離,以進行觀察、分類。但相較 Addison 的觀察者擁有
    上帝般的視野和知識,波特萊爾筆下在街上行走的漫遊者,隨時都可
    能遇到令他難以定義的陌生人,全知的觀察者身份受到撼動,並可能
    因陌生人的回視感到不安及威脅,頓時間觀察者和被觀察者的位置互
    換,無法再保有抽離且權威的自我想像。
    (e.g. Poe’s narrator and man of the crowd in “Man of the Crowd”;
    Baudelaire’s poet-speaker and la passante in “A une passante”
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Baudelaire’s Flâneur as an Artist
    代表人物:Constantine Guys
    特色:波特萊爾並沒有特別強調 artist- flâneur的性別,但相Guys 在
    整理、消化他對現代城市生活的經驗及觀察時,是主動地、選擇性地
    重建某些經驗,將其去蕪存菁,轉化為藝術,較於在街道上行走的
    flâneur,其空如白紙的心靈 (tabula rasa) 等著被動地接收、銘刻外在
    世界給予的刺激,Guys 所代表的 artist- flâneur 是較具男性特質的,
    也較像 Addison 的觀察者,展現出一種超然、客觀、全知的觀看姿態。
    意義:Guys 所處的城市和 Addison 的觀察者截然不同,空間中的秩
    序和理性已被混亂取代,Guys 所代表的威權、大權在握的觀察者形
    象,事實上並非自信樂觀的表現,而是對周遭環境的混沌狀態、對群
    眾的不可知和不可控制等等焦慮的壓抑和抵抗,是時時刻刻受到威脅
    的 loiterer-flâneur 之一體兩面。
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Simmel’s Urban Dweller or “Sociological Flâneur”
    背景:現代化的歐洲首都,如倫敦、巴黎、柏林
    特色:自我保護、與世隔絕、以麻木抵抗現代城市生活對感官的轟炸、
    以理性和智性取代感性以應付外在的各種快速變化,既需投身於城市
    中獲得的刺激,又需在心靈上保持距離,以能有力量理解、掌控城市
    生活所提供的強大刺激
    意義: (1) 為波特萊爾筆下漫遊者兩種衝突的形象提供了合理的解釋
    (2) 將藝術家/漫遊者的形象階級化為「有閒」的布爾喬亞階級,因
    心靈或身體上的抽離皆需某一程度的「有閒」才能做得到(無論是經
    濟或心態上的有閒)。
    (3) 齊美爾對於大眾文化及群眾「陰性化」、不理性、不受控制的想
    像,使得他在論述時必然將漫遊者/藝術家/城市觀察者(包括他自
    己)等「陽性化」,以作區分,並賦予他們理性、智性等觀察、分析、
    理解並控制陰性的城市、群眾及大眾文化的權力和能力。
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Benjamin’s Flâneur as Inspired by Baudelaire
    背景:十九世紀巴黎
    特色:“man of the crowd”,以街道為居所,雖然需要 “an elbow room”
    但同時也是 “someone abandoned in the crowd”,是深深為群眾而著
    迷,依附群眾而居,並能夠對之產生移情之有閒階級的紳士


 Benjamin’s Flâneur as His Own Construction
    背景:二十世紀,拱廊街商場消失後 Berman 討論的車水馬龍之城
    特色:“man at the window”,需要更大的空間,且街道不再能安全行
    走,心靈上的抽離演變成身體上的與世隔絕,在公寓的窗戶觀察街上
    人群,不再受其引誘也不感到威脅,得以保有個人的自主、掌控權和
    秩序,和齊美爾的城市觀察者相似,班雅明漫遊者從街上撤退到家中,
    以與群眾及城市生活保持安全距離,都是一種自我防禦機制。
AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN
THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR
 Benjamin’s Two Different Conceptions of Flâneur
    意義:(1) 漫遊行為的「移動」已變成在窗邊觀察的「靜止」,城市
    觀察者變成了一個靜止不動的人物
    (2) 第一個定義下的漫遊者是在街上行走的「身體」,第二個定義下
    的則是在街外觀察的「眼睛」,兩個概念相互衝突
    (3)雖然班雅明本人較強調的城市觀察者形象,其實是像拾荒者那樣
    的邊緣位置(他自己在執行拱廊街計畫時也是以撿破爛的姿態,從歷
    史的斷垣殘壁中一點一滴地撿拾、蒐集小物件,而非選擇自身於外的
    宏觀史學家,全景式觀看的姿態),然而在當代的論述裡頭,第二個
    定義下,漫遊者的全知和權威形象和旁觀位置常被引用、突顯,相較
    之下,前者的閒晃活動以及較邊緣化的存在則被忽略了,造成當代在
    挪用班雅明的漫遊者概念時,只記得男性化、權威化的形象,而忽略
    其中複雜性。
FEMINIST APPROPRIATION OF THE
CONCEPT OF FLÂNEUR
 對於班雅明及波特萊爾的漫遊者缺乏概念區分的挪用:
   以 Wolff 和 Pollock 為首的當代女性主義學者未能細緻地區分「漫遊者」
   這個概念,錯把漫遊者作為一個歷史社會人物(在街上行走的、依附
   人群的),以及漫遊者作為一種觀察的姿態(抽離的、全景的、主控
   的)混在一起談。
   與 Elizabeth Wilson 立場出發點相同,認為在這些女性主義學者討論
   flâneur 的框架下,不可能會有女性漫遊者,因為她們太著重於漫遊者
   的「男性特質」,例如得以在公共場合自由行走,以及全知、全景的
   觀察角度,不僅無法撼動這個刻板的定義,使得女性漫遊者得以被納
   入其中,更是主動去忽略了公共女人(得以在街上行走的妓女或勞動
   階級女性)觀察城市的經驗和視角,也排除了女性藝術家作為城市觀
   察者的可能(因為女性藝術家無法像男性藝術家得以全景式的觀看)。
CONCLUSION
 The reassessment and contextualization of the figure and the
 concept of flâneur not only problematize the gendering of
 flâneur as specifically male but also enable the rediscovery as
 well as theorization of flâneuse.

 The concept of flâneuse is distinct from her male counterpart,
 characterized by her less leisured as well as less assured, yet
 also more consciously adventurous perspective.

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0422同學投影片

  • 1. MYTHOLOGIES OF MODERNITY by Deborah Parsons
  • 2. THESIS Deborah Parsons traces and explores how the concept of flâneur has been time and again (re)defined and appropriated by various intellectuals throughout the 19th and 20th century literature. She aims to rehistoricize and contextualize the universalized and mythologized concept of flâneur in order to problematize the gendering of flâneur as male by definition and to thereby theorize the possibility of flâneuse.
  • 3. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMATICS 十九世紀漫遊者的形象和概念首次出現在法國時,並沒有排除女 性作為漫遊者的可能,於是字典裡有 flâneur 的陰性形 flâneuse, 文學裡也有女性人物在城市裡頭漫遊。漫遊者可以是游手好閒, 到處亂晃之人,也可能是在路上行走觀察的藝術家,同時女性逛 街購物的行為也是漫遊者重要的活動之一。但在後來的英文字典 中,尤其是 1990 年的 Concise OED,陰性形的 flâneuse 消失不見 了,這並不代表 flâneur 從此成為中性名稱(如 chairperson),可 同時用來指稱男性和女性,反而讓突顯了自 Benjamin 以降,原本 性別模糊的 flâneur 在二十世紀的主流論述中已儼然被「男性化」, 成為一個男性城市觀察者/藝術家的想像,排除了女性。 是什麼 原因導致 flâneur 被刻意定義為男性?這樣性別化的過程有何涵義? 我們需要 flâneuse 這樣一個「女性化」的漫遊者概念嗎?
  • 4. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Joseph Addison’s The Spectator (1711-1714) 背景:啟蒙時期倫敦 特色:遍覽人生風景、抽離、權威、全知的城市觀察者(男性) 意義:反映啟蒙時期倫敦對視覺/知識的迷戀和迷思,也反映了當時 r 普遍的樂觀和井然秩序的社會
  • 5. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Baudelaire’s Flâneur as a Loiterer in the City Streets 背景:快速工業化、變遷的混亂十九世紀巴黎 特色:波希米亞式的生活、與布爾喬亞社會的隔隔不入、與社會角落 求生的孤絕和疏離感(無明顯性別區分,可以是妓女、拾荒者或男性 藝術家),其邊緣化的位置和匿名性使得他們得以投身人群,卻又保 持情感上的距離,以進行觀察、分類。但相較 Addison 的觀察者擁有 上帝般的視野和知識,波特萊爾筆下在街上行走的漫遊者,隨時都可 能遇到令他難以定義的陌生人,全知的觀察者身份受到撼動,並可能 因陌生人的回視感到不安及威脅,頓時間觀察者和被觀察者的位置互 換,無法再保有抽離且權威的自我想像。 (e.g. Poe’s narrator and man of the crowd in “Man of the Crowd”; Baudelaire’s poet-speaker and la passante in “A une passante”
  • 6. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Baudelaire’s Flâneur as an Artist 代表人物:Constantine Guys 特色:波特萊爾並沒有特別強調 artist- flâneur的性別,但相Guys 在 整理、消化他對現代城市生活的經驗及觀察時,是主動地、選擇性地 重建某些經驗,將其去蕪存菁,轉化為藝術,較於在街道上行走的 flâneur,其空如白紙的心靈 (tabula rasa) 等著被動地接收、銘刻外在 世界給予的刺激,Guys 所代表的 artist- flâneur 是較具男性特質的, 也較像 Addison 的觀察者,展現出一種超然、客觀、全知的觀看姿態。 意義:Guys 所處的城市和 Addison 的觀察者截然不同,空間中的秩 序和理性已被混亂取代,Guys 所代表的威權、大權在握的觀察者形 象,事實上並非自信樂觀的表現,而是對周遭環境的混沌狀態、對群 眾的不可知和不可控制等等焦慮的壓抑和抵抗,是時時刻刻受到威脅 的 loiterer-flâneur 之一體兩面。
  • 7. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Simmel’s Urban Dweller or “Sociological Flâneur” 背景:現代化的歐洲首都,如倫敦、巴黎、柏林 特色:自我保護、與世隔絕、以麻木抵抗現代城市生活對感官的轟炸、 以理性和智性取代感性以應付外在的各種快速變化,既需投身於城市 中獲得的刺激,又需在心靈上保持距離,以能有力量理解、掌控城市 生活所提供的強大刺激 意義: (1) 為波特萊爾筆下漫遊者兩種衝突的形象提供了合理的解釋 (2) 將藝術家/漫遊者的形象階級化為「有閒」的布爾喬亞階級,因 心靈或身體上的抽離皆需某一程度的「有閒」才能做得到(無論是經 濟或心態上的有閒)。 (3) 齊美爾對於大眾文化及群眾「陰性化」、不理性、不受控制的想 像,使得他在論述時必然將漫遊者/藝術家/城市觀察者(包括他自 己)等「陽性化」,以作區分,並賦予他們理性、智性等觀察、分析、 理解並控制陰性的城市、群眾及大眾文化的權力和能力。
  • 8. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Benjamin’s Flâneur as Inspired by Baudelaire 背景:十九世紀巴黎 特色:“man of the crowd”,以街道為居所,雖然需要 “an elbow room” 但同時也是 “someone abandoned in the crowd”,是深深為群眾而著 迷,依附群眾而居,並能夠對之產生移情之有閒階級的紳士 Benjamin’s Flâneur as His Own Construction 背景:二十世紀,拱廊街商場消失後 Berman 討論的車水馬龍之城 特色:“man at the window”,需要更大的空間,且街道不再能安全行 走,心靈上的抽離演變成身體上的與世隔絕,在公寓的窗戶觀察街上 人群,不再受其引誘也不感到威脅,得以保有個人的自主、掌控權和 秩序,和齊美爾的城市觀察者相似,班雅明漫遊者從街上撤退到家中, 以與群眾及城市生活保持安全距離,都是一種自我防禦機制。
  • 9. AMBIGUITY, PARADOX, AND DIALECTIC IN THE DEFINITION OF THE FLÂNEUR Benjamin’s Two Different Conceptions of Flâneur 意義:(1) 漫遊行為的「移動」已變成在窗邊觀察的「靜止」,城市 觀察者變成了一個靜止不動的人物 (2) 第一個定義下的漫遊者是在街上行走的「身體」,第二個定義下 的則是在街外觀察的「眼睛」,兩個概念相互衝突 (3)雖然班雅明本人較強調的城市觀察者形象,其實是像拾荒者那樣 的邊緣位置(他自己在執行拱廊街計畫時也是以撿破爛的姿態,從歷 史的斷垣殘壁中一點一滴地撿拾、蒐集小物件,而非選擇自身於外的 宏觀史學家,全景式觀看的姿態),然而在當代的論述裡頭,第二個 定義下,漫遊者的全知和權威形象和旁觀位置常被引用、突顯,相較 之下,前者的閒晃活動以及較邊緣化的存在則被忽略了,造成當代在 挪用班雅明的漫遊者概念時,只記得男性化、權威化的形象,而忽略 其中複雜性。
  • 10. FEMINIST APPROPRIATION OF THE CONCEPT OF FLÂNEUR 對於班雅明及波特萊爾的漫遊者缺乏概念區分的挪用: 以 Wolff 和 Pollock 為首的當代女性主義學者未能細緻地區分「漫遊者」 這個概念,錯把漫遊者作為一個歷史社會人物(在街上行走的、依附 人群的),以及漫遊者作為一種觀察的姿態(抽離的、全景的、主控 的)混在一起談。 與 Elizabeth Wilson 立場出發點相同,認為在這些女性主義學者討論 flâneur 的框架下,不可能會有女性漫遊者,因為她們太著重於漫遊者 的「男性特質」,例如得以在公共場合自由行走,以及全知、全景的 觀察角度,不僅無法撼動這個刻板的定義,使得女性漫遊者得以被納 入其中,更是主動去忽略了公共女人(得以在街上行走的妓女或勞動 階級女性)觀察城市的經驗和視角,也排除了女性藝術家作為城市觀 察者的可能(因為女性藝術家無法像男性藝術家得以全景式的觀看)。
  • 11. CONCLUSION The reassessment and contextualization of the figure and the concept of flâneur not only problematize the gendering of flâneur as specifically male but also enable the rediscovery as well as theorization of flâneuse. The concept of flâneuse is distinct from her male counterpart, characterized by her less leisured as well as less assured, yet also more consciously adventurous perspective.